@article { author = {eftekhari, abdoreza roknodin and Mahdavi, Davood and Poortaheri, Mehdi}, title = {Localization Process of Sustainable Development Indicators of Rural Tourism in Iran}, journal = {Journal of Rural Research}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {1-41}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;}, issn = {2008-7373}, eissn = {2423-7787}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction The concept of sustainable tourism industry has been discussed over the past decades as one of the most important and most contentious debates of tourism development and as a framework for understanding the socio-economic development procedures along with natural resource management and tourism worldwide. This concept has been identified as a delicate balance in the triangular relationship between the host community and the land on the one hand with the guest community on the other hand and with the tourism industry at different local, national and world levels. Complexity and problematic nature of this concept and its implementation method along with methodology to measure progress toward sustainability in tourism has made it challenging for many scientists and researchers; so applying indicators and indices capable of estimating tourism sustainability and enabling sustained tourism development seems to be necessary. On the other hand, regarding the present situation in rural tourism in the country and recent establishment of many rural tourism destinations, having an appropriate set of localized indicators of sustainable development of rural tourism for assessing the situation and sketching the future course is vital and strategic. On the other hand, regarding the present situation in rural tourism in the country and recent establishment of many rural tourism destinations, having an appropriate set of localized indicators of sustainable development of rural tourism for assessing the situation and sketching the future course is vital and strategic.Many scientists believe that "good sustainability information" will pave the way for optimum decision making and planning progress towards the course of sustainable development of rural tourism in the future. Hence, in this the paper also the key research questions have been as follows: what are the appropriate indicators and criteria for measuring progress towards sustainable development of rural tourism in the country? Which process provides for the appropriate indicators and criteria to measure sustainable development of rural tourism in this country? Therefore, this paper has dealt with representing appropriate indicators and criteria (localized) to measure progress towards sustainability in tourism in Iran using analytical and descriptive survey and field interview of teachers, experts and specialists by using Delphi method. Hence, in this the paper also the key research questions have been as follows: what are the appropriate indicators and criteria for measuring progress towards sustainable development of rural tourism in the country? Which process provides for the appropriate indicators and criteria to measure sustainable development of rural tourism in this country? Therefore, this paper has dealt with representing appropriate indicators and criteria (localized) to measure progress towards sustainability in tourism in Iran using analytical and descriptive survey and field interview of teachers, experts and specialists by using Delphi method. Methodology The main purpose of the article has been to achieve a series of appropriate and indigenous sustainable development indicators in rural tourism of Iran. Hence, attempts to be realized this target by using analytical - descriptive methods with documentary style (read books and articles in libraries and search in Internet) and survey (padding of experts and professionals). For the analysis of data are used from statistical methods such as variance and Mean and various and software such as Excel and SPSS. Findings Based on research findings, a total of 80 indicators have been obtained to assess sustainable rural tourism out of which 22 indicators have been used to assess social sustainability, 24 indicators to assess economic sustainability and 34 indicators to assess environmental sustainability; all suitable for structure of Iranian villages and environment friendly. Discussion and Conclusion Localization process of indicators according to international experiences and views of local experts in addition to extracting indicators of sustainable development of rural tourism in the country led to another result which is mentioned below: possibility of operational criteria of empirical tests: Selected Indicators according to the conditions and requirements of state land, the realm of space tourism and information gathering systems and ... Have been produced in the country, and the proper factors are considered to measure the stability and those are quality testing and operational capabilities in the country rural. Sustainable development tourism and Localization of indicators: Sustainable tourism development has created appropriate methods to explain the Localization of tourism sustainability indicators and measurement that show its use in extracting indicators rural tourism is now considered to have an inevitable necessity. Internal and external adjustment of indicators: Design and organization of rural tourism sustainability indicators adopted a unified approach from the perspective Methodological and include all aspects of rural tourism destinations life, and geographical context of their lives. Hence selected indicators from the following content and spatial foundations of thought, planning and administrative structure requirements in full and together they complement each other and the other with its external environment are compatible.}, keywords = {Localization of indicators,Rural tourism,Sustainability indicators,Sustainable Development,Tourism}, title_fa = {فرآیند بومی‌سازی شاخص‌های توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی در ایران}, abstract_fa = {مفهوم پایداری در صنعت گردشگری، طی چند دهه گذشته یکی از اصلی‌ترین و در عین حال مباحثه‌انگیزترین مفاهیم توسعه گردشگری و به عنوان چارچوبی برای فهم روندهای توسعه اقتصادی_اجتماعی و مدیریت منابع طبیعی و گردشگری در سراسر جهان مطرح شده است. این در حالی است که از یک‌سو پیچیده و غامض بودن این مفهوم و از سوی دیگر نحوه عملیاتی کردن و اندازه‌گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری در صنعت گردشگری، آن شاخص‌ها و معرف‌های دقیق و جامعی که بتواند با در نظرگرفتن همه جوانب، پایداری گردشگری را اندازه‌گیری کند و توسعه پایدار گردشگری را میسر سازد، ضروری به نظر می رسد. از سوی دیگر در وضعیت کنونی گردشگری روستایی کشور و با توجه به جوان بودن بسیاری از مقاصد گردشگری روستایی، ضرورتِ در اختیار داشتن مجموعه‌ای مناسب از شاخص‌های توسعه پایدار گردشگریِ روستاییِ بومی‌شده برای ارزیابی وضعیت و ترسیم مسیر آینده، امری بسیار حیاتی و راهبردی تلقی می‌شود. بدین منظور مقاله حاضر با استفاده از روش توصیفی _ تحلیلی و پیمایش و نظرخواهی از استادان، خبرگان و متخصصان امر به شیوه دلفی به ارائه شاخص‌ها و معیارهای مناسب (بومی‌شده) برای اندازه‌گیری پیشرفت به سوی پایداری گردشگری در ایران پرداخته است. بر اساس یافته‌های تحقیق در مجموع تعداد 80 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری گردشگری روستایی به دست آمده که از این تعداد 22 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری اجتماعی، تعداد 24 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری اقتصادی و تعداد 34 شاخص برای ارزیابی پایداری محیطی گردشگری روستایی بوده که مناسب با ساختار روستاهای ایران و سازگار با محیط روستاهاست.}, keywords_fa = {بومی‌کردن شاخص‌ها,توسعه پایدار,شاخص‌های پایداری,گردشگری,گردشگری روستایی}, url = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22685.html}, eprint = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22685_72caf569aca21ead1f00c533945fb0c4.pdf} } @article { author = {dadvar khani, fazileh and niksirat, masoud}, title = {Ecotourism Strategic Planning in Villages Located in Desert Areas (Case Study: Village Kharanaq, Yazd Province)}, journal = {Journal of Rural Research}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {43-72}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;}, issn = {2008-7373}, eissn = {2423-7787}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction This research was conducted in village Kharanq. The village has located in arid areas of Iran. Since Iran is located among arid and semi arid countries of the world. More than 68 percent of the areas in this country have arid and semi-arid climate, and more than 7/43 million hectares of its ecosystems are desert area. About 32 percent of the population lives in the rural areas and they lives on the more than 90 percent of natural resources and cultivated lands .So their activities has more effect on natural resources , including arid areas. The major problems that facing the villagers are economic, such as shortage of available jobs, limit access to new resource of income and low incomes among farmers and other occupation of rural population. Also, these villages encountered with shortage in water resources and arable lands to develop agriculture and animal husbandry activities. Therefore, in order to eliminate these problems there is serious need to diversification and more access to new jobs and income generation through new economic activities in these villages. These new economic activities should also create new budget and income for protection and reclamation of natural resources for achieving to rural sustainable development in the arid regions. The ecotourism is an appropriate alternative option that can create new economic resources to achieve the above two goals. methodology Because rural planning and development is more sensitive in desert areas, it requires establish appropriate and specific strategies. This research has established to evaluate strategies for planning in the field of ecotourism in arid rural areas. Because rural planning and development is more sensitive in desert areas, it requires establish appropriate and specific strategies. This research has established to evaluate strategies for planning in the field of ecotourism in arid rural areas.The method research that has conducted is descriptive and it was a survey in one of the villages in arid area. Participants in the research have divided to three groups that were included rural residents, tourists and rural managers. The attitudes of research participants in these three groups have been investigated through three factors. These factors include environmental, economic and socio-cultural ones. In these study 75 indicators has been studied. These indicators were identified through interview with villagers, local officials and experts. In this study there Statistical Society were studied. The Statistic Society of research was 435 persons .On the base of Cochrane formula; we choose the random sample of 120 persons. Due to lack of accurate statistics for the number of tourist The 100 tourist participants in the research have been selected through accessibility method. The other required data in this research, is gathered through interviews with 15 people that targeted because of their authority and decision making power such as rural mayor (Dehyar), village Islamic Council, manager of county and cultural heritage, member of Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Yazd province. With the understanding that a diversity of standpoints often exist in cases of tourism effect, an effort was made to capture input about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of ecotourism with applying SWOT analysis method and investigate its potential, to find appropriate strategies for improving ecotourism activities in arid rural areas. Results The results indicate that despite the natural attractions in these areas, tourism development has been related on historical and cultural attractions. It seems that natural attractions of village were ignored in tourism planning. The research finding shows that on the basis of strategic analysis, there are 41 items that indicate on strengths points and opportunities. In contrast 35 items have identified as weakness and threats points. So we recognized that the understudied villages have proper potential for ecotourism development. Further analyses indicate that there are convergence between the strengths and opportunities and also divergence in the weaknesses and threats in three research participant groups. Findings Finally, we applied Quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) to find the final score or grade of the each strategies. Eventually, the "combination of historical tourism programs, by accompany with ecotourism programs in villages" have been known as a proper strategy to develop tourism in the area. Finally research has proposed some solution to development of rural tourism: - Diversification in the case of economic activities on the village and extension of handicraft production depending on tourists demand and their interest. - Considering the appropriate rule for protecting of the cultural heritage and natural resources by rural residents. - The study of environmental Feasibility in order to create and extend ecotourism in arid rural areas.}, keywords = {desert eco tourism,eco tiurism,kharanagh village,rural tuorism,strategic planning}, title_fa = {برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی طبیعت‌گردی در روستاهای نواحی بیابانی (مطالعة موردی: روستای خرانق - شهرستان اردکان، استان یزد)}, abstract_fa = {توسعه روستاهای نواحی بیابانی مستلزم تدوین و ارائه راهبردهای مناسب و مختص این نواحی است. این روستاها از لحاظ اقتصادی با فقر منابع آب و خاک مواجه‌اند و از جمله فعالیت‌های اقتصادی‌ای که دستیابی به توسعه اقتصادی را برای آنها میسر می‌کند، طبیعت‌گردی است. این پژوهش با هدف تدوین استراتژی یا راهبرد مناسب برای توسعه طبیعت‌گردی روستاهای نواحی بیابانی انجام شده است. روش تحقیق، توصیفی و از نوع پیمایشی است. سه گروه (ساکنان روستا، گردشگران و مسئولان) در انجام این پژوهش مشارکت داشتند و دیدگاه‌های آنها در مورد قابلیت‌های طبیعت‏گردی در قالب سه عامل زیست‌محیطی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی و فرهنگی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. این پژوهش نقاط قوت و ضعف، فرصت‌ها و تهدیدهای طبیعت‏گردی را به شیوه SWOT مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار می‌دهد و به ارائه راهبرد برای توسعه این فعالیت در روستاهای نواحی بیابانی می‌پردازد. نتایج تحقیق بیانگر این است که با وجود جاذبه‌های طبیعی و بیابانی در روستای مورد مطالعه، گردشگری در این روستا عمدتاً متکی بر جاذبه‌های تاریخی و فرهنگی بوده است. با وجود 41 نقطه قوت و فرصت شناسایی شده، در مقابل 35 نقطه ضعف و تهدید، می‌توان گفت که روستا دارای پتانسیل طبیعت‌گردی است. در تحلیل دیدگاه‌های سه گروه، بین نقاط قوت و فرصت همگرایی وجود داشت، و بین نقاط ضعف و تهدیدها نوعی واگرایی مشاهده شد. در نهایت با استفاده از ماتریس کمّی برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی (QSPM) و با در نظر گرفتن امتیاز نهایی راهبردها، راهبرد نهایی، «هم‌راستا کردن برنامه‌های گردشگری تاریخی روستا با برنامه‌های طبیعت‌گردی» انتخاب گردید.}, keywords_fa = {برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی,روستای خرانق,طبیعت‌گردی,طبیعت‌گردی بیابانی,گردشگری روستایی}, url = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22686.html}, eprint = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22686_55178d4722664601498162ff6b7e55d7.pdf} } @article { author = {golshiri esfahani, zahra and saraei, moahammad hosein}, title = {Strategic Planning for Rural Environmental System Using SOWT Analysis (Case Study: Gandoman District, Boroojen Township)}, journal = {Journal of Rural Research}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {73-98}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;}, issn = {2008-7373}, eissn = {2423-7787}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction Continuing environmental crisis, Human was aware of the necessity for revising its method of dealing with the environment during the development. Therefore, changing the development paradigm from classical to modern, sustainable development and environmental issues become major pillars of development and achieve sustainable development depends on the complete recognition of environment and natural resource and accurate and strategically planning in this regard is. Methodology Strategic planning of the best methods to achieve the goals could be considered. This paper was conducted to determine the development goals of rural environment system in Gandoman County, Borojen Township in 10 year perspective. SWOT Analysis Model was utilized for strategic planning. According to the strengths and weaknesses (capacity and resource) and also opportunities and treats (external factors and effective process), the invasive model as a effective model for environmental system adopted, and based on it, the strategies and quantitive preferent goals determined and coherence between them was established. Results In order to analyze rural environment systems in Gandoman County, first strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the system were identified which include: Strengths; having ecotourism potential and attractions, existence of two permanent rivers, numerous springs, suitable aquifers, high quality of water resources and mineral water springs and a number of Qantas, being moisture more than half of the year, there are nine plain rural for Agricultural Development and highland rural for horticultural development and existence of wild medicinal plants in the region. Weakness; lack Watershed activities, the risk of water erosion and the natural eruption, earthquake and flood, low safety centers, residence and activity against natural disasters, environmental and sound pollution of gas station, surface water and groundwater pollution, and landscape pollution because of deficient system of waste collection and landfill. Opportunities; increased consumption of mineral water producers and development policies of mineral water in Iran, suitable markets for medicinal plants, the increasing importance of tourism, reduction policies of natural hazards and detrimental health pollution, existence divers germ plasm and crop varieties in the country and the existence of oil and gas resources in the province Threats; being surface water management outside the province, negative balance of underground water, poor crisis management, lack of proper and complete implementation of sustainable development policies, shortage of funds for dams, watershed management and construction of irrigation networks and deficient systems of waste collection and landfill in rural areas. Conclusion It should be noted that internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) of the status have been extracted from reviewing of regional environment system through the Library Reviews documents and field studies and external factors of region (opportunities and threats) also have been extracted from reviewing the documents of this field in the country and the province. The significance of the coefficient of each of internal and external factors was calculated in software Expert Choice based on the Delphi method and according to experts using paired comparisons. The basis of paired comparisons was Thomas L. Saaty importance coefficient (rather identical (important 1) until quite preferable (important 9)). The importance coefficients were standardized through divided by average (total coefficients standard for internal and external factors is equal to one). to determine the final weight to each of the strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats were given rate 1 to 4 based on the importance and final weight of internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) was calculated 3.08 and external factors (opportunities and threats) was calculated 3.53. Finally, these weights were pointed in SWOT diagram and aggressive pattern was determined as effective model for environmental systems of Gandoman. This pattern for achieve the main goal (sustainable environmental development in the region) select the strategies that apply the available regional strengths for use identified opportunities. Therefore, sustainable environmental development strategies of Gandoman County are the following: - Management development, conservation, restoration and sustainable exploitation of natural resources and environmental, - Development of public participation in the development process, conservation, restoration and sustainable exploitation of natural resources and environmental, - Mineral Water Industry Development, - Develop and strengthen the tourism industry with emphasis on ecotourism and rural tourism, - Improve crisis management in order to prevent the consequences of natural disasters and deal with it in villages, - Reduce hazards and detrimental to human health and the environment pollution. Obviously, in order to achieve the determined strategies and according to the main goal, objectives should be defined. These paper objectives at three levels of long term goals (10 years), medium term (five years) and short-term (2-1 years) were classified. The short-term objectives include increasing the level of public awareness on natural disasters, promotion of rural outreach skills, safety principles in building new homes, familiarize farmers with the principles of sustainable agriculture, identify species of medicinal plants in the County pasture, preventing the indiscriminate cattle grazing in pastures, improving exploitation model of water resources, inhibition of seasonal surface water, especially flowing waters, identify potential tourism in the region, familiarize farmers with the importance of Aquifers and Watershed Management, predispose for public participation in forestry activities, improving knowledge and skills of villagers to preserve watersheds and aquifers, the identification qualitive and quantitve capabilities of regional water to develop mineral water industries, studies about sanitary waste collection and burial in the rural area.}, keywords = {Environment System,strategic planning,Sustainable Development,SWOT Model,Village}, title_fa = {برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی نظام زیست‌محیطی روستا با تجزیه و تحلیل SWOT (مطالعه موردی: بخش گندمان، شهرستان بروجن)}, abstract_fa = {تداوم بحران‌های محیط زیست، انسان را به ضرورت بازنگری در شیوة برخوردش با محیط زیست در جریان توسعه‌یافتگی واقف ساخت. بدین ترتیب با تغییر پارادایم توسعه از کلاسیک به امروزین، توسعه پایدار و از جمله مقوله‌های زیست‌محیطی به ارکان اصلی توسعه بدل شده‌اند و دستیابی به توسعه پایدار در گرو شناخت کامل از محیط زیست و منابع طبیعی و برنامه‌ریزی دقیق و راهبردی در این خصوص است. برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی از مناسب‌ترین شیوه‌ها برای دستیابی به اهداف مورد نظر به شمار می‌آید. در مقاله حاضر با توجه به هدف‌گذاری صورت گرفته برای توسعه نظام زیست‌محیطی روستا در بخش گندمان شهرستان بروجن در افق 10 ساله، برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی با تکیه بر مدل تجزیه و تحلیل SWOT مبنا قرار گرفت. در پایان به طور سیستماتیک، با در نظر داشتن نقاط ضعف و قوت (توانایی‌ها و منابع) و همچنین فرصت‌ها و تهدید‌ها (عوامل خارجی و جریانات تأثیرگذار) الگوی تهاجمی به عنوان الگوی اثربخش برای نظام زیست‌محیطی اتخاذ و راهبردها و اهداف کمی اولویت‌دار با توجه به این الگو شناخته شد و بین آنها پیوستگی برقرار گردید.}, keywords_fa = {برنامه‌ریزی راهبردی,توسعه پایدار,روستا,نظام زیست‌‌محیطی}, url = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22687.html}, eprint = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22687_7c55b9a20e542d38cd273807124d319f.pdf} } @article { author = {mirzaei, hosein and ghaffari, gholamreza and karimi, alireza}, title = {The Study of Impact of Industrialization and Background Variables on Empowerment (Case Study: Rural Area of County of Qorveh)}, journal = {Journal of Rural Research}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {99-128}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;}, issn = {2008-7373}, eissn = {2423-7787}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction: Today empowerment has become to one of the main concepts of sustainable development.j Three types of relationship between empowerment and sustainable development are: 1- Empowerment is component of sustainable development. 2- Empowerment is the cause of sustainable development. 3- Empowerment is the result of sustainable development. Therefore it is not possible achievement to sustainable development without the empowerment of villagers. Empowerment of villagers is affected by many factors, such as: background variables and Effects of plans and projects implemented in rural areas. This article studies the background variables of individuals and effects of steel factory on the empowerment of villagers. The study area is industrializ j ed rural district of Yalghuz Agaj in the county of Qorveh. Different definitions are presented about the concept of empowerment. This is due to two factors: 1- Empowerment is a multidimensional concept. 2- Empowerment is used in various fields, such as: Management, Psychology, Geography, Agriculture, sociology et al. Empowerment is a process to empower people through which they can be overcome feelings of their helplessness and inability. There are many advantages to empower such as access to basic needs, satisfaction, self esteem, Sense of belonging and commitment, reducing costs and increasing profits, Increasing j participation, etc. Empowerment has many dimensions that they can be classified in the six dimensions of economic, political, mental, social, legal and cultural. Economic j empowerment, social empowerment and mental empowerment are more important than other empowerments in the rural community.Various factors are involved in the process of empowerment that background variables of individuals have an important role. Different studies indicate that the influence of background variables on empowerment through factors such as employment, income, education, gender and age. In addition to background variables, empowerment of individuals is influenced by development policies. The opinions are about the social and economic benefits of industry in rural areas can be stated as follows. From economic perspective, rural industrialization has advantages such as, increasing farmers income, Increasing employment opportunities and also increasing job security. Such a process could accelerate rural economic empowerment and thus cause non agricultural work opportunities, reduce the income gap between rural and urban and also between rural households. Development of rural industry from the perspective of social and mental are leads to increased subjective and objective welfare, increasing of trust and development of social relationships that the result is increased social and mental empowerment of villagers. Methodology: In this study, survey method was used to study the issue. The study population is two rural district of Yalghuz Agaj and Qaslan in the county of Qorveh in the kurdistan province. These two rural district are similar in many ways such as geographical location, number of villages under the authority, population, language, religion, possibilities and services and other characteristics. The main difference studied between two rural district is that Yalghuz Agaj with steel factory has become to an industrial rural district while Qaslan does not this feature. With Cochran formula was selected 136 households from Yalghuz Agaj rural district and 121 households from rural district of Qaslan. One person has been interviewed from each household with age range 25 to 65 year as the sample. Results: Among the background variables studied rural empowerment relationship with age, education, income and job status were confirmed but did not confirm the relationship of rural empowerment with other background variables (sex, family size and number of employed people in household). Relationship between rural economic empowerment was approved with five background variables including age, education, income, occupational status and number of people employed in household. Relationship between social empowerment was confirmed with four background variables (age, education, income and job status) and mental empowerment is related with three background variables (age, education and job status). The important finding is that regional industrialization has no effect on any aspect of rural empowerment. Conclusion: Yalghuz Agaj steel factory not use the rural labor force and interaction are at least possible between factory workers and villagers. In fact, the industry is as isolated part of rural community and its impacts on the rural community is at least possible. The results show that the established industry in the region could not be effective on rural empowerment. In other words the primary purposes of manufacturing industry has not been provided in the rural district. Rural industrialization requires a careful study of characteristics of industry and village. Rural industrialization should be done with the industries that were compatible with the needs of rural community and villagers can work in these industries.}, keywords = {Empowerment,Ground factors,Industry,rural Society,Sustainable Development}, title_fa = {توانمندسازی، صنعتی شدن و عوامل زمینه‌ای مؤثر بر آن (مطالعه موردی: مناطق روستایی شهرستان قروه)}, abstract_fa = {توانمندسازی به عنوان یکی از اجزای توسعه پایدار، هم می‌تواند عامل این نوع توسعه باشد، و هم معلول آن. در واقع توسعه پایدار بدون توانمندسازی مردم مفهوم ناقصی است. از مواردی که بر توانمندسازی تأثیر می‌نهند، ویژگی‌های زمینه‌ای افراد و همچنین پیامد‌های طرح‌ها و پروژه‌هایی است که با هدف توانمندی مردم به اجرا در می‌آیند. مقاله حاضر در کنار ویژگی‌های زمینه‌ای افراد، به بررسی رابطه صنعت ذوب‌آهن با توانمندی ساکنان دهستان یالغوزآغاج شهرستان قروه در استان کردستان می‌پردازد. توانمندی روستاییان از سه بُعد توانمندی اقتصادی، اجتماعی و روانی مد نظر بوده است. یافته‌های این تحقیق که به روش پیمایش به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که به‌جز متغیر بُعد خانوار که با هیچ‌ یک از ابعاد توانمندسازی مرتبط نیست، سایر متغیرهای زمینه‌ای بررسی شده، تأثیراتی متفاوت بر ابعاد مختلف توانمندی نهاده‌اند. در مورد صنعتی‌شدن منطقه مورد مطالعه نیز باید گفت که اجرای این طرح، تفاوتی را در هیچ یک از ابعاد توانمندسازی روستاییان به وجود نیاورده است. بر اساس بررسی حاضر دلیل این امر کمترین میزان استفاده از نیروی کار روستایی در صنعت مورد مطالعه و عدم تعامل کارکنان صنعت با روستاییان منطقه بوده است؛ و به عبارت ‌دیگر فقدان ارتباط ارگانیک صنعت ذوب ‌آهن منطقه با جامعه روستایی و برون‌زا و جدا افتاده بودن آن از جامعه روستایی سبب بی‌تأثیربودن آن بر توانمندسازی جامعه پیرامون صنعت گردیده است.}, keywords_fa = {توانمندسازی,توسعه پایدار,جامعه روستایی,صنعت,عوامل زمینه‌ای}, url = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22688.html}, eprint = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22688_e111b90e7d729645b8528957d2aeaa52.pdf} } @article { author = {sharafi, lida and zarafshani, kioomarz}, title = {Economic and Social Vulnerability Assessment among Farmers towards Drought (Case of study: Wheat Farmers Kermanshah, Sahne, and Ravansar townships) in}, journal = {Journal of Rural Research}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {129-154}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;}, issn = {2008-7373}, eissn = {2423-7787}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction Drought is a slow-onset disaster that has economic, social, and environmental consequences. In Iran, drought is a re-current phenomenon. The current drought management strategies in Iran are based on crisis management. For example, when drought becomes visible in different parts of the country, a state of emergency is declared and thus all resources are mobilized in that particular region. However, this type of drought management strategy is proved to be ineffective. Therefore, risk management seems to be the most effective drought management strategies if drought-prone areas in Iran are to recover from the so called man-made disaster. Studies show that a prerequisite to drought risk management is vulnerability assessment of drought affected population. Once vulnerable groups are identified, drought policy-makers can then focus their attention toward most vulnerable areas. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to categorize most vulnerable areas in rural Kermanshah. Specifically, this paper sought to investigate the socio-economic vulnerability among a sample of wheat farmers in Kermanshah, Sahne, Ravansar townships in Kermanshah province. The selection of these townships was based on a recent drought zone classification provided by provincial Meteorological Center in Kermanshah. Moreover, the selected townships were severely affected by drought during the year 2006-2008. In addition, three drought intensity was identified as "Very high drought intensity", extremely high drought intensity", and "critical drought intensity". These intensities were based on mapping concentration from Meteorological Center in Kermanshah Province. MethodologyIn addition, three drought intensity was identified as "Very high drought intensity", extremely high drought intensity", and "critical drought intensity". These intensities were based on mapping concentration from Meteorological Center in Kermanshah Province. These intensities were based on mapping concentration from Meteorological Center in Kermanshah Province. Using multi-stage stratified sampling, 370 farmers across three townships were selected to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to collect data. A researcher based instrument was designed to collect the data. In order to collect rich data, deep interview was conducted by the researcher. During the interview, retrospective questions were asked so that farmers could go back to the past and gradually see the present with the aim of visioning the future. In order to test for internal validity, a panel of experts from Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development reviewed the research instrument. In addition, extension specialist from Agricultural-Jihad Organization provided further feedback to the questionnaire. Drought vulnerability assessment techniques were reviewed during extensive literature search. Among vulnerability assessment techniques, a formula suggested by Me-Bar and Valdez (2005) was considered appropriate for this study. Results and discussion Results revealed that farmers in Ravanasar who experienced highest drought intensities were most vulnerable in socio-economic aspects while farmers in Kermanshah Township with lowest drought intensity were least vulnerable in socio-economic aspects. In addition, Sahne Township experienced drought with intensity somewhere between Ravansar and Kermansha Townships felt in the middle regarding socio-economic vulnerability. The interesting conclusion can be made is that there is a relationship between drought intensity and vulnerability level among study area.The result of this survey study has implications for drought policy-makers as well as drought vulnerability research in Iran. First, identifying vulnerable regions help policy-makers to give priority to vulnerable groups when planning for drought mitigations. Furthermore, an up-to-date vulnerability assessment assists extension agents to plan more effective content for their educational program. In addition, risk management becomes a dominant strategy for managing drought impacts. Unlike crisis management, risk management alleviates the harmful effect of drought more effectively. The result of this study has also implications for drought vulnerability literature. Most drought studies have focused more on impact of drought with less attention being paid on vulnerability assessment. By using the formula proposed in this study, it is hoped that more drought researchers use this formula which in turn adds to external validity of the formula. Findings This study had its limitations too. For example, vulnerability is a social concept that varies from context to context. A farmer who buys crop insurance to cover the losses due to drought may feel less vulnerable in one area than a farmer in another area with the same insurance coverage. For this reason, one needs to be more cautious when generalizing the findings of this study to a larger population. Another limitation worth mentioning is getting farmers to respond to retrospective questionnaires like the one used in this study. Farmers are reluctant in providing answers to events at have occurred in the past. For this reason, it is suggested that interviewers spend more time with farmers and be patient when dealing with retrospective studies.}, keywords = {Drought,farmers,Kermanshah province,risk management,Vulnerability assessment}, title_fa = {سنجش آسیب‌پذیری اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشاورزان در برابر خشکسالی (مطالعه موردی: گندم‌کاران شهرستان‌های کرمانشاه، صحنه و روانسر)}, abstract_fa = {وقوع خشکسالی‌های اخیر در ایران و شدت خسارت‌های وارد شده، از ادامه آسیب‌پذیری کشاورزان حکایت می‌کند. در زمان حاضر مدیریت خشکسالی در کشور ما، بر مبنای مدیریت بحران صورت می‌گیرد و بدین‌ترتیب به کاهش تأثیرات و آمادگی در برابر خشکسالی توجه چندانی نمی‌شود. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، هدف از این مطالعه سنجش آسیب‌پذیری اقتصادی و اجتماعی خشکسالی در بین کشاورزان گندم‌کار از سه منطقه با شدت‌های متفاوت خشکسالی بوده است: بسیار شدید، فوق‌العاده شدید و بحرانی در شهرستان‌های کرمانشاه، صحنه و روانسر. در این مطالعه از روش پیمایشی استفاده شد و داده‌ها از 370 کشاورز گندم‌کار با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌بندی چندمرحله‌ای جمع‌آوری گردید. به منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از مصاحبة حضوری با کشاورزانی که با خشکسالی در سال‌های 88-1386 مواجه و دست به گریبان شده بودند، بهره گرفته شد. پس از مرور و مطالعات مقدماتی، شاخص‌های اجتماعی– اقتصادی آسیب‌پذیری استخراج شدند. برای سنجش آسیب‌پذیری اجتماعی- اقتصادی کشاورزان گندم‌کار از فرمول می‌بار و والدز (2005) استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از آن‌‌اند که کشاورزان گندم‌کار در شهرستان روانسر بیشترین آسیب‌پذیری را داشته‌اند، و کشاورزان گندم‌کار در شهرستان کرمانشاه با کمترین آسیب‌پذیری اقتصادی و اجتماعی مواجه بوده‌اند. دستاوردهای این مطالعه می‌تواند مسئولان مدیریت خشکسالی استان کرمانشاه را در تخصیص اعتبارات با توجه به میزان آسیب‌پذیری مناطق یاری برساند.}, keywords_fa = {آسیب‌پذیری,استان کرمانشاه,خشکسالی,کشاورزان,مدیریت ریسک}, url = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22689.html}, eprint = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22689_4ad7ad7094f67e4cc36f375c4fe11004.pdf} } @article { author = {salmani, mohammad and tourani, ali and khorasani, moahhammad amin}, title = {Classification of Villages based on Maintenance and supply of Drinking Water(case study: central district of Minoodasht Township)}, journal = {Journal of Rural Research}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {155-177}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;}, issn = {2008-7373}, eissn = {2423-7787}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction According to world population growth that is over 6 billion people, drinking water supply in cities and villages is one of the concerns of politicians and residents, so the 21st century is named century of water stress or hydrological stress. One of goals of World Water organization will be supply the drinking water for all until 2025. It is worth mentioning that highest population had no access to safe drinking water live in Asia and Africa and are living in villages. In Summary, the concept of risk is known by probability of loss or uncertainty and the concept of risk management implies risk assessment and strategies adopted for risk management. In ideal risk management, there is a prioritization process in order to consider the most loss risks with highest probability at the beginning and risks with lower probability and lower risks at the end. Also search and site selection risks before their problem being one of the steps in this approach. The main purpose of this study is review and study of the situation of drinking water resources, identify and classify risks that these resources in phase of maintenance and supply drinking water and finally graded and prioritized rural centers based on these risks. The study area in this research, are villages located in central district of Minoodasht Township. Methodology Research study is descriptive-analytical in survey way. Statistical Society of study is villages located in central district of Minoodasht and the study sample is those villages that have Dehyary. Required information through the library studies, direct observations and questionnaires completed by 63 Dehyars were collected. Dehyars group was selected because in new system of rural management in our country, Dehyary is considered as institution of rural management, the institution that participation in providing and keeping safe drinking water is considered as part of its tasks. According to the Theoretical framework risks of maintenance and supply drinking water resources, categorize in five groups of human agents (management), natural factors, location of source and reservoir, source and reservoir characteristics and risks related to water quality were classified. For risk assessment of each class as questions were designed in form of Lycert range that total points of them shows the situation of each village in that group of risks. It should be noted that about risks related to water quality due to lack of accurate and complete information about chemical and bacteriology for all the villages inevitably this indicator was not considered and since this study accent on risks relating to maintenance and supply of drinking water resources only the physical quality of water from viewpoint of Dhyars considered. The weight of each group as the main indicators of risk in drinking water is considered by using AHP model and Expert Choice. Then, according to the weight obtained in this way and the risks of water resources, rural centers with using the TOPSIS model were graded and prioritized. Results From the 12 villages in the level (a) that their risk is very high, 10 villages are under water and Sewage Company. Also from 10 villages in level (e) 9 villages under covered by water and Sewage Company and also a village is enjoyed from urban water. So we can say that cover all villages in the region by the Rural Water and sewage Company should be considered as effective step in reducing risks related to drinking water resources. Conclusion With attention to obtained results Asefrenjan village has the highest risk and Jangaldeh has the lowest risk. Also rural centers with attention to risk classification, categorized to very high risk rural centers, high-risk rural centers, rural centers with moderate risk, low-risk rural centers, very low-risk rural centers groups. According to this scheme, low and very low risk rural centers are under the cover Rural Water and Sewage Company. This shows the importance of controlling and monitoring these resources is vital. Certainly aware of the status quo of rural drinking water sources is an important aid to more accurate planning in villages by Dhyars. Finally, it is recommended to identify the status of villages in terms of type of risk related to drinking water sources and evaluate them, should design warning systems to be informative, while it is essential that consistently and in all conditions, continuous monitoring and control the risks to be considered. Also should prepare a plan for advance the health status of rural drinking water supplies with an emphasis on risk management approach and rely on people's participation and attendance as the operation and in many cases, the main perpetrators water pollutants.}, keywords = {Central District,drinking water,Minoodasht,risk management,rural regios}, title_fa = {سطح‌بندی روستاها بر اساس ریسک‌های مخازن و شبکه توزیع آب آشامیدنی (مطالعه موردی بخش مرکزی شهرستان مینودشت)}, abstract_fa = {آب، از اصلی‌ترین نیازهای بشر و مایه حیات و علت شکل‌گیری بسیاری از سکونتگاه‌های روستایی در سطح زمین است. کمبود آب آشامیدنی سالم به‌ویژه در کشورهای جهان سوم ـ از جمله کشور ما ـ به عنوان معضلی اساسی شناخته می‌شود. عدم کنترل کیفیت و میزان برداشت و مصرف بی‌رویه آب می‌تواند معضل کمبود آب را تشدید کند و تهدیدهای جدی به بار آورد. از این رو لازم است ضمن اعمال سیاست‌های اصولی، به جنبه‌های مدیریتی مختلف این منبع حیاتی توجه شود. پژوهش حاضر با شناسایی و سطح‌بندی ریسک‌هایی که مخازن و شبکة‌ توزیع آب آشامیدنی را در مراکز روستایی بخش مرکزی مینودشت تهدید می‌کنند، اقدام به اولویت‌بندی و سطح‌بندی این مراکز بر اساس میزان ریسک موجود در نگهداری و عرضه مخازن و شبکة‌ توزیع آب آشامیدنی آن کرده است. از آنجا که یکی از وظایف دهیاران تأمین آب آشامیدنی سالم و نظارت بر سلامت آب آشامیدنی روستاییان است، روش تحقیق در پژوهش حاضر توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به شیوه پیمایشی انجام شده است. نمونه آماری مورد مطالعه، روستا‌هایی است که دارای دهیاری هستند. نهایتاً این روستاها با استفاده از مدل تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی AHP و رتبه‌بندی بر اساس تشابه به حل ایده‌آل (Topsis) اولویت‌بندی شدند و به پنج سطح شامل: روستاهای با ریسک بسیار بالا، روستا‌های با ریسک بالا، روستاهای با ریسک متوسط، روستاهای با ریسک کم، و روستاهای با ریسک بسیار کم، تقسیم شدند.}, keywords_fa = {آب آشامیدنی,بخش مرکزی,مدیریت ریسک,مینودشت,نواحی روستایی}, url = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22690.html}, eprint = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22690_1a9ccbb8d0cd593c8890e733baa06e23.pdf} } @article { author = {azami, mossa and soroush mehr, homa}, title = {Effectives of Individual – Economical Factors on rural women’s participation in productive cooperation (case study: ball making cooperation in Pave&Uramanat district)}, journal = {Journal of Rural Research}, volume = {1}, number = {4}, pages = {179-204}, year = {2011}, publisher = {Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;}, issn = {2008-7373}, eissn = {2423-7787}, doi = {}, abstract = {Introduction Since the introduction of development to countries after the Second World War, this process has been the most significant issue, especially in developing countries. The realization of development demands exploiting the talents, capacities and active participation of people in different stages of development process, so that development and participation are considered to be interwoven and the process is succeeded when it is concurrent with the increase of people's participation, especially local people. Methodology Concerning people's participation (PP) in participatory activities, in particular, propounding the subject of participatory approaches like PRA and RRA was the result of dissatisfaction and lack of success of rural development(RD) activities before the 1980s. During that time, the dominant thought and direction of RD was based on two essential principles: 1) emphasizing the role of ‘individuals outside the social system’ as the planners and decision-makers of the main projects and activities of RD. 2) the thought “we know and they do not know” where ‘we’ referred to the outsiders and experts and ‘they’ referred to local people, so they ignored indigenous knowledge.Considering the failure of many RD projects and programmesin the period before the 1980s, impressions, attitudes and ideas in relation to RD were changed during the subsequent three decades. The issue of ‘project ownership’ and local NGOs gained significance up to date. It was realized that rural people had to have a sense of ownership of development process to follow and achieve the desired results. Before the 1980s, existing approaches to RD paid little attention to the active role of local people in RD, especially the marginalized groups (women) in rural areas. Therefore, in this period, decision-making and allocation of resources were carried out mostly by outsider experts of RD (i.e. in the capital or in the local governmental organisations) in developing countries, and people’s involvement in making decisions on RD projects was insignificant. In addition, local people’s ideas about their needs and problems related to their environment were rarely enquired. Results Based on the recent statistics released fromthe UN, 33% of Iranian women participate in the economic sector in contrast with 77 % of men's participation, of which 34% of women attend the agricultural sector versus 24% for men. The rural women as the half of human population in rural areas play significant role in social and cultural realms along with economic roles. Accordingly, it is importantto pay attention tohow can we increase their participation and involvement in development process, especially because past research efforts, so often ignored or misrepresented them.Most of the women are illiterate or less educated and often unable to attend or continue formal training courses, social or economic services. In these conditions, rural women remain inactive with less chance to develop their own abilities. As a result, this situation has caused the women to be the most vulnerable group in rural development programs.In spite of their active role in socio-economic aspects, promotion of rural women's status, having participated them in formal economic sector is of greater importance and regarded to be the necessary condition for sustainable development in developing country. To recognize the manner of women's participation in development and the influential factors,during 1970s the term “women in development”, and in the 1980s “Gender and development” were applied in resources and discourses (Ellis & Biggs, 2001). Thereafter, in most developing countries, strategies for active participation of women in development put into practice to remove or reduce existing barriers and obstacles. Yet, most planners of rural development policy believe erroneously that farmers and rural workers are mostly men. Conclusion In recent decades, social scientists focus on the importance of individual, economic and social factors that affecting women's life, directly or indirectly, to provide an environment for the promotion of their participation in rural development process. The co-ops established in rural areas are the main institutions as NGOs which could enhance rural communities' capacity through applying unique practices and approaches subsequently, attention to rural women's situation, attempt to recognize and evaluate their activities and remove the main barriers of improving their participation in different formal institutes at village level, including co-ops are the necessary steps towardssustainable rural development. The logic beyond this attempt is the necessity of using all the potential human resources toward development goals. The aim of this study is to explore some socio-economic factors affecting woman's participation in co-op from members' point of view. The paper begins with an overview of the theoretical concepts on the issue ofparticipation, especially on the case of rural women, and follows by a description of methodology ofthe study, and then findings are presented following by conclusion and recommendations.}, keywords = {ball making cooperative,participation,Paveh and Uramanat,personal-economic factors,rural women}, title_fa = {تأثیر متغیرهای فردی و اقتصادی زنان روستایی بر مشارکت آنان در تعاونی تولید (مطالعه موردی: تعاونی توپ‌سازی شهرستان پاوه و اورامانات)}, abstract_fa = {مشارکت زنان روستایی در امور زندگی‌شان، به ویژه در فعالیت‌های جمعی مانند تعاونی‌های تولیدی با هدف ارتقای توانمندی-های آنان، رهیافت بسیار مناسبی برای کاهش فقر به شمار می‌آید. در این خصوص، مطالعة حاضر به بررسی تأثیر متغیرهای فردی و اقتصادی بر مشارکت زنان روستایی در تعاونی تولید توپ‌های ورزشی (شرکت تعاونی توپ‌دوزی پاوه) پرداخته است. به منظور تشخیص معنی‌دار بودن روابط بین متغیرها از آزمون‌های همبستگی و همچنین برای علت‌یابی متغیرهای فردی و اقتصادی زنان در چگونگی مشارکت آنان در تعاونی تولیدی از مدل تحلیل مسیر بهره گرفته شده است. نوع تحقیق کاربردی، و به صورت توصیفی و همبستگی- علّی است. اطلاعات مورد نیاز از استان کرمانشاه (شهرستان پاوه و اورامانات) به وسیله پرسشنامه به دست آمد و با استفاده از روش کوکران، 96 نفر از زنان عضو تعاونی به روش احتمالی و نوع سیستماتیک انتخاب شدند. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (88/0=?) در قسمت اصلی پرسشنامه (میزان مشارکت)، نشان داد که وسیله تحقیق قابلیت زیادی برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات دارد. یافته‌های تحقیق حاکی از آن‌اند که بین مشارکت زنان و مؤلفه‌های فردی-اقتصادی رابطه مثبت و معنی‌داری برقرار است. متغیرهای وارد شده در مدل تحلیل، در مجموع 61 درصد از تغییرات مشارکت زنان را تبیین کردند. نتایج تحلیل مسیر بدین ترتیب است که از بین سیزده مؤلفه فردی-اقتصادی، سه متغیر میزان سابقه عضویت، بهبود وضعیت اقتصادی خانواده و سابقه مدیریت، به ترتیب بیشترین تأثیرات علّی را بر مشارکت زنان روستایی داشته‌اند. در پایان راهبردهای متناسب با نتایج مطالعه، به منظور بهبود وضعیت مشارکت زنان روستایی ارائه گردید.}, keywords_fa = {پاوه و اورامانات,تعاونی توپ‌سازی,زنان روستایی,عوامل فردی-اقتصادی,مشارکت}, url = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22691.html}, eprint = {https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_22691_cb7a1356b57b87c6f26376eb438a9456.pdf} }