per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
699
721
10.22059/jrur.2015.57106
57106
Research Paper
شناسایی عوامل تعیینکنندة فقر چندبعدی در مناطق روستایی ایران
Determinants of Multidimensional Poverty in Iran Rural Areas
علی یوسفی
ayousefi@cc.iut.ac.ir
1
شکیبا مهدیان
mahdian1492@gmail.com
2
سکینه خلج
: s_khalaj14@yahoo.com
3
عضو هیات علمی گروه توسعه روستایی دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
یکی از مهمترین مشکلات برنامههای فقرزدایی که مانع از موفقیت آنها در سطوح ملی و بینالمللی شده، نگاه تکبعدی مبتنی بر درآمد به این پدیده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، سنجش شاخص فقر چندبعدی در مناطق روستایی ایران و شناسایی عوامل تعیینکنندة آن در سه گروه ویژگیهای منطقهای و ارتباطی، جمعیتی (اجتماعی) خانوار و اقتصادی است. جامعة آماری این پژوهش را کلیة خانوارهای ساکن مناطق روستایی کشور تشکیل میدهند. دادههای مورد نیاز پژوهش حاضر مبتنی بر دادههای خام سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن مرکز آمار سال 1385 است. نتایج این بررسی نشان دادند که 4/21 درصد خانوارهای روستایی فقیرند و میانگین محرومیت خانوارهای فقیر 5/31 درصد است. بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر فقر خانوارها با استفاده از رگرسیون لجستیک نشان داد که سواد، جنسیت، تحصیلات، وضع زناشویی، شغل و سن سرپرست خانوار، منبع تأمین آب آشامیدنی، نحوة دفع فاضلاب توالت، تملک واحد مسکونی، تعداد فرزندان، بار تکفل، تعداد افراد باسواد خانوار، موقعیت جغرافیایی، و نوع تابعیت خانوار تأثیر معناداری بر فقر خانوارهای روستایی دارند.
Introduction: Poverty is an introduction to the many of social abnormalities and the main threat for each society. The success of poverty alleviation programs depends on identifying the poverty and its indicators behind the policymaking and implementation conditions. The unidimensional income-based approach in poverty analysis is one of the main failure causes of many national and international poverty reduction programs. In an alternative approach, instead of focusing only on the income measurement of wellbeing and poverty, the human capabilities such as illiteracy, malnutrition, child mortality, and so on is taken into consideration. Therefore, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), since 2010 presented a new multidimensional poverty index (MPI) based on the capability approach and Alkire and Foster (AF) method. This index consists of three dimensions including education, health and living standards, which is measured by 10 indicators. Due to the importance of accurate assessment of rural poverty for the success of anti-poverty programs, the aim of this study is to evaluate the multidimensional poverty in the rural areas based on the capability approach, and understanding its determinants. The results can help policy makers in providing a more comprehensive and precise image of rural poverty conditions and the strategies will contribute to combat this phenomenon. Methodology: This descriptive and analytical study was based on the 20% of 2006 Iranian Population and Housing Census’s raw data. The settled private household was the sampling unit and the stratified random sampling method was used in urban and rural areas of each county. The household was chosen as a unit of rural poverty analysis and MPI was measured in three dimensions involving education, health and standard of living by using AF method. Indicators were selected based on the UNDP’s MPI, Millennium Development Goals (MDG), items in Iran census questionnaire and literature review. The main determinant of poverty was evaluated by using a logic regression in the three categories of regional situation, demographic and household attributes as well as economic characteristics.Findings: The results show that the incidence and intensity of poverty and MPI in Iran rural areas is respectively 21.4%, 31.5% and 0.07. The most deprivation was in assets indicator with 23.10% (households do not own at least one of: telephone, computer motorbike or car) and the main construction materials of the housing unit of more than 21% of rural households is sun-dried brick. Despite the fact that 20% of rural households have no member with completed 5 years of schooling, but only 5.4% households have school-aged child which is out of school in years 1 to 8. The status of rural households in terms of access to electricity, toilet and cooking fuel is relatively favorable. Furthermore, Sistan and Balouchestan and Mazandaran provinces respectively have the highest and lowest MPI in Iran rural areas. Studying the influential factors on the households poverty shows that: literacy, gender, education level, marital status, occupation and age of household head; source of drinking water supply and type of sewage disposal in the housing unit; number of children, number of literate members in household, geographical location and nationality of rural households have a significant effect on the poverty of rural households. The probability of being poor in the households with illiterate head in comparison to high school and college degrees respectively 81.1% and 87.7% is more .Poverty is more prevalent in the households with heads working in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing jobs. Moreover, ownership of residential units has no effect on the households’ poverty. Poverty is more widespread in the female-headed households compared to male-headed with about 56%. Furthermore, households with one or more disabled members are more likely to be living in poverty.Conclusion: The incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty is higher in the southeastern provinces with Sistan and Baluchestan as the poorest one. It is necessary to pay special attention to poverty alleviation policy targeting in national development plans and regional programs for approaching to sustainable rural development in these regions. According to the results, education has an important role in combating poverty and it is inevitable to promoting the education level of household head and facilitating access of school-aged children to education in poor and at risk of poverty households. Moreover, focusing on improving the source of drinking water and access to public water supply and sewage disposal networks is of particular importance in the deprived provinces. With respect to the more severe poverty in the southeastern provinces, assessing the relationship between multidimensional poverty and climate and geopolitical conditions of these regions can lead to identifying the other determinants of poverty.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57106_11daeaeaed5979aa3696259f3dc47e9e.pdf
خانوارهای روستایی
رگرسیون لجستیک
روش آلکایر و فوستر
شاخص ترکیبی
فقر چندبعدی
Multidimensional Poverty
composite indicator
Alkire-Foster method
Rural Households
Logistic regression
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
723
744
10.22059/jrur.2015.57107
57107
Research Paper
نقش عناصر آموزش و پرورش در توانمندسازی جوانان روستایی(مطالعة موردی: دانشآموزان روستایی مقطع دبیرستان بخش سربند شهرستان شازند)
The Role of Education Plans on Rural Youth Empowerment; Case: High School Rural Students, Central District, Sarband Township
زهرا ملک جعفریان
zahramalek@ut.ac.ir
1
سیدعلی بدری
sabadri@ut.ac.ir
2
محمدرضا رضوانی
rrezvani@ut.ac.ir
3
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران
دانشگاه تهران
دانشگاه تهران
آموزش و آگاهی بهعنوان یکی از ارکان اصلی فرایند توانمندسازی و همچنین دستیابی به توسعة پایدار، اهمیت زیادی دارد. آموزش رسمی و عمومی که بخش مهمی از زندگی را دربرمیگیرد، بهعنوان نهاد اجتماعی اثرگذار نقش بسزایی در فرایند توانمندسازی انسانها دارد. شناسایی استعدادها و ایجاد شرایط لازم برای شکوفایی آنها در زمینههای مختلف و رشد موزون و متعادل انسان در جنبههای عقلانی، عاطفی، اجتماعی و جسمانی از مسئولیتهای سنگینی است که آموزش و پرورش باید به انجام برساند. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد تبیینی-تحلیلی در پی تبیین جایگاه و نقش آموزش و پرورش در فرایند توانمندسازی جوانان روستایی است. حجم نمونه مشتمل بر 90 تن از دانشآموزان روستایی در مقطع متوسطة بخش سربند شهرستان شازند استان مرکزی است که از طریق نمونهگیری تصادفی انتخاب شدند، بههمراه تعدادی از دانشآموزان دختر و پسر دبیرستانی در قالب دو گروه متمرکز. دادهها با روش میدانی و تلفیقی از روشهای کمی و کیفی، بهکمک پرسشنامه و مصاحبة عمیق گردآوری و با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS تحلیل شدند. یافتههای پژوهش حاضر، نقش کلی آموزش و پرورش را در ابعاد مختلف توانمندی تأیید میکنند و نشان میدهند که دانشآموزان روستایی آموزشهای فراگرفته از طریق محتوای کتابها و برنامههای آموزشی را ضعیف تلقی میکنند. آنها معتقدند این آموزشها با نوع نیاز آنان برای شغلیابی هماهنگ نیست و فرد دانشآموخته برای پذیرش مسئولیتهای مهم در جامعه آمادگی ندارد. از نظر آنان شکلگیری هرگونه زمینة توانمندی و ایجاد شخصیت و هویت و باورهایشان اغلب تحت تأثیر نهاد خانواده است.
Friedman and Weitz are among the theorists of the Rohout School who propose models such as rural-urban development within the framework of comprehensive rural development schemes; consider rural development beyond urban development and perceive national development as dependent on rural development. In this regard, sustainable human development as a step beyond sustainable development is accepted as the Universal Declaration of Development for the next century, emphasizing that not only development should be sustainable and persistent, but should stress the needs of the present human generation. In this regard, empowering rural people, especially young people in rural communities has a significant impact on achieving sustainable rural development. Here, empowerment refers to a process in which individuals are able to acquire autonomy, control and self-confidence; and empowered individual is one who possesses the components of empowerment including the sense of sufficiency, the right to select, the sense of being effective, the sense of meaningfulness, and finally the sense of trust in others. Education and awareness as a key element in the process of empowerment as well as achieving sustainable development is a very significant issue. In fact, it could be concluded that empowerment and education are interrelated concepts. Education is a process through which, individuals acquire knowledge, learn skills and develop their own attitude and beliefs in life. Thus, formal and public education that as a social institution encompasses an important part of human life, will certainly have a remarkable and effective role in this process. Identifying talents and creating necessary conditions for them to flourish in different areas and a harmonious and balanced human growth in intellectual, emotional, social and physical aspects are among the heavy responsibilities that education should accomplish. However, the questions posed here include: “Has education succeeded in having an effective role in empowering students?”,“Do policies and plans of this institution serve the accomplishment of such an affair especially for rural youth who by some means require more attention by the education system?” The main purpose of this research will be to explain the role and position of education in the process of empowering rural high school students. The research adopts a survey method using subjective indicators based on a questionnaire. With regard to the nature of the research topic and hypotheses, information needed to confirm or reject the hypotheses has been collected through objective data (Statistics Statistical Center of Iran and maps) as well as subjective data (questionnaires completed by students and teachers in rural secondary schools). In order to achieve the research objectives, based on the studies and theoretical fundamentals in this area a questionnaire with closed and open questions was designed. The results indicate that based on the statistical tests such as one-sample and independent t-test, according to rural students, the domestic public education system in different educational periods especially in secondary schools has not been able to create adequate skills for employment or employing and in other words an entrepreneurial spirit in students; and as a result it has been ineffective in this regard. In addition, according to rural students, not only ruralization has not reinforced and influenced rural students’ sense of local attachment but also has strengthened urbanization behavior among rural students. The results indicate that based on the statistical tests such as one-sample and independent t-test, according to rural students, the domestic public education system in different educational periods especially in secondary schools has not been able to create adequate skills for employment or employing and in other words an entrepreneurial spirit in students; and as a result it has been ineffective in this regard. In addition, according to rural students, not only ruralization has not reinforced and influenced rural students’ sense of local attachment but also has strengthened urbanization behavior among rural students. The results indicate that based on the statistical tests such as one-sample and independent t-test, according to rural students, the domestic public education system in different educational periods especially in secondary schools has not been able to create adequate skills for employment or employing and in other words an entrepreneurial spirit in students; and as a result it has been ineffective in this regard. In addition, according to rural students, not only ruralization has not reinforced and influenced rural students’ sense of local attachment but also has strengthened urbanization behavior among rural students. The results indicate that based on the statistical tests such as one-sample and independent t-test, according to rural students, the domestic public education system in different educational periods especially in secondary schools has not been able to create adequate skills for employment or employing and in other words an entrepreneurial spirit in students; and as a result it has been ineffective in this regard. In addition, according to rural students, not only ruralization has not reinforced and influenced rural students’ sense of local attachment but also has strengthened urbanization behavior among rural students.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57107_3bceb7d9f4e60dddb32af6b7ff045a04.pdf
آموزش و پرورش
توانمندسازی
جوانان روستایی
دانشآموزان روستایی
شهرستان شازند
"Empowerment"
"Education"
"Rural Youth"
"Rural High School Students"
"Sarband Township"
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
745
767
10.22059/jrur.2015.57108
57108
Research Paper
بررسی تأثیر مؤلفههای اجتماعی – اقتصادی بر توانمندی روانشناختی زنان روستایی در شهرستان اسلامآباد غرب
Investigation Effect of Socio– Economical Components on Rural Women’s Psychological Empowerment in Islamabad Qarb County
سارا جلیلیان
sjalilian68@yahoo.com
1
حشمت اله سعدی
hsaadi48@yahoo.com
2
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا / همدان
پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر مؤلفههای اجتماعی- اقتصادی بر توانمندی روانشناختی زنان روستایی پرداخته است. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی بهروش پیمایشی و جامعة آماری شامل زنان روستایی شهرستان اسلامآباد غرب است که 161 نفر از آنها بهصورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق، پرسشنامه بود و روایی آن را استادان و متخصصان رشتههای توسعة روستایی، روانشناسی اجتماعی و ترویج کشاورزی تأیید کردند. پایایی پرسشنامه با انجام یک پیشآزمون و با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (90/0=α درصد) محاسبه شد، که نشاندهندة قابلیت بالای ابزار تحقیق برای جمعآوری دادههاست. نتایج تحقیق نشان دادند که 5/56 درصد زنان مطالعهشده، توانمندی روانشناختی بالایی دارند. مدل نهایی تحقیق با استفاده از رگرسیون چندمتغیره نشان داد که قویترین متغیرهای اقتصادی - اجتماعی تبیینکنندة توانمندسازی روانشناختی زنان، بهترتیب میزان داشتن مالکیت و اعتمادبهنفس آنهاست. با توجه به یافتههای پژوهش، بهمنظور افزایش و بهبود وضعیت توانمندی روانشناختی و زندگی زنان روستایی و تحول در پایگاه اقتصادی - اجتماعی آنها تحولات ساختاری و آموزشی ضروری است.
Introduction: Sociologist shave emphasized the role of women in development, and they believe that without their partnership, development will not be possible. Therefore, it is important in the economy of rural and agricultural sections, and attention to the participation and employment of rural women and also attempts to improvement Investigation effect of socio – economical components on rural women’s psychological empowerment, is considered as one of the necessities of stable development in this section. The experience of many countries shows that entrepreneurship is one of the most effective solutions for reducing unemployment. In so far as to escape from unemployment, the economy of developed and developing countries has revived with the help of entrepreneurship power and this has caused women to accomplish their capability and abilities in various fields in a short period of time and make majorchangesintheeconomic developmentof the country by entering the field of business. In Islamabad Gharb County, the women participation rate is so low.In Islamabad Gharb County, the women participation rate is so low. That’s why, finding the most effective factors and facilities of women participation are That’s why, therefore in this research is mainly concentrated on Investigation Effect of socio – economical Components on Rural Women’s Psychological Empowerment in Islamabad Gharb conty. In order to find some solution for enhancing their role in family and society economics.Methodology: The study has used a surveying methodology and research society includes rural women in Islamabad Gharb county; from which 161 cases were selected based on Cochran's formula and a randomized sampling method. Data collection tool was a structured questionnaire which their validity were verified by a group professors and experts development rural, socio psychology an extension agricultural. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested during a pre-test process through which 30 questionnaires were completed by rural women. Cronbach's alpha test calculated for factors facilitator development rural women’s psychological empoerment section which results were 0.90 (α=0.90) respectively. These showed that research tool benefits from a high capability to gather data. SPSS20 software for descriptive data was used.Finding: The results showed that 56.5 percent of studied women were highly psychological component. Also, the effect of socio – economical component on psychological empowerment is significant at the level of 1 percent. The regression analysis implied that the independent variable of self- confidence, social relationship, state and individual marriage are the most important social and individual factors affecting psychological empowerment of the studied women which totally identifies 81 percent of psychological empowerment changes. The results also indicate the independent variables of sources ownership and saving was the most important economical effective components which identify 53 percent of psychological empowerment changes. The total model of research used multiple – regression indicated that the most powerful social – economical independent variable which identify psychological empowerment of women. Conclusion: Today, countries and international organizations have concluded that the development of Income and increasing the skills of women, have a direct and positive impact on other aspects; Because on the one hand due to the economic development and create employment opportunities, and on the other hand, can improve the social, cultural and health to women and their families. The results in this regard suggests that the development of rural women psychological empowerment depend on many factors; That the present study, based on the results of the Regression analysis, the levels of source ownership and self- confidence were mostly effective variables. Consequently, according to the research results, the structural and educational evolutions are increase and to improve the women's psychological empowerment status and rural life. Also, based on the results of the study are presented in the following proposals such as:- To facilitate and encourage rural women and girls psychological empowerment, from all organizations, planners and managers should be required to finance and facilitate the establishment and development workshops in order to facilitate the acquisition assign.- Training in order to remove cultural barriers, particularly in the areas of economic management family, Women's knowledge about their rights and the need to educate girls to the presence of more and more women in the process of rural development will be necessary.- It is recommended that non-governmental organizations and authorities working with small actions and projects in the field of motivation to participate in economic activities can play an important role in empowering women, especially in rural areas as well.- In addition, since only 14.9 percent of rural women have high confidence, thus policies to promote the spirit of self -confidence among women is very effective and necessary. Also according to the results, if women have the backing of savings, the economic situation will be better. Therefore, encouraging women to be more savings strategy is to improve the current situation.- Finally, it is recommended that appropriate strategies for identifying sustainable income-generating jobs, and creating incentives for economic activity in rural women in order to create enabling them to be done.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57108_e2d7e928ae44562661f8bf87250ec39a.pdf
احساس خوداثربخشی
استقلال فکری
توانمندی روانشناختی
عزت نفس
rural women
Psychological Empowerment
self-esteem
feelings of self-efficacy
Intellectual independence
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
769
786
10.22059/jrur.2015.57109
57109
Research Paper
تحلیلی از تجربة زیسته و مسائل دهیاران زن(مطالعة موردی: استان اصفهان)
analysis of exprience and issues of female managers in rural areas: case study of Isfahan province
لیلا عرب سرخی
leilaarabsorkhi@ut.ac.ir
1
حسین ایمانی جاجرمی
imanijajarmi@ut.ac.ir
2
غلامرضا غفاری
ghaffary@ut.ac.ir
3
کارشناس ارشد/ دانشگاه تهران
استاد/دانشگاه تهران
دانشیار گروه برنامه ریزی اجتماعی/ دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران
نقشآفرینی زنان در حکومتهای محلی روندی جهانی است که در بیشتر کشورها آغاز شده است. در ایران نیز دهیاریها عرصة مشارکتی نوینی را برای زنان فراهم آوردهاند. پژوهش حاضر در چهار بخش استان اصفهان با مشارکت 8 دهیار زن و 11 عضو شورای اسلامی روستا با هدف بررسی تجربة زیستة دهیاران زن بهمنظور کشف مسائل و مشکلات آنها با روش تحلیلی نظریة بنیانی در سنت پژوهش کیفی انجام شده است. بنابر یافتههای پژوهش حاضر عواملی مانند پیشینة طولانی تمرکزگرایی، ابهام در قوانین بالادستی و تعریف حکومت محلی، نقص سیاستهای حمایتی زنان، رویکرد مذکرگزینی، وابستگی به دولت، فقدان نهادینگی دهیاری، و حس دوگانة دهیار زن، به شکلگیری پدیدة «تعارض جامعه با قدرتمندشدن زنان» انجامیده است. این پدیده دربردارندة تقابلهایی مانند فاصلهگذاری جنسیتی، تلاش برای طرد دهیار زن و تقویت تردید در توانایی و خوداتکایی زنان در ایفای نقش مدیریتی است و شدت وقوع آن برحسب میزان حمایت مقامات بالاتر از دهیار زن و سابقة نقشآفرینی زنان در روستا متفاوت است. در چنین شرایطی، دهیار زن در مواجهه با این پدیده با تکیه بر حمایت مقامات و فرهنگ روستا راهبردهایی را اتخاذ میکند که هریک میتواند نتایج متفاوتی داشته باشد. راهبردهای حفظ وضعیت موجود، به تثبیت تقسیم کار جنسیتی منجر میشود و راهبردهای مبتنی بر تغییر، نهادینگی تدریجی دهیاری زنان را ایجاد میکند. تصدی سمت دهیار برای زنان و جامعه تجربهای متعارض است.
Division of governance at various levels has led to proliferation of decision making arenas in different countries. Thus, proportion of women in areas of decision making divisions expanded in micro and macro levels of governance. Participation and role - playing of women in local level of governance had begun and developed in the most of the world including developed and developing countries in recent years. According to experts, this kind of governance in terms of ease of access and availability, closing to daily life, less competition, high probability of success and low risk of failure is considered as a field of making decisions which is suitable for women. Because of reasons above, female role – playing and participation in local government has been more than national level in most countries.According to researches which are carried out about rural community of Iran, traditional gender relations and stereotypes defines women’s behaviors and actions. So, a kind of gender division of labor has been formed which determines strict norms and unchangeable gender roles. It means that in one hand, presence and role-playing of women in private and limited sectors such as family has been established, therefore rural community accepts it completely. On the other hand, participation of women in making important decisions of family is doubtful. So, there are various stereotypes which protect remaining women in a low level of role – playing and also condemned effective participation. In addition other findings about female participation in rural public affairs demonstrate that due to persistent gender stereotypes in rural culture, female participation in public arena is prohibited, so men are prioritized to obtain important positions of rural management.In Iran, Dehyari is a kind of local governance which controls villages or rural regions. They are managed by both Dehrayr and Islamic rural council. So, they are considered as a field of participation of women in public decision making in rural regions. Since has been established, except Qom, most of them managed by a significant number of women in all provinces of Iran. Female participation as a head of rural management in the context of rural conservative culture is a noteworthy issue which is studied in case of experience and concerns of female Dehyars in Isfahan province.According to census, numbers of female dehyars has been increased during 4 past election of Islamic rural council. Numbers of women in the first election (2005) was 150 out of 11.000 in the country with the share of 1.4%. In the second election (2008) it rises to 400 out of 21.000 in all provinces. In third election (2012) 888 female dehyar have participated out of 24.627 in total. And in the last period (2014) 1554 women out of 29.792 have attended in all rural regions in Iran. Therefore, statistics demonstrate a rising trend of presence of women in rural management.This event is important in 3 dimensions. At first, Dehyaris as a kind of local government can be considered as a progressive way which can lead women to upper levels of governance such as parliament in national level. After that in rural context, presence of volunteer women for candidacy and their tendency to entre to public arena shows increasing the confidence of rural women. At last electing women as an executive director by the rural council who is considered as representative of rural society is another aspect of importance. It means that rural community admits that filling managerial positions by women.The main purpose of this research is observation this phenomenon directly in a natural field. So, this research seeks to benefit from qualitative research method in the context of grounded theory be directly assessed. Sampling includes 2 parts. The main sample of the study consists of 8 female dehyars who 4 persons of them were the first female Dehyar in their own regions. In addition, Complementary sample includes 11 members of the Islamic rural council in 4 rural regions.Findings demonstrate that experience of being manager or dehyar for women has formed in context of male pattern work in rural culture. Therefore women have to work in a male patterns of work. In this situation, Despite, gradual institutionalization of female management in rural areas during long time, the unprecedented experience of them is not recognized by rural community. As a result experience of being dehyar for women is known as a conflicting experience both by community and women. So, the status of women as a powerful managers is spending a period of transition which is located between acceptance and rejection.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57109_3724a61298719b466073403f8bfa6a21.pdf
جنسیت
حکومت محلی
دهیاران زن
دهیاری
نظریة بنیانی
Local government
Dehyari
Female managers
Grounded theory
gender
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
787
805
10.22059/jrur.2015.57113
57113
Research Paper
بررسی تأثیر عوامل اجتماعی و معیشتی روستانشینان در تخریب اراضی (مطالعة موردی: حوضة آبخیز قوریچای در شمال استان اردبیل)
Review of social and economic factors affecting land Degradation
(Case study Gorichay watershed of Ardebil province)
بهنام فرید گیگلو
behnam.farid65@gmail.com
1
عادل رهنمون
adellrahnemoon@yahoo.com
2
حسین سعیدی
saeed.hossein3040@yahoo.com
3
مسلم میهن خواه
moslem.mihan@gmail.com
4
مریم سادات رشادی
ms.reshadi@yahoo.com
5
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
مدرس دانشکده سما واحد پارس آباد
فرماندهی انتظامی شرق تهران
فرماندهی انتظامی شرق تهران
دانشجو
تخریب زمین فرایندی فیزیکی است که ریشههای محکمی در علل اجتماعی و اقتصادی و محیط سیاسی و فرهنگیای که استفادهکنندگان اراضی در آن عمل میکنند دارد. تخریب زمین و بهویژه فرسایش خاک بهعنوان فرایندی فیزیکی، دارای سابقة طولانیمدت مطالعه است. از مدتها پیش مشخص شده است که تمرکز انحصاری بر فرایندهای فیزیکی صرفاً توضیحی جزئی از علل تخریب بهدست میدهد. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی بر فرایندهای فرسایشی در حوضة آبخیز قوریچای پرداخته است. بهمنظور گردآوری اطلاعات موردنیاز از روشهای بررسی اسنادی، مشاهده، مصاحبه، روشهای پیمایشی و ارزیابی سریع روستایی برای تعیین شرایط اقتصادی- اجتماعی و معیشتی ساکنان حوضة آبخیز قوریچای استفاده شد. نتایج نشان میدهند که مسائل و مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی حوضه در شیوة بهرهبرداری آنها از منابع طبیعی تأثیر گذاشته و منجر به تخریب اراضی شده است. بهنظر میرسد اکثر مشکلات و تخریب اراضی در این حوضه ریشه در عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی دارند.
Soil is one of the most important natural resources of each country. Soil erosion as a threat to human welfare and even his life. In areas where soil erosion is not controlled, gradually eroded soil, its fertility lose.Soil erosion is not only poor and abandoned farms and the way much damage is irreparable and leaves, but the deposition of material in streams, reservoirs, harbors and is causing large losses to reduce their intake capacity .Residents of the watershed for the production and land use decisions are heavily influenced by social and economic factors. In the developed world the role of agricultural subsidies, quotas and guaranteed prices is the particular importance. In the past there have been many examples of economic shocks that lead to tragic consequences such as soil erosion is unpredictable environment. Problems caused by the emphasis on increasing productivity, because many of the costs arise incurred are hidden or out in the community and outside the community imposed,. (Bvardmn et al., 2003).Quri-Chay watershed is located in the East Village and at a distance of 20 kilometers from the border of Iran and Azerbaijan. Areas range from 00 35 ° 47 to 11 45 ° 47 'east longitude and 37 12 ° 39 42 21 ° 39' north latitude.In this study, collecting information needed by various methods such as reviewing the documents, observation, interview, survey methods and rapid assessment of rural and questionnaires were used. In this study, these methods are combined together to determine the socio-economic conditions and livelihoods of the inhabitants of the watershed are used Quri-Chay. To verify the information contained in the documents of the health centers, departments of agriculture, natural resources and city of Parsabad and feasibility studies to identify watershed of Quri-Chay in Ardebil.In order to verify the information and documents obtained information on the sources of income, expenses, household status, migration and due to high costs, long time needed, the unavailability of all people and not allow the overall survey, three quarters of the population (Surrey strong Ahmed Khan, Mohammad Jalil, Mashhad Ali) as samples and using a sample survey and questionnaire were evaluated designed by people (265 questionnaires) and the results were extended to the entire area. Rapid Rural Appraisal techniques to identify the accurate, rapid and cost, in addition to decision-making and participatory planning are used. For exact identification and participatory planning in rural teapot rapid assessment was conducted in four stages: identifying the problems of the subject and scope, classification data, prioritizing the problems raised, the role of the economic and social land degradation in the Quri-chay. After gathering the information, a questionnaire research and analysis included descriptive statistics unprocessed data (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient) into spss software and using tests Statistical will be analysis.The results are consistent with previous studies and suggest that social and economic conditions prevailing in the basin has a direct impact on how land use. Therefore, taking into account soil erosion and land degradation as a physical process, and not only due to economic and social problems but also it can not be a comprehensive statement of reasons for degradation (Bvardmn et al., 2003).The erosion and sedimentation and degradation in the area of economic and social problems caused by the limited Quri-chay one income residents living in the areas that are dependent on farming and agriculture, and that's a lot of pressure on the natural resources of the area into (Stokin and Morgan, 2001).And other natural factors of geology and topography is sensitive. So having an impact both on the field is destroyed and erosion can not be seen merely as a physical process.In the Quri-chay due to irregular and unethical exploitation of pastures and soil and water resources and rangeland areas in drylands, especially on slopes, causing serious damage to vegetation, pasture area and as a result of destructive floods, types of erosion and gully erosion, is especially in areas that destroys the range of flat land in the area of output, (Nonya et al., 2008; Nepal, 2001).The consequences of uncontrolled exploitation and destruction of natural resources in principle and ultimately cause instability in the region and increased migration and evacuation of the inhabitants of the villages that we see in the watershed pot of tea (Nonya et al., 2008).It seems that the main problem areas of low family income and the lack of investment in the areaSo that only economic support livestock and dryland areas, is used to obtain the maximum profit and loss management and planning, the maximum pressure is on natural resources. As well as the economic and social problems can be a difficult area of rangeland management practices, lack of the plantation, the lack of agricultural inputs, the livestock range capacity, lack of infrastructure, low levels of literacy and education, which ultimately directly or indirectly to the destruction of their land. It seems that in order to prevent further land degradation and migration and depopulation of rural areas the main focus of proposed programs to increase revenue, offer new ways of living, in addition to agricultural based on the principles sustainable livelihoods, facilities infrastructure, educating residents about proper range management and agricultural practices in the field.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57113_60952ee9dca3a9612d422017f050f3b3.pdf
اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی
تخریب اراضی
فرسایش خاک
قوریچای
socio economic
Land degradation
Soil Erosion
Parsabad
Gorichay
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
807
829
10.22059/jrur.2015.57118
57118
Research Paper
دیدگاه بهرهبرداران در مورد تأثیر طرحهای مرتعداری بر متنوعسازی راهبردهای معیشت خانوارهای روستایی در شهرستان ماهنشان
Farmers’ Perspective Regarding the Impact of Rangeland Management Projects on the Diversification of Rural Farmers' Livelihood Strategies in the Mahneshan Township
کبری کریمی
kkarimi2004@gmail.com
1
اسماعیل کرمی دهکردی
e.karamidehkordi@gmail.com
2
محمد بادسار
mbadsar@yahoo.com
3
دانشگاه زنجان
دانشگاه زنجان
دانشگاه زنجان
بهرهبرداری پایدار از منابع طبیعی نقش مهمی در تأمین رفاه و معیشت جوامع روستایی دارد. امروزه بهرهبرداری بیرویه از منابع طبیعی موجب شده است که سیاستگذاران تمهیداتی را در جهت مدیریت پایدار آنها اتخاذ کنند که پیامدهایی در ابعاد مختلف معیشت بهرهبرداران از جمله راهبردهای معیشت خواهد داشت. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی دیدگاه بهرهبرداران درخصوص تأثیر طرحهای مرتعداری بر راهبردهای معیشت خانوارهای روستایی در شهرستان ماهنشان با استفاده از روششناسی پیمایشی است. با کمک روش نمونهگیری تصادفی، 204 خانوار از 1280 خانوار بهرهبردار انتخاب شدند. دادهها با استفاده از پرسشنامهای که روایی آن از طریق پانلی از متخصصان دانشگاهی و اجرایی و پایایی آن از طریق مطالعة اولیه با حدود ۲۰ بهرهبردار و تحلیل آزمون کرونباخ آلفا تأیید شده بود، گردآوری شدند. نتایج نشان دادند که این طرحها بیشتر رویکرد حفاظتی داشتند و تأثیر چندانی بر راهبردهای معیشت خانوارها و متنوعسازی آنها نداشتند. درحالیکه نتایج این اقدامات ضمن آنکه موجب افزایش دانش و اقدامات بهرهبرداران میشود، از طریق متنوعسازی معیشت از فشار بر مراتع نیز کم میکند. براساس تحلیل رگرسیونی گامبهگام، پنج متغیر دانش در زمینة متنوعسازی راهبردهای معیشت، تعداد کندوی زنبور عسل، اقدامات اصلاحی/احیایی، میزان دریافت اطلاعات از برنامههای رادیویی و مشاهدة فیلم و DVD، 5/29 درصد از تغییرات واریانس اقدامات متنوعسازی راهبردهای معیشت خانوارها را تبیین میکنند.
IntroductionSustainable utilization of natural resources have a determinant rols in rural community welfar and livelihoods. But they are in a critical condition due to their excessive use of them led to policy makers to adapt the policies for sustainable management of them that had been different consequences in different dimensions of farmers livelihood such as livelihod strategis. the aim of this research is to assess rural beneficiaries' perspective regarding the impacts of rangeland management projects on rural farmers' knowledge and activities regarding the livelihood strategies diversification in Mahneshan Township of the Zanjan Province.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted using a quantitative paradigm and a descriptive- correlational research methodology. The study was done in rural communities in the Mahneshan Township, located in the Zanjan Province in the North West of Iran. These communities depended on sheep and goats holding and rangelands. Rangeland management projects either had been implemented or were implementing in their lands. A sample of 204 rural households (in 10 villages) out of 1280 rural livestock holders (in 24 villages) was randomly selected through a multi-stage sampling technique and structurally interviewed using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed according to the research objectives, previous studies, the documents related to rangeland management projects and an initial exploratory case study through semi-structured interviews with natural resources management experts of the township and the province. This initial study identified some factors, such as location and the activities of rangeland management projects, relevant rural livestock keepers, and the measures. The content and face validity of the instrument was established by a panel of experts consisting of agricultural extension, rural development and natural resources experts and academic members. A pilot test was also conducted with 30 rural households to assess the reliability of the questionnaire and testing its constructs using the Cronbach’s Alpha measure (the coefficient for different constructs between 0.75 and 0.95 showing appropriate measures consistency). Moreover, the construct validity analyses were utilized using the convergence validity (with the emphasis on the Component Loadings above 0.5, % of construct variance above 50 and the amount of Cronbach's Alpha), and through applying the Principal Components Analysis for categorical data (CATPCA). Finally, the quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS software for Windows. Results and discussionThe analysis of demographic information showed that 98.5% of the respondents were male and 91.25% were married with the household size of 4.9 people. The respondents’ age ranged from 21 to 78 years with a mean of 52.1. Almost 54% were illiterate. Moreover, 48.5% of the respondents had membership in at least one of the locally based community organizations and only 6.4% in two institutions. All of the respondents had small scale farming lands (cultivating 3.6 hectare irrigated and 3.2 hectare rain fed arable lands as well as0.48 hectare permanent crops/ orchards on average).Land farming and livestock keeping were recognized to be the main job of 84% and the second job of 16% of the respondents. Overall, only 17.2% had a second job. In addition to land farming and livestock holding as the source of their livelihoods, some households had other income generating activities, such as selling dry fruits and home-made products to tourists and bee keeping. Moreover, 75.5% of the households weaved carpet as a complementary non-agricultural activity of their livelihoods. the results showed that this project had been more conservation approaches and they had been very low impacts on farmers livelihood strategies and that diversification. while considering the results, according to this actions by the policymakers will cause to increasing the farmers knowledge and actions and can be expected that being reduced pressure on rangelands due to single livelihood strategies diversification and reduction dependency on rangelands. a step wise regression analysis revealed that 29.5% of the impacts on rural households livelihood strategies diversification actions can be determined by five variables of livelihood strategies diversification actions by households, number of beehives, revival and conservation action by external organize, information obtain from extension films and radio. Also, A step wise regression analysis showed that fore variables of the participation can be determined by six variables of revival and conservation action, information obtain from journals, number of training courses, information obtain from extension television, can be determining 23.8% of all of the impacts on rural households livelihood strategies diversification knowledge.ConclusionRangeland management policies and programs have paid less attention to the livelihood diversification of livestock holders dependent on rangelands in their projects. It is necessary to take appropriate actions for managing the factors can escalate unsustainable use of natural resources. One of these actions can be referred to the diversification of livelihood strategies to reduce dependency and overpressure on rangeland. There may be impossible to change the full dependency on rangelands to other activities due to the geographical location of the community, the constraints for linking to urban markets and the natural capitals available in the area. However, through diversification, it is possible to utilize alternative livelihood strategies as supplementary activities to reduce livestock number and overpressure on rangelands, increase employment, improve livelihoods and conserve natural resources. This approach is considered as a method for governing natural resources to use rangelands, arable lands and permanent lands sustainably. This perspective requires the support of external actors.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57118_3838f970daf62e11f7b6ce564962dd03.pdf
بهرهبردار روستایی
متنوعسازی
مرتعداری
معیشت
Rangeland
Management
Livelihood
diversification
farmers
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
831
856
10.22059/jrur.2015.57360
57360
Research Paper
شناسایی عوامل موثر بر تغییرات کاربری اراضی روستاهای پیراشهری کلانشهر مشهد
Analyzing factors affecting land use change at rural areas of Mashhad’s urban fringe
حمدا... سجاسی قیداری
ssojasi@yahoo.com
1
آیدا صدرالسادات
futurecityco@gmail.com
2
استادیار گروه جغرافیا دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
کارشناس شهرسازی، دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی
تشدید تغییرات کاربری اراضی روستاهای پیراشهری و در نتیجه رشد کالبدی آنها از پیامدهای مهم شهرنشینی شتابان است که به گسترش فضایی شهر منجر می شود. از این رو لازم است عوامل و نیروهای محرک در جریان تغییرات کاربری اراضی روستاهای پیرامونی شهرها شناسایی شوند. در این راستا در این مطالعه تلاش شده است تا عوامل تاثیرگذار در تشدید سرعت تغییر کاربری اراضی در مناطق روستایی پیرامون کلانشهر مشهد پرداخته شود. روش شناسی مطالعه از نوع تبیینی علّی به شیوه پیمایشی بوده که در قالب 25 شاخص و 8 مولفه با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه و مشاهده میدانی در 18 مورد از روستاهایی که تغییرات کاربری اراضی قابل توجه داشته اند، به اجرا گذاشته شد. جامعه آماری مورد مطالعه مسئولان محلی(شورا و دهیار) به عنوان خبرگان محلی که وظیفه مدیریت و کنترل تغییرات کاربری در روستاها را بر عهده دارند، می باشند که به صورت تمام شماری، تعداد 74 نفر(شورا و دهیار) بوده اند. نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که در روستاهای مورد مطالعه تغییرات کاربری اراضی عمدتا متاثر از عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی می باشد. به ویژه جمعیت پذیری روستاها ناشی از مهاجر پذیری و افزایش قیمت زمین های زراعی و کاهش رونق فعالیت کشاورزی از جمله عوامل بشمار می آیند.
Extensive immigration to the cities adds to the natural growth of population. This, not only makes the large cities grow, but also leads the spatial expansion of these cities towards the arable land and orchards. It ultimately affects the natural environment and transforms the countryside. Its outcome is the formation of informal settlements around cities and villages in transition. In fact, one of the negative consequences of rapid urbanization is the encroachment of the fertile agricultural land of the fringe. Land use changes in rural areas located at the rural-urban fringe have become a growing and serious issue that needs to be studied. The function of these areas is changing by converting productive-agriculture sector to residential and service sector. Rapid and constant land use change of rural areas at the urban fringe and their physical development give rise to the form of rural-urban interface. Therefore studying the factors affecting land use change is essential to sustainable land use management and control. Most research concentrate on the amount of land use change of rural-urban fringe and also study the driving forces behind such phenomena. In this study, we tried to integrate all factors and driving forces of land use change from local and rural managers’ opinion. Therefore, rural areas in the outskirts of Mashhad, which is the one of the rapidly growing populations in the east and northeast of Iran, are selected as the case study. The growing city of Mashhad has experienced extensive land use change at its surrounding villages. So, the main objective of this study is analyzing the driving forces of vast land use change at rural areas of Mashhad’s fringe through the rural managers’ point of view. The research questions addressed in this study are: 1) What are the driving forces behind the rapid land use change of rural areas around Mashhad, 2) What of these is the strongest contributing factor towards land use change in Mashhad? Methodology This study uses a methodology of survey and explanatory research. It is aimed to assess both internal and external factors affecting land use change in the rural areas at the fringe of Mashhad. The methods of data collection are registration and questionnaires. Before the surveys, the driving forces of land use change have been determined by reviewing existing studies. Then the questionnaires were designed and filled out by local authorities. The statistical population was made up of rural managers, including rural administrators and rural Islamic councils living in 18 rural areas in the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Mashhad. In order to achieve the intended purpose, the questionnaire has been filled out by all of the 74 rural managers of chosen areas, which are concerned with employers of the Foundation of Housing of Rural Settlements of Khorasan Razavi province. These rural areas have encountered an extensive land use change in recent years and had documents of infringement. Through this study, 25 indices were determined, in 8 factors and 4 dimensions, which are; legal, physical-spatial, economic, and social-demographic. The measuring instrument was a questionnaire designed in the form of Likert scale. To analyze data and determine the amount of impact of identified factors, statistical analysis is used, with SPSS descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics including T-test to compare the averages and non-parametric Spearman correlation test to realize the inter-relationships between variables. In addition, several methods of weighting are applied, such as ranking methods (Rank sum, rank exponent method, and Reciprocal rank), Paired Comparison Analysis and Shannon entropy to understand the weight of each of the factors affecting land use change. Research findings Among the variables, the mean positive changes of population, family qualification and land price changes are more than 4. The average values obtained in five indices (the inefficiency of the legal framework, proximity and availability, parcel size, reduction in growth of agricultural activity and real estate transactions) are slightly higher than the theoretical mean (3) which indicate the intensity of impact on land use change. Also, the average weighting methods show that the increase in population, at 15.2 percent, is the strongest factor affecting land use change. The weighting methods indicate the role of each factor on providing land use management and control and reducing the amount of land use change. The score of Shannon entropy for social-demographic factors is 0.4, economic factors 0.35, physical-spatial 0.2 and the inefficiency of legal framework is 0.05. This outcome confirms the T-test results, including social and then economic factors as the strongest contributing factors on land use change. Conclusion In general, it can be stated that the factors affecting land use change in rural areas vary significantly from area to area according to the actual and potential rural functions. In other words, there is not an identical pattern of land use change in the rural areas at the urban fringe. As none of the studied rural areas are recreational sites, it can be seen that the main cause of land use change in non-recreational villages is the phenomena of suburbanization and the need for housing for the poor. It seems clear that, with the current situation, the control mechanism and land use management have faced severe challenges. In addition this study can provide an example for smaller cities to determine the driving forces and levels of impact of each factor on land use change in these cities. Therefore, recommendations on this issue include: 1. Increasing local awareness to the consequences of land use change. 2. Attracting rural managers’ attention to the driving forces of land use change in the process of rural planning. 3. Reinforcing the legal framework for rural land use management, especially at the urban fringe. 4. Controlling the land price at the urban fringe.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57360_0f9d16996231c1baad10c0ba00e24fcc.pdf
مدیریت زمین
تغییر کاربری اراضی
روستاهای پیراشهری
کلانشهر مشهد
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
857
874
10.22059/jrur.2015.57361
57361
Research Paper
تعیین سازههای مرتبط با رضایتمندی از شغل دامپروری با استفاده از تحلیل مسیر: مطالعه موردی :شهرستان کوهدشت
Determine factors related to livestock growers’ satisfaction with applicant of structure equation modeling: the case of Kohdasht district
حجیر آزادی عبدولی
hajirazadi@gmail.com
1
منصور غنیان
m_ghanian@yahoo.com
2
بهمن خسروی پور
b.khosravipour@gmail.com
3
مسعود یزدان پناه
masoudyazdan@gmail.com
4
دانشجو کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان
دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان
دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان
استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی کشاورزی، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان
بخش دامپروری به عنوان یکی از زیربخش های کشاورزی نقشی کلیدی را در امنیت غذایی جامعه بر عهده دارد. تولیدکنندگان این بخش برخلاف نقش آفرینی پررنگ در اقتصاد کشور به طور عام و اقتصاد کشاورزی به طور اخص، چندان مورد توجه محققان و دانشمندان قرار نگرفته اند. بررسی رضایتمندی از دامپروری و آگاهی از انتظارات آنها میتواند به عنوان عامل مهمی در سیاستگزاری در جهت افزایش وفاداری آنها نسبت به شغلشان و در نتیجه امنیت غذایی و کاهش مهاجریت روستا به شهر داشته باشد. لذا این تحقیق به منظور بررسی عوامل موثر بر میزان رضایتمندی دامپروران از شغلشان با کاربرد مدل سنجش رضایتمندی غربی در استان لرستان شهرستان کوهدشت انجام پذیرفت. تعداد 120 دامپرور از طریق نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. نتایج تخقیقات نشان داد، نگرش و تعهد نسبت به شغل دامپروری تعیین کننده ترین متغیر های تبیین کننده رضایتمندی بودند و رضایتمندی و تعهد نیز تعیین کننده وفادری شغلی نسبت به دامپروری بودند. بر اساس یافته های تحقیق پیشنهاداتی در راستای افزایش رضایتمندی و وفاداری نسبت به دامپروری ارائه شد.
Measuring livestock growers’ satisfaction and awareness from their expectation can play a significant role in loyalty regarding this job which has lead food security and an element for reducing rural-urban migration. Satisfaction measurement may be considered the most reliable feedback system, considering that it provides in an effective, direct, meaningful and objective way to analyze the persons ‘preferences and expectations. In light of these facts, in 1989, the Swedish Customer Satisfaction Barometer was introduced as a tool for companies to assess efforts in achieving customer satisfaction. The successful experience of the SCSB has inspired the creation of the American Customer Satisfaction index. The model measures the cause-and-effect relationship that runs from the antecedents of satisfaction level (expectation, perceived quality, and perceived value) to its consequences (complaints and loyalty). Perceived quality has been perhaps the most explored topic in service marketing and levels of satisfaction are mainly determined by it. Individual expectation is second construct that affects perceived quality, perceived value, and satisfaction. However, the significance of these relations is questioned in the literature. We therefore use instead the construct “Attitude” which is motivated next. Perceived value is conceptualized as the consumer's evaluation of the utility of perceived benefits and perceived sacrifices. Perceived value to be both a rating of the price or prices paid for the quality received and a rating of the quality received for the price or prices paid. Satisfaction is fundamental to the practice of individual sovereignty as a forth variable. Satisfaction is widely recognized as a key influence in the formation of individual’ future intentions and finally loyalty is result of satisfaction. Loyalty has been defined as a ‘‘deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future. The relationship between satisfaction and loyalty has gained much attention in marketing literature; there is now substantial evidence that higher satisfaction levels lead to higher intentions and loyalty is considered important because of its positive effect on long-term profitability. In light of these facts, the aim of this paper is to investigate and measure livestock growers’ satisfaction with their job and to better understand the determinants of satisfaction of growers’ satisfaction, which should ultimately lead to a better understanding of why growers’ satisfaction continue or leave livestock growing. Research method As such, this survey research was conducted to investigate the factors affecting livestock growers’ satisfaction with adaption of western satisfaction model and application of path analysis technique in Lorestan province. Although the success of the ACSI in terms of predicting satisfaction and loyalty has been proven the theory has not stopped evolving, and other scientists have expressed the belief that for some behaviors and contexts, the inclusion of other variables might increase the predictive utility of the model. As such we added, image and commitment to the model. The data was gathered using a questionnaire based on a face-to-face survey of livestock growers through the August, 2012. Simple random sampling was used to select 120 livestock growers as the research sample size. The respondents were assured about the anonymity and confidentiality. They were also given the right to refuse to participate, to refuse to answer any question they deemed to be too sensitive or that they felt uncomfortable about. Those declining to participate were replaced by another student. No payment was made to the respondents. Answering time for the questionnaire was about 25–30 min. The responses were returned back to the researchers directly after completion without any intermediaries. All questionnaires were checked to make sure responses were complete. The needed date was collected through personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. An in-depth literature review was used to develop the study questionnaire. A 6-point scale for all the variables was used to reduce the statistical problem of extreme skewness. Based on Ajzen's (1985) recommendations, scales containing multiple items (statements) were developed to measure each of the aforementioned psychosocial variables. The validity of the questionnaire, then, was approved by a panel of experts. Additionally, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients in the final sample for all scales indicated the reliability of good-to-excellent, generally 0.6 to 0.8. Finding To obtain a better understanding of the relationship between various variables of the model, a Pearson correlation test was run. According to the correlation matrix, there is a significant positive relationship between all variables except between image and perceived quality. The coefficients do not show any significant relationship between livestock growing image, and perceived quality of this job. The results also imply that moral norm positively related to attitude, self-identity and intention. Furthermore, the research findings showed that attitude regarding husbandry and commitment to it had the greatest direct affect on livestock growers’ satisfaction. Furthermore, loyalty regarding husbandry was determined by satisfaction and commitment about husbandry. Based on the research findings some applicable recommendations have been presented toward livestock growers’ satisfaction and loyalty regarding husbandry
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57361_5b3c6d0cd60679cd043bd7e558dc0102.pdf
رضامندی
دامپروری
مدلهای رضامندی
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
875
894
10.22059/jrur.2015.57364
57364
Research Paper
بررسی و ارزیابی تأثیر سرمایة اجتماعی بر کیفیت زندگی در مناطق روستایی
Studying and evaluating effects of social capital on life quality in rural areas
Case study: Case study: west Eslamabad County
بهرام ایمانی
bahram_imani60@yahoo.com
1
سهیلا باختر
soheyla.bakhtar@yahoo.com
2
عبدالرضا خوش رفتار
r.khoshraftar752@yahoo.com
3
استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل
کارشناس ارشد برنامهریزی روستایی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل
کارشناس ارشد علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شوشتر
سرمایة اجتماعی از مهمترین مفاهیم در حوزة علوم اجتماعی است و کاربرد آن در دیگر علوم نیز رو به افزایش است. این مفهوم ارتباط تنگاتنگی با کیفیت زندگی دارد. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی تأثیر و ارتباط سرمایة اجتماعی بر کیفیت زندگی خانوارهای روستایی میپردازد. برای اجرای تحقیق، با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی مبتنی بر پرسشنامه، اطلاعات گردآوری شد. جامعة آماری، سرپرستان خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان اسلامآباد غرب است که با استفاده از نمونهگیری خوشهای چندمرحلهای 392 نفر سرپرست خانوار در 49 روستا بهشیوة تصادفی بهعنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها از مدل ویکور، رگرسیون خطی و ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از مدل ویکور نشان دادند که از بین 49 روستا از لحاظ شاخصهای سرمایة اجتماعی، 5 روستا در سطح بسیار خوب و 1 روستا بسیار ضعیف، و از لحاظ شاخصهای کیفیت زندگی، 18 روستا در سطح بسیار خوب و 2 روستا در سطح بسیار ضعیف قرار داشتند. از لحاظ تأثیر مؤلفههای سرمایة اجتماعی بر کیفیت زندگی، مؤلفة مشارکت اجتماعی با 778/0 بیشترین تأثیر را بر کیفیت زندگی دارد و بین سرمایة اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی نیز رابطة مثبت و معنادار وجود دارد. از راهکارهای پیشنهادی برای بهبود کیفیت زندگی روستاهایی که در سطح متوسط به پایین قرار داشتند این است که با تقویت شاخصهای سرمایة اجتماعی بههمت مسئولان و آگاهسازی مردم و مشارکتدادن آنها در امور، کیفیت زندگی در این روستاها به وضع مطلوب تغییر کند.
Introduction: the concept of social capital is multidisciplinary, that it has been focused on most branches of the humanities over the past two decades, and it includes concepts like trust, solidarity and cooperation which focuses on communication between humans. Especially this concept has a very fine relationship with life quality that it can be a gate to the concept of social capital in rural planning. Therefore, the purpose of development in local, national and international levels has improved and it has caused life to become qualified, moreover the future of humans life will be dependent to better structures with having an effective quality. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to survey the effects of social capital on life quality in rural areas of Eslamabad-e Gharb County. Methodology: the presented research is descriptive-analytical. The strategy of gathering information is required to take notes and survey by using questionnaires tools. The reliability for various indexes was 0.64 to 0.85 by using Cronbach’s alpha. The formal content validity was approved by the expertise opinions. The population of presented survey is the heads of rural households in Eslamabad-e Gharb County by using multistage cluster sampling with 392 persons in 49 villages were studied as sample size by random strategy. For analyzing the obtained data of questionnaire in descriptive statistics of median in SPSS software, the standard deviation and median deviation were used. Also in part of perceptive findings of survey the Shannon entropy model for weighting, Vikor model for ranking the social capital and life quality in EXCEL and Regression testing along with Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS were used. Findings: descriptive findings of the survey shows that most of the respondents with 93.1 percent were men. From 4 considered age range, age group of 40-50 with 42.6 percent had the most frequency. 55.9 percent of the respondents were the head of 5-2 family members. Regarding to components of social capital, the average of social trust components 3.29, social cohesion and correlation 3.40 and social contribution was 3.52. In connection with life quality components, the average of material welfare component 3.93, individual and social security 3.57, access and communications 3.72 and training index was 3.48. Based on the Vikor model perceptive findings of the survey (the more closer to zero, shows the development and the more closer to one shows the lack of development) villages are in 5 levels of very good, good, fair, bad and very bad, and this shows the levels of social capital in 49 villages. From the family header’s point of view, one village is in the bad and very bad level, 30 villages in fair, 12 villages in good and 5 villages are in very good level. In terms of life quality indexes 2 of the villages are in very bad, 15 of them in bad, 4 of them in fair, 10 of them in good and at the end 18 of them are in very good level. In terms of effects of social capital on life quality the Linear Regression model showed that variables of social cooperation (0.778) had the most effects on life quality and cohesion and correlation’s components (0.711), social trust (0.084) had less effects and they were put in next degrees. Findings of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that, there is a significant relationship between social capital and life quality with correlation coefficient (0.748) 0.001. Discussion and conclusion: after the done analysis, results of this survey presents this issue that out of 49 villages and based on 392 opinions of rural head families of Eslamabad-e Gharb, in social capital indexes the index of social cooperation had the most median, and social trust had the less median. Out of quadratic life quality, communication index and access have the most median, and material welfare has the less median. Considering the perceptions of Vikor model we can conclude that, from social capital terms and life quality and considering their final median (social capital 0.40 and life quality 0.39) are in good level. Findings of Linear Regression presents that from social capital components, cooperation components have the most effect on life qualities of villagers, and also Pearson correlation coefficient show that there is a relationship between social capital. At the end, we can say that social capital is a good predictor for explaining and surveying levels of life quality in rural areas. In final, for desirability of improving the life quality of villagers, suggestions including diversification in economical activities in rural families, increasing the knowledge and training them by presenting training courses from rural authorities, creating local and small industry according to talents of each village, upgrading levels of training- health services and…considering the problems of access to sub structural facilities were presented in the area.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57364_1db580c424a40950aa41804947d28394.pdf
توسعة روستایی
سرمایة اجتماعی
شهرستان اسلامآباد غرب
کیفیت زندگی
مناطق روستایی
per
دانشگاه تهران
پژوهشهای روستائی
2008-7373
2423-7787
2015-12-22
6
4
895
915
10.22059/jrur.2015.57365
57365
Research Paper
بهکارگیری تحلیل بازیگران در فرایند ساماندهی نظام مدیریت و برنامهریزی توسعة روستایی
Using Stakeholder Analysis in the Process of Management and Planning System of Rural Development
قدیر فیروزنیا
firoznia@yahoo.com
1
بهروز قرنی آرانی
bgharani@pnu.ac.ir
2
استادیار گروه جغرافیای دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران
استادیار گروه جغرافیای دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران
در مراحل مختلف برنامهریزی، بازیگران متعددی نقشآفرینی میکنند که شناخت آنها، سهم و نقش هریک از آنان و روابط آنان با یکدیگر میتواند زمینة مناسبتری را برای تحقق اهداف برنامه فراهم کند. یکی از مراحل اولیه و اساسی برنامهریزی، شناخت است. شناخت عوامل متعددی که دست در دست هم دادهاند، کلیت هر پدیده (یا سیستم) را میسازند. معمولاً بدون شناخت این عوامل و سهم و نقش هرکدام از آنها و تنسیق روابط آنان نباید انتظار داشت که برنامه به اهداف خود برسد. پژوهش حاضر بر آن است که اهمیت توجه به نقشآفرینی بازیگران (ذینفعان) متعدد و چارچوب بهکارگیری آن را در فرایند برنامهریزی توسعة روستایی بهویژه ساماندهی نظام مدیریت و برنامهریزی توسعة روستایی (در آستانة تدوین برنامة ششم توسعه) کشور آشکار سازد. نتایج تحقیق که با استفاده از روش اسنادی و تجارب نگارندگان بهدست آمدند، نشان دادند که تحلیل بازیگران بهعنوان یک نظریه و رویکرد کاربردی میتواند در سطوح مختلف برنامهریزی (کلان تا خرد)، از جمله برای ساماندهی نظام مدیریت و برنامهریزی توسعة روستایی کشور بهکار رود. در این تحقیق با استفاده از گام نخست این رویکرد، بازیگران و ذینفعان توسعة روستایی ایران در دو سطح کلان و خرد مشخص شدند.
Extended Abstract Introduction Understanding the various stakeholders play a role in the planning process, and to identify the role of each of them and their relationships with each other in various stages of planning (from detecting problem to using and evaluation) can provide an appropriate context to achieve program objectives. One of the basic steps of planning is understanding the various elements that go hand in hand, make up the totality of a phenomenon (system). Usually without knowing these factors, the role of each of them, and their relations should not expect formulates a plan to reach its goals. Unfortunately, rural development planning and its management process, after 7 decades from the formation of the planning system in the country, and 36 years after the Islamic Revolution in Iran and attention to rural development, players of rural development planning just have not been identified yet. and the role and importance of each stakeholder is unknown, and the integrated, documented, regular and stable mechanism for the role of players and their responsibilities in this regard does not exist. According to review of existing literature and the experience of other countries, this research is going to specify the importance of considering the role of various players (stakeholders) in rural development planning. On the eve of the Sixth Five-Year Development Plan, this study intends to provide the application of this theory to the analysis of rural development issues, particularly the organizing of the management system and rural development planning. By using the theory of players, the research answers this question: how can organize country's system for rural development management and planning? Reviewing the status of current situation of players/stakeholders of rural development shows that in macro and micro level as a first step of stakeholder analysis, several organization play role in this context and without organizing and reorganizing of the institutions, there is no expectation to achieving to rural development. Research Methodology This research has been prepared using the methods of documentary research and accumulated experience of the authors. According to this method, first the authors reviewed the definitions of stakeholder carefully, and introduced and used the terms Player/Stakeholder such as Descriptive/Empirical Stakeholder Theory, Instrumental Stakeholder Theory, Normative Stakeholder Theory, Integrative Stakeholder Theory, and then they specified the types of classification of different groups of stakeholders and using in rural development planning process. Finally, given the importance of Five-Year Plans for Rural Development, it’s discussed the application of the theory in organizing the country’s system for rural development management and planning. Discussion and results Experiences of using of stakeholder theory (formed from 1960 onwards) has shown that players and stakeholders should be identified in the rural development planning process. To understand the impact of stakeholders on projects that should be mapped their power and influence, and improving their role and providing greater benefits should be ready in this process. The survival of programs, projects and companies and achieving to program goals will depend on the amount of interest to stakeholders. Accordingly, stakeholder Analysis is concerned with the way in which various players of a program, project, or activity are identified, and the method determined their amount of power and influence, so by analyzing their relationships, organizing and improving the activities provided. A wide range of several methods are used to analyze players that can be used according to the scale, budget, type/subject of project, and variety of stakeholders. Hence we can say that the stakeholder analysis in each program and project needs to the following activities: - identifying stakeholders; - determining characteristics stakeholders; - determining power of stakeholders in relation to the project; - determining funding requirements; - recognizing the expectations of reward for assistance; - strategic decision to organizing using of the influence of players/stakeholders. Conclusion The results showed that Stakeholder Analysis as a theory and practical approach can be used to plan at different levels (from macro to micro –local/project). Reviewing the experiences of rural development programs suggests that achieving to development and goals of Rural Development Vision, in other words, the best conditions for Iran rural, need to organize and formulate a mechanism and legal proceedings, and coordination between different agencies, and monitoring activities, and evaluating the performance of related organizations. This is not possible without the use of Stakeholder Analysis that its general framework was explored in this work. Based on Stakeholder Analysis (as a first step), it must be made a list of all players and stakeholders in rural development (in both macro and micro level), and the role of each of them could be identified in rural development process. Finally, in this regard, it’s recommended the following actions to formulate in the Sixth Plan: - Selecting a group of professional and unbiased experts and authors; - Developing the Vision for Rural Development; - Analysis of rural development stakeholders.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_57365_5eecc0e154a9ff7edeaed576bdf966c3.pdf
بازیگران
برنامة ششم توسعة کشور
برنامهریزی روستایی
تحلیل ذینفعان
players
Stakeholder Analysis
Rural Development Management and Planning System
Sixth Five-Year Development Plan