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0 سنجش میزان خردی و پراکندگی اراضی کشاورزی در استان آذربایجان شرقی Measuring the Rate of Fragmentation and Dispersion of Arable Lands in East Azarbaijan province, Iran https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_68566.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.263135.1271 0 میزان خردی و پراکندگی اراضی کشاورزی بیانگر سطح مشکل‏دار بودن ساختار مدیریت بهره‏ برداری از زمین هست که می‏تواند توسعه کشاورزی را محدود نموده و فرصت‏ های توسعه پایدار روستایی را کاهش دهد. بنابراین هدف این تحقیق استخراج متغیرهای خردی و پراکندگی اراضی کشاورزی و تدوین شاخص‏ های مربوطه جهت سنجش میزان آن در استان آذربایجان شرقی است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را بهره‌برداران کشاورزی ساکن در استان آذربایجان شرقی تشکیل می‌دهد (212926=N). حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 380 نفر برآورد شد که به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای و به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع‏آوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه‏ ای بود که روایی آن با استفاده از نظرات پژوهشگران و کارشناسان سازمان امور اراضی کشور بازبینی و اصلاح شد. اطلاعات مکانی اراضی کشاورزی با استفاده از بانک اطلاعات کاداستر اداره امور اراضی استان آذربایجان شرقی تهیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که شهرستان‏های بناب و بستان‏آباد با متوسط اراضی 28/2 و 71/13 هکتار به ترتیب خردترین و وسیع‏ترین اراضی را داشتند. از نظر پراکندگی نیز قطعات شهرستان بناب و اسکو با میانگین فاصله 8/3 و 4/1 کیلومتر از همدیگر و از مرکز روستا به ترتیب دارای بیشترین و کمترین میزان پراکندگی بودند. از نظر میزان خردی و پراکندگی اراضی نیز که از طریق شاخص شموک به دست آمد شهرستان‏های شبستر و بستان‏آباد با میزان 3/8 و 3/1 کیلومتر بر هکتار به ترتیب دارای بیشترین و کمترین میزان خردی و پراکندگی اراضی کشاورزی بودند. 1 The rate of land fragmentation refers to a problem in land management that can limit agricultural development and reduce the opportunities for sustainable rural development. The purpose of this research was to identify land fragmentation and dispersion variables and to develop indices to measure those variables. The statistical population of the research consisted of agricultural land holders in East Azarbaijan province (N = 212926). A sample size of 380 people was determined by using Cochran's formula. They were selected by stratified random sampling. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire whose validity was examined by using the comments of the researchers and the experts at the Land Affairs Organization. Some local information about the land was obtained and analyzed by using the cadastre database of Land Administration of East Azarbaijan province. The results showed that Bonab and Bostan Abad counties, with the average land area of 2.28 and 13.71 hectares respectively, have the smallest and the largest pieces of land. In terms of dispersion, the lands in Bonab and Oscou counties, with the average distance of 3.8 and 1.4 kilometers from each other and from the village center, had the highest and the lowest rate of dispersion respectively. In terms of land fragmentation and dispersion rates, obtained through the chemok index, Shabestar and Bostan Abad counties, with the rate of 3.8 and 1.3 km / ha, had the most and the least fragmented and dispersed agricultural lands respectively. 520 535 محمد شوکتی آمقانی Mohammad Shokati Amghani دانش ‏آموخته دکتری توسعه کشاورزی، گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. ایران mohammad_amegan@ut.ac.ir خلیل کلانتری Khalil Kalantari استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. ایران khalil_kalantari@yahoo.com علی اسدی Ali Asadi استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. ایران aasadi@ut.ac.ir حسین شعبانعلی فمی Hossein Shabanali Fami استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران. ایران hfami2001@yahoo.com خرد بودن اراضی پراکندگی اراضی یکپارچه سازی اراضی بازتخصیص اراضی استان آذربایجان شرقی Anushirvani, A (2009). 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Land reform and land fragmentation in Central and Eastern Europe. Land Use Policy, 36, 330–341.##Igozurike, M. U. (1974). Land tenure, social relations and the analysis of spatial discontinuity. Area, 6, 132–135.##Januszewski, J. (1968). Index of land consolidation as a criterion of the degree of concentration. Geographia Polonica, 14, 291–296.##Karouzis, G. (1977). Land ownership in Cyprus: Past and present. Nicosia: Strabo.##Kawasaki, K., (2010). The costs and benefits of land fragmentation of rice farms in Japan. Aust. J. Agric. Resour. Econ. 54, 509–526.##Küsek, G. (2014). Türkiye’de Arazi Toplulaştırmasının Yasal Durumu ve Tarihsel Gelişimi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 1-6. (In Turkey).##Latruffe, L., & Piet, L. (2014). Does land fragmentation affect farm performance? A case study from Brittany, France. Agricultural systems, 129, 68-80.##Land Affairs Organization Of Iran. (2017). https://laoi.ir/##Lu, H., Xie, H., He, Y., Wu, Z., & Zhang, X. (2018). Assessing the impacts of land fragmentation and plot size on yields and costs: A translog production model and cost function approach. Agricultural Systems, 161, 81-88.##Meha, M. (2004). Land Consolidation in Kosovo and Impact on Rural Development, cadastral Agency Archive Building in pristine, Kosovo.##Presidential Legal Assistant of Iran (2016). Amendments to the Law on the Prevention of the Agricultural Land fragmentation and the Technical and Economic size of Arable and Horticultural Lands.##Schmook Jr, G. (1976). The spontaneous evolution from farming on scattered strips to farming in severalty in Flanders between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries: A quantitative approach to the study of farm fragmentation. Fields, farms and settlement in Europe, 107-117.##Shahbazi, E. (1996). Some of the basic issues of production in Iran’s agricultural sector. The academy of science quarterly. VOL 4.pp 111-128. (In Farsi).##Shuhao, T. (2005). 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0 گونه شناسی الگوهای ذهنی زنان روستایی در زمینه پبش برنده های توسعه کارآفرینی روستایی : کاربست روش شناسی کیو Typology of the Mentality of Rural Women About Promotion of Rural Entrepreneurship https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_68565.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.258215.1257 0 پژوهش حاضر باهدف گونه‌شناسی الگوهای ذهنی زنان کارآفرین روستایی در زمینه پیش برنده‌های توسعه کارآفرینی روستایی در سطح استان ایلام با استفاده از روش‌شناسی کیو انجام شد. این پژوهش ازنظر هدف، کاربردی، به لحاظ ماهیت از نوع تحقیقات اکتشافی و ازنظر روش گردآوری دادها، کمی - کیفی از نوع کیو است. مشارکت‌کنندگان این پژوهش تعداد 26 نفر از زنان کارآفرین روستایی بودند که به‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. تالار گفتمان پژوهش از پیشینه و مصاحبه گردآوری و تعداد 49 عبارت به‌عنوان نمونه عبارات کیو انتخاب شد. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌های پژوهش به کمک تحلیل عاملی انجام شد. بر اساس یافته‌های به‌دست‌آمده از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی، ذهنیت‌های زنان روستایی کارآفرین در زمینه پیش برنده‌های توسعه کارآفرینی روستایی در 6 دسته ذهنیت کارآفرینانه - آموزشی بازارمحور، اقتصادگرا، محیط گرا، مشارکتی و حمایتی دسته‌بندی شدند. 1 The present research was conducted on the typology of mental models of rural women for rural entrepreneurship development in Ilam province. The study deals with the subjective opinions of the participants based on Q methodology. It is applied in terms of goal as well as exploratory and mixed in terms of data collection. The participants of the study consisted of 26 successful female rural entrepreneurs selected by the targeted judgment method. The data were obtained through interviews and a literature review. As many as 49 phrases were selected as Q statements. The SPSS software was applied for data analysis. According to the results obtained from the exploratory factor analysis, the mentality of the participating rural women about promoting rural entrepreneurship was classified into six types including entrepreneurial, market-driven educational, economy-centered, environment-centered,  participatory, and supportive types. 536 551 محمد باقر آرایش Mohammad Bagher Arayesh استادیار ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام، ایلام، ایران. ایران arayesh.b@gmail.com فرشید نمامیان Farshid Namamian استادیار مدیریت بازرگانی، کروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران shingel2007@yahoo.com علیرضا اسلامبولچی Alireza Slambolchi استادیار مدیریت گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد همدان، همدان، ایران. ایران alireza.slambolchi@gmail.com مصطفی رضایی راد Mostafa Rezaeirad استادیار مدیریت بازرگانی، گروه مدیریت، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران. ایران mostafa_rezaei_rad@yahoo.com زنان روش کیو کارآفرینی روستایی الگوهای ذهنی استان ایلام Ahmadpur Dariani, M. Nikbin, H. & Karimi, A. (2012). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship Development through Agricultural Advisory Services Corporations in Zanjan Province, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 42(4), No 535-546.##Amiri, F. (2010). Entrepreneurship. First ed, Kermanshah: publication of  Industrial university of kermanshah##Askun, B., & Yıldırım, N. (2011). Insights on Entrepreneurship Education in Public Universities In Turkey: Creating Entrepreneurs Or Not?. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 663–676.##Bashir- Ahsan, M., & Ghorbaninezad, R. (2017). The role of entrepreneurial women in rural economic development (A Case Study: Khoramrod County, Toiserkan). Territory Journal, 53, 93-107.##Danaeifard, H., Hosseini, S., Shaygha, R. (2011). Q Methodology: Theoretical Foundations and Framework for Research. Tehran: Sfar publishing##Ebrahimi, M., kathonabady, A., & Baniasadi, N. (2014). Rural Entrepreneurship Development Components (Case Study: Kerman). 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Journal of Dehyariha, 6(33), 12-15.##Karimi, A., & Johari, H. (2014). dentifying the Barriers to Entrepreneurship Development  as Perceived by Graduate Students (Case: Faculties of  Agriculture in Tehran Province). Journal of Business Development, 6(4), 151-167.##Kyro, P. (2014). To grow or not to grow? Entrepreneurship and sustainable development. Cited in Handbook of Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development Research, Alato University, Finland.##Koshgoyanfard, A. (2005). Q Methodology. Tehran: the Research Center of Voice and Television Organization.##Lauckanen, M. (2003). Exploring academic entrepreneurship: drivers and tensions of university based business. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(4), 372- 382.##Markley, D. M. (2002). Entrepreneurship in rural America: prepared for the NCSL, rural development task force. Lincoln: Center for Rural Entrepreneurship.  ##Mirtorabi, M., & Hejazi, Y. (2011). 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0 واکاوی چالش‌های فراروی عملیاتی کردن ایده‌های کسب‌وکار از دیدگاه زنان روستایی (مورد: استان کرمانشاه) Surveying the Challenges in Realization of Rural Women's Business Ideas https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_70084.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.261886.1265 0 اگر چه در سال‌های اخیر سازمان آموزش‌ فنی و حرفه‌ای نقش مهمی در ایده پردازی در روستاها داشته است، اما شواهد متعدد حاکی از آن است که تعداد معدودی از این ایده‌ها به مرحله عملیاتی رسیده‌اند. از این رو، بررسی چالش‌های فراروی عملیاتی کردن ایده‌های کسب‌وکار از نگاه مهارت آموزان زن روستایی، هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر است. رویکرد پژوهشی به کار گرفته شده از نوع روش‌شناسی کیفی بر مبنای نظریه‌ بنیانی است. جامعه موردمطالعه زنان و دختران روستایی شرکت‌کننده در دوره‌های برگزار شده توسط سازمان فنی و حرفه‌ای استان کرمانشاه می‌باشند که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری کیفی- هدفمند 50 نفر از آنان به عنوان نمونه موردمطالعه قرار گرفتند. فنون مورداستفاده برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات شامل مصاحبه‌های فردی و تشکیل 10گروه متمرکز بود. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد، نبود تخصص و تجربه لازم در زمینه تدوین طرح کسب‌وکار، بازاریابی، دانش حقوقی؛ کمبود سرمایه شخصی و عدم تأمین اعتبار مالی مناسب جهت سرمایه‌گذاری؛ عدم دسترسی به اطلاعات و منابع اطلاعاتی به‌روز؛ نبود حمایت همه‌جانبه از آغاز تا پایان عملیاتی سازی ایده؛ ریسک‌پذیری پایین و ترس از شکست و موانع خانوادگی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های فراروی عملیاتی کردن ایده‌های کسب‌وکار از دیدگاه جامعه موردمطالعه است. 1 In recent years, the Vocational Training Center has played an important role in realizing the ideas of villagers, but there is a bulk of evidence to suggest that only a few of these ideas have reached an operational stage. This study aims at the challenges in operating business ideas from the viewpoint of female rural students. The research method was qualitative and based on a fundamental theory. The statistical population consisted of rural women and girls participating in the courses held by the technical and vocational organization of Kermanshah province. Fifty of these people were selected through qualitative purposeful sampling. The data were collected through participatory and non-participatory interviews, individual interviews, and the formation of 10 groups. The findings of the research showed that the expertise and experience required for making a business plan, marketing, knowledge of laws, lack of personal funds for investment, lack of access to information and information resources, lack of comprehensive support from the beginning to the end of the process of idea operationalization, low risk-taking, fear of failure, and family barriers are the most important challenges for operating business ideas. 552 563 مهنا شاهمرادی Mohanna Shahmoradi دانشجوی دکتری توسعه کشاورزی، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران shahmorade4468@gmail.com تهمینه احسانی فر Tahmineh Ehsanifar کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت کارآفرینی، گروه کارآفرینی دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران tahmineh.ehsanifar@gmail.com کامبخش فرحمند Kambakhsh Farahmand استادیار، گروه اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه پیام نور رشت، گیلان، ایران. ایران farahmand_h@pnu.ac.ir فرحناز رستمی Farahnaz Rostami Ghobadi استادیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران fr304@yahoo.com ماریه صحرایی Mariyeh Sahraie دانشجوی دکتری ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران mariyeh.sahraie@yahoo.com مهارت‌آموزی مناطق روستایی کسب‌وکار کارآفرینی استان کرمانشاه Abdollahzadeh, Gh, Jazani, A. Sharifzadeh, M. (2015), Effective Factors on the Operationalization of Business Ideas Case: Trainees in Isfahan Rural Education Centers, Quarterly Journal of Rural Space and Rural Development, Vol. 3, No. 3, Page 129-111.##Alavinia, M Shahmoradi, M. (2014). Challenges for self-employment by technical and vocational students. Third National Conference and the 2nd International Conference on Skills and Employment, National Technical and Vocational Training Organization, May.##Ebadi, S, Jahanatighi, M. (2016). The Effect of Technical and Vocational Education on the Empowerment of Women’s Skills in Case Study of Sardar Center Students in Zahedan. The 5th National Conference and the 4th International Conference on Skills and Employment, the National Technical and Vocational Training Organization.##Ehsanifar, T, Shahmoradi, M, Moradian, P, Rostami, F, Farahmand, K. (2018). Entrepreneurship Development Barriers for Rural Women in Lahijan. Journal of Agricultural Work in Gorgan. Volume Vol. No. 1, Spring 2018.##Ghadermarzai, H, Jamshidi; A., Gemini; D, Nazari Sarmazah, H. (2015). Identifying Barriers to Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Women (Case Study: Shalil Village - Ardal County). Regional planning, 5 (17): 118-103.##Hoffman, J.M., Mehra, S. (1999). Programs management leadership and pro-ductivity. Improvement, .International Journal of Quality Management. 2, 221-232.##Karimi, S. (2015). Rural Entrepreneurship: Challenges and Opportunities, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 119-101.##Mohammad Ali, M., (2011). Technical and vocational education and its remedies », Journal of Growth in Technical and Vocational Training, Volume 7, Number 1, Page 18-10.##Organization of vocational education and training of the country - Office of Rural Education. (2015). Empowerment and skills training of villagers, tribes, deprived logic and border with a sustainable employment approach. 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0 پیشران‌های انسانی توسعه کارآفرینی در حوزه گردشگری (موردمطالعه: روستای ایستگاه بیشه در شهرستان خرم‌آباد) The Human Driving Forces of Entrepreneurship Development in Tourism Sector: A Case Study of the Village of Istgah Bisheh in Khorramabad County https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_68564.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.256555.1248 0 در صورت فراهم بودن زمینه‌های انسانی،گردشگری حاوی ظرفیت‌‌های پویا و گسترده‌ای برای اشتغال و کارآفرینی است. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی فراهمی پیشران‌ها (عوامل) انسانی لازم برای توسعه کارآفرینی گردشگری در منطقه روستایی هدف گردشگریِ بیشه در شهرستان خرم‌آباد بود. این تحقیق از نظر ماهیت کمّی و با توجه به هدف تحقیق، کاربردی، از لحاظ گردآوری داده‌ها در زمره تحقیقات توصیفی بود که به شیوه پیمایش انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش، 1190 نفر از روستاییان 15 تا 64 سال ساکن در ایستگاه بیشه در سال 1396 بودند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان، 291 نفر برآورد و به‏صورت نمونه‏گیری تصادفی انتخاب و مطالعه شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسش‌نامه‌ای محقق ساخته بود که روایی صوری آن توسط متخصصان مورد بازنگری و تأیید قرار گرفت و پایایی آن با انجام مطالعه راهنما در خارج از محدوده تحقیق و محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ  (88/0 تا 99/0) به دست آمد. یافته‌ها نشان داد پیشران‌های عینی در منطقه بیشه در وضعیت متوسطی قرار دارند. از میان پیشران‌های ذهنی نیز، تنها پیشران امنیت اجتماعی بیش از حد معیار (80/3) بود. بر اساس یافته‌های تحلیل خوشه‌ای، افراد در سه گروه نیم‌ساز، ناساز و هم‌ساز قرار گرفتند. آزمون تحلیل واریانس نشان داد از پیشران‌های عینی؛ آموزش، مشاوره و تجربیات در دو گروه نیم‌ساز و ناساز و از پیشران‌های ذهنی؛ مشارکت اجتماعی در دو گروه نیم‌ساز و ناساز وضعیت یکسان داشتند. در پایان بر اساس نتایج پژوهش جهت بهبود توسعه کارآفرینی در گردشگری منطقه بیشه پیشنهادهایی ارائه شده است. 1 Tourist areas have a high potential for employment and entrepreneurship activities especially when human resources are also available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the human resource factors necessary for the development of entrepreneurship in the tourist area of Bisheh in Khorramabad County. The research was quantitative in nature. Also, in terms of purpose, it was a type of applied research conducted using a survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1190 rural people at the age of 15-64 years who were living in Istgahe Bisheh in 2017. The sample size was determined by using Krejcie and Morgan table, and 291 people were randomly selected. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also examined by conducting a pilot study and calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.88-0.99).The findings showed that the objective driving forces in the Bisheh region were in a medium status. Among the subjective driving forces, only social security ranked higher than standard (3.80). Based on a cluster analysis, the rural people were divided into three groups: ready, semi-ready, and unready. Analysis of variance showed that, among the objective driving forces, education, counseling and experiences were different in the semi-ready and unready groups. As for the subjective factors, however, they were all different among the groups except for social participation. 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0 بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر نابرابری سطوح درآمدی روستاییان در چهارچوب مدل سه شاخگی (مورد مطالعه: شهرستان اسلامشهر) Investigating the Factors Affecting Inequalities in the Income Levels of Villagers Within the Framework of the Three-branch Model: A Case Study of Villages of Islamshahr City https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67941.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.242983.1170 0 هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی اهمیت نسبی عوامل مؤثر بر تمایز سطوح مختلف درآمدی و موفقیت سرمایه‌گذاری در کسب‌وکارهای کشاورزی در روستاهای شهرستان اسلامشهر است. اثربخشی و سودآوری متفاوت فعالیت کشاورزی، آسیب پراکندگی و تفاوت وضعیت معیشتی کشاورزان و عدم توازن صرفه‌های اقتصادی بین فعالان کسب‌وکار کشاورزی در یک منطقه روستایی را تشدید می‌کند. با توجه به تنوع سطح زیر کشت بهره‌برداران زراعی در منطقه، روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب انتخاب و حجم نمونه آماری به تعداد 195 نفر محاسبه و با استفاده از مصاحبه و پرسشنامه‌ها تکمیل گردید. در این مطالعه بر اساس رهیافت توصیفی و استنباطی، با استفاده از چهارچوب مدل سه وجهی الگوی سه‌شاخگی و مدل آماری تحلیل تمایزی چندگانه به ارزیابی اهمیت نسبی عوامل مؤثر بر نابرابری سطوح درآمدی کشاورزان روستایی پرداخته شد. نتایج نشان داد که اکثر کشاورزان مالک زمین زراعی بوده و میزان تحصیلات بیشتر آنان در سطح تحصیلات متوسطه و دیپلم است. متوسط تجربه فعالیت کشاورزی حدوداً 20 سال و شغل اصلی غالب آنان کشاورزی است. اکثر زمین‌های زراعی در منطقه همچنان از روش‌های سنتی آبیاری استفاده می‌کنند و بیش از 28 درصد کشاورزان، وضعیت دسترسی به آب را مطلوب نمی‌دانند. نتایج نشان داد عوامل ساختاری و محیطی مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر شکاف درآمدی در سطح کشاورزان می‌باشند و در شاخه عوامل ساختاری، نوع مالکیت زمین و سطح زیر کشت مهم‌ترین عامل در احتمال قرار گرفتن در گروه با کمترین درآمد دیگر دارد. 1 The purpose of this study was to assess the relative importance of factors affecting the differentiation of income levels and the success of investment in agricultural businesses in the villages of Islamshahr. Differences in the rates of effectiveness and profitability of agricultural activities exacerbate economic dispersal, difference in the levels of farmers' livelihood, and the imbalance among the economic costs of agricultural jobs in a rural area. Regarding the diversity of cropland sizes in the region, the stratified sampling method was used to appropriately select a sample size of 195 people who took part in interviews and completed questionnaires. In this study, based on a descriptive and inferential approach, the three-branch model framework and the multiple discriminant analysis were used to evaluate the relative importance of the factors that affect the inequality of income levels of rural farmers. The results showed that most of the farmers were land owners and held secondary high school degrees. Also their average farming experience was about 20 years, and their main occupation was agriculture. Most agricultural lands in the region were found still using traditional irrigation methods, and more than 28% of the farmers did not consider the accessibility of water desirable. The results also showed that structural and environmental factors were the most important factors affecting the income gap among the farmers in the region. From the structural point of view, the type of land ownership and land size emerged as the most important factors to determine the probability of being in the lowest-income group. 580 593 هومن منصوری Hooman Mansoori دانشجوی دکترای اقتصاد کشاورزی، گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران hooman_2951@yahoo.com محمد قربانی Mohammad Ghorbani استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران ghorbani@um.ac.ir محمدرضا کهنسال Mohammad Reza Kohansal استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران kohansal@um.ac.ir اسلامشهر تحلیل تمایزی چند گروهی روستا مدل سه‌شاخگی نابرابری درآمد Azizi Khalkhili, T., Zamani, GH. (2013). Farmers’ Perception of Agricultural Risk in Climate Change: Case Study.Marvdasht city of Fars province. Journal of Agricultural Science Development and Training, vol:9, no:2, 41-52.##Barati, A., (2006). Study of income distribution among rural households in Ghoochan city. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, vol: 2, No:2, 17-26.##Behrouz, A. Meibopdi, A. (2014). Measurement of Technical, Allocation, Economic and Productivity Efficiency in Iran’s Underground Agriculture by Nonparametric Method. Journal of Agricultural Economic Researches, Vol. 6, No. 3.##Dehghan, R., Talebi, K., and Arabiun, A. (2012). Research on Factors Affecting Innovation and Organizational Entrepreneurship in Iranian Medical Universities. Journal of Payavard Salamat. No. 6: 22-33.##Ghorbani, M., Aghasafari, H. (2014). Examining the distinctive features of the tendency of citizens to buy from the market of fruits and vegetables and its parallel markets. Journal of Agricultural Economics & Development. Vol. 28, No. 3.##Hoseini, M., and Najafi, A. (2009). Distribution of income in rural and urban areas of Iran (1984-2007), journal of Agricultural economic researches, vol:1, No:3.##Joneidi Jafari, M. Beiginia, A. (2009). Human Resource Pathology for Improvement and Development (case study: Bank Mellat). Presented in the 5th national conference on human resources, Tehran.##Kavand, H. Sargazi, A. (2015). Calculation of Boroujerd Sugar Beet Productivity Types by Using DEA Approach. Journal of Sugar Beet, vol. 31, No. 2. [In Persian]##Kimenju, S., and Tschirley, D. (2008). Agricultural and livelihood diversification in Kenyan rural households. Tagamet Institute Working Paper Series, No: 29.##Kohansal, M. Zare, A. (2013). Application of multi-group discriminant analysis in determining socioeconomic factors affecting the influence of food buyers on the various marketing promotional methods. Journal of Economy and Agricultural Development, No. 2: 157-167.##Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad. (2015). Annual Statistics report.##Mirzayi Ahranjani, H. (2002). Compilation of a New Developed Approach to the Knowledge and Pathology of Iranian governmental and Public Organizations. Publication of Applied Research Center of Tehran University Faculty of Management.##Parhizgari, A. Mozaffari, M. and Parhizgari, R. (2014). Evaluating the status of income distribution and its impact on social welfare of rural households. Journal of Rural Development Sterategies, vol:1, No:4.##Sepehrdoost, H., and Zamani Shamkhane, S. (2014). Investigating the Factors Affecting the Distribution of Income in Rural Areas with Emphasis on Information Technology, Journal of rural development strategies, vol:1, No:1.##Seyyedan, S. (2004). Investigating the Factors Affecting the Inefficiency of Garlic producers In Iran. Journal of Research and construction in agriculture and gardening, Vol. 64.##Statistical Center of Iran. (2014). Census Report.##Toodeh Roosta, M. Mirmohammad sadeghi, J. (2003). 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0 تحلیل اثر ریسک‏ های معیشتی بر ناامنی غذایی در خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان دیواندره Analysis of the Effect of Livelihood Risks on Food Insecurity in Rural Households in Divandarreh County https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67949.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.252935.1224 0 هدف کلی این پژوهش، بررسی اثر ریسک‏های معیشتی بر ناامنی غذایی خانوارهای روستایی بود. این تحقیق از نظر ماهیت از نوع تحقیقات کمی، با توجه به هدف کاربردی، از لحاظ گردآوری داده‏ ها جزء تحقیقات توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل سرپرست خانوارهای‏ روستایی کشاورزان کوچک‌مقیاس در روستاهای شهرستان دیواندره بود (N= 10099). با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان تعداد 375 نفر از آن‏ ها با روش نمونه‏ گیری تصادفی طبقه‏ ای با انتساب متناسب برای مطالعه انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی تحقیق پرسشنامه‏ ای بود که روایی آن توسط پانل متخصصان و پایایی آن توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد (α>0.7). تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‏ ها به‏ وسیله نرم‏ افزار SPSSwin18 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که خانوارهای روستایی موردمطالعه از میزان ناامنی غذایی زیاد و میزان مواجهه بالایی با ریسک‏ های معیشتی برخوردارند. نتایج آزمون کای اسکویر با مقدار (092/1) نشان داد که تفاوت معنی‏داری بین توزیع ریسک و ناامنی غذایی بین خانوارها وجود دارد. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که بین متغیرهای ریسک‏ معیشتی تولیدات زراعی (639/0)، تجارت کشاورزی (739/0)، قیمت (524/0)، اشتغال (474/0)، سلامت (541/0)، سیاسی و سیاست‌گذاری (425/0)، جمعیت شناختی (387/0) با ناامنی غذایی رابطه مثبت و معنی‏داری وجود دارد. علاوه بر این نتایج رگرسیون لجستیک ترتیبی نشان داد که از بین ریسک‏ های معیشتی، ریسک تولیدات زراعی با مقدار (074/0)  بیشترین تأثیر را بر ناامنی غذایی خانوارها دارد. 1 The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of livelihood risks on food insecurity in rural households. This research is a quantitative in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection. The analyses are of correlation type. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the small-scale farming heads of households in Divandarreh County of Kurdistan province. Using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and the stratified proportional sampling method, 375 persons were selected as the study sample. The data collection tool of the study was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach's Alpha Coefficient (α > 0.7). The results showed that the studied farmers had high levels of food insecurity and were highly exposed to livelihood risks. Also, the correlation analyses showed positive and significant relationships between livelihood risk variables and food insecurity. The variables included agronomy (0.639), agricultural trade (0739), price (0.524), employment (0.474), health (0.541), policy making (0.425), and demographic features (0.387). In addition, as the logistic regression sequences indicated, of the livelihoods risks, agricultural production risk (0.074) had the greatest impact on the food insecurity of households. 594 607 مسلم سواری Moslem Savari استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران. ایران moslem_savari@yahoo.com منصور غنیان Mansour Ghanian دانشیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران. ایران m_ghanian@yahoo.com ریسک تولید امنیت غذایی معیشت پایدار فقر روستایی کشاورزان کوچک‌مقیاس Birkmann, J (2006). Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: conceptual frameworks and definitions. In J. Birkmann   (Ed). 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0 راهبردهای کشاورزان در واکنش به پیامدهای خشکسالی و بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر آن (موردمطالعه: شهرستان رشتخوار) Farmers' Strategies in the Face of Droughts and Examination of the Factors Affecting Those Strategies: A Case Study of Roshtkhar County https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_68567.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.263349.1272 0 در سال‌های اخیر وقوع خشکسالی‌های مکرر اثرات منفی زیادی بر محصولات کشاورزی داشته است. کشاورزان می‌توانند با استفاده از راهبردهای سازگاری، تا حدودی اثرات خشکسالی را کاهش دهند. لذا هدف این مطالعه بررسی راهبردهای کشاورزان در واکنش به پیامدهای خشکسالی و عوامل مؤثر بر استفاده از این راهبرد‌ها بوده است. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و روش انجام آن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسش‌نامه و مصاحبه بوده است. جامعه آماری خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان رشتخوار است (N=13716). با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 373 کشاورز به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون رتبه‌ای هم‌انباشتگی نامحدود اکتشافی و مدل لجستیک باینری (روش LM- نیوتن- مارکارد- رافسون) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاهش منابع آب (882/0)، کاهش سطح زیر کشت (735/0) و افزایش هزینه‌های زندگی (698/0) مهم‌ترین پیامدهای خشکسالی می‌باشند. به ترتیب کشت گیاهان مقاوم به خشکی مانند زعفران، کاهش دفعات آبیاری، و پرداختن به مشاغل غیرکشاورزی مهم‌ترین راهبردهای کشاورزان در واکنش به پیامدهای خشکسالی بوده‌اند. متغیرهای سن، جنس، دانش بومی، نیروی کار، درآمد، تجربه کشاورز، و وسعت مزرعه به طور قابل‌توجهی با کاربرد راهبرد‌ها در ارتباط بوده‌اند. از نتایج پژوهش برای سازگاری بیشتر کشاورزان با پیامدهای خشکسالی در منطقه و روستاهای کشور می‌توان استفاده نمود. 1 In recent years, repeated droughts have had negative impacts on  agricultural products. Farmers can reduce the effects of droughts by using adaptive strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate farmers' strategies in response to drought consequences and to examine the factors affecting the use of these strategies. In terms of purpose, the study is an applied one, and the method is descriptive-analytical. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and interviews. The statistical population of the research consisted of the rural households in Roshtkhar County (N = 13716). Using the Cochran formula, 373 farmers were selected as the sample. For data analysis, the unlimited exploratory uncertainty test and the binary logistic model (LM-Newton-Marcard-Raphson method) were used. The results showed that decreased water resources (0.882), reduced crop area (0.735) and increased living expenses (0.698) were the most important consequences of drought. Drought-tolerant plants such as saffron, irrigation, and non-agricultural jobs were the most important strategies adopted by the farmers in response to drought consequences. Variables such as age, sex, indigenous knowledge, labor force, income, farmers’ experience, and farm size were significantly associated with the application of strategies. The results of the research can be used for more adaptation of farmers to drought consequences in the villages of the county. 608 627 مهرشاد طولابی نژاد Mehrshad Toulabi Nejad دکترا جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. ایران mehrshad_t65@yahoo.com خدیجه صادقی Khadijeh Sadeghi دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. ایران kh_sadeghi62@yahoo.com تغییرات اقلیمی خشکسالی کشاورزی راهبردهای مقابله شهرستان رشتخوار Aggarwal, P. K., Singh, A. K. 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0 دیدگاه خانوارهای محلی پیرامون پیامدهای اجتماعی احداث سد بهشت‌آباد در حوزه مبدأ Perspective of Local Households Toward the Social Consequences of Establishing the Behesht Abad Dam in the Origin Basin https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67934.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.233979.1113 0 احداث سدها به منظور ذخیره‌سازی و انتقال آب بین حوزه‌ای یکی از راهکارهای سیاست‌گذاران به منظور مدیریت چالش کمبود آب در دهه‌های اخیر است، اما این راهبرد می‌تواند منجر به پیامدهای منفی اجتماعی، اقتصادی و زیست‌محیطی گردد. هدف این مقاله بررسی دیدگاه خانوارهای روستایی و شهری محلی در مورد پیامدهای اجتماعی حاصل از احداث سد بهشت‌آباد و انتقال آب بین‌حوزه‌ای است. این پژوهش در حوزه آبخیر بهشت‌آباد واقع در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری انجام شد و جوامع محلی که به طور مستقیم تحت تأثیر سد قرار می‌گیرند موردمطالعه قرار گرفت. در این مطالعه پیمایشی، با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری چند مرحله‌ای 200 خانوار از 3514 خانوار منطقه انتخاب شدند و داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه ساختاریافته گردآوری گردیدند. از دید جوامع محلی احداث سد موجب افزایش مهاجرت که منجر به حاشیه‌نشینی در اطراف شهرها شده، تضعیف مشارکت بین خانوارهای محلی و افزایش آسیب‌پذیری معیشت‌ها، به‌ویژه در فعالیت‌هایی همچون زراعت، باغداری، دامپروری و خدمات مرتبط و افزایش قیمت زمین در مناطق تحت تأثیر احداث سد خواهد شد، هرچند به اعتقاد برخی از افراد، احداث سد سبب ایجاد مشاغل گوناگونی خواهد شد. این دیدگاه‌ها به طور معنی‌داری تحت تأثیر سن پاسخگو، میزان تحصیلات، تعداد فرزندان و تعداد دام خانوارها بود. این نشان می‌دهد که پاسخگویان که دارای سن بالاتر، تعداد دام سبک بیشتر و تعداد فرزند بیشتری بودند تأثیر احداث سد را منفی‌تر و افرادی که دارای سطح تحصیلات بالاتری بودند دید مثبت‌تری نسبت به احداث سد داشتند. 1 Constructing reservoir dams for inter-basin water transfer has been considered as one of main strategies of policy makers for managing water shortage in recent decades. However, this strategy can lead to negative social, economic and environmental consequences. The purpose of this paper is to study the views of local rural and urban households regarding the social effects of constructing the Behesht Abad reservoir dam and the inter-basin water transfer project on the local communities. The research was conducted in Behesht Abad watershed, as the origin basin, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. It aimed at how local rural and urban communities would be affected if a dam was constructed. In this survey, a sample of 200 out of 3514 households was randomly selected, and the data were collected through structured interviews using a questionnaire. From the perspective of the local communities, the dam construction would increase the emigration of local people, leading to marginalization of emigrants in the outskirt of cities; weakening the local households' participation in their communities and increase of job vulnerability, particularly such activities as crop farming, animal husbandry and the related services. Also, land prices in the area would be adversely affected by the dam construction. This perspective was significantly affected by variables such as respondents' age, education level, and households' animal units. This shows that the respondents at higher ages, more children, and more animal units assessed the impact of the dam construction more negatively, while more educated people had more positive attitudes toward this issue. 628 645 لادن نادری Ladan Naderi دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران. ایران ladan.naderi93@gmail.com اسماعیل کرمی دهکردی Esmail Karamidehkordi دانشیار، گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران. ایران e.karamidehkordi@gmail.com احداث سد استراتژی‌های معیشت جوامع محلی سد بهشت‌آباد پیامدها Boyd, C. E., (2015). Water quality: an introduction. (2, illustrated ed.). London: Springer, 2015.##Brown, P. H., Tullos, D., Tilt, B., Magee, D., & Wolf, A. T.(2009). Modeling the costs and benefits of dam construction from a multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, S303-S311.   ##Beck, M. W., Andrea, H. C, and Peter, J. 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National Conference between the areas of water, 3 Persian date Khordad 2012, Islamic Azad University, Shahr.##Siciliano, G., Urban, F., Kim, S., & Lonn, P. D., (2015).   Hydropower, social priorities and the rural– urban development divide: The case of large dams in Cambodia. Energy Policy, 86, 273-285.##Tilt, B., Braun, Y., & He, D., (2009). Social impacts of large dam projects: A comparison of international case studies and implications for best practice. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, S249-S257.  ##Taheri Saffar, M.  Shahnoushi Foroushani, N., & L., AH (2015). The effects of economic, social and environmental impacts of dam construction time Nishapur, Journal of Geography and natural hazards, (15).##Water and Wastewater Planning Office. (2016). http://waterplan.moe.gov.ir.##Yaghobi Farani, A., Izadi, A., (2014). Assessment of Ecological and Social impact of Fadami Dam Construction on Agricultural Development of the Area Journal of Geography and Development, 14(42).##

0 کاوش عمیق معنای خانه بومی به روش پدیدار‌شناسی (مورد مطالعه: خانه روستایی منطقه موکریان ایران) Deep Delving Into the Meaning of ‘Native House’ Through a Phenomenological Method:A Case Study of Rural Houses in Mokrian Area, Iran https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67948.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.252609.1220 0 پژوهش حاضر به مطالعه کیفی معنای معماری خانه‌های بومی منطقه ‌موکریان ‌ایران از منظر پدیدارشناسی می‌پردازد. هدف نهایی از نگرش ناب به معماری خانه‌های موکریان، کشف و آشکارگی نظام معنایی حاصل از گوهر دریافت ماهیت و جوهر آن‌ها و فهم هستی و نحوه هستی یافتن خانه‌ها است. رویکرد پژوهش حاضر، پدیدارشناسی و نظام تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات و ارائه نظریه نهایی آن، کیفی ‌-روش ‌نظریه ‌ون‌مانن و روش ‌MST- است. محقق با حضور در منطقه موردپژوهش و غوطه‌وری در معماری خانه‌های موکریان و انجام مصاحبه‌های باز و عمیق و ثبت تحریرهای میدانی در ذیل سرفصل‌های تجربه زیسته، تجربه نیابتی و خصائص ‌هستندگی نسبت به گردآوری ‌اطلاعات اقدام نموده و تفاسیر ‌مهم، 87 عبارت و 15 تم‌‌‌معنی به عنوان مؤلفه‌های ‌اصلی معنا بخش خانه‌های بومی موکریان شناسایی و تدوین گردید. با یکپارچه کردن، مقایسه، و تعمق پیرامون معیار‌های به دست آمده، یک مقوله ‌هسته تحت‌عنوان "خانه موکریان‌:‌ بازنمون‌ خویشتن، تجلی‌ حس ‌بودن و تبیین ‌هستی ‌انسان" به‌عنوان معنای حقیقی خاص خانه‌های ‌منطقه‌ موکریان ایران انتخاب گردید. 1 The present study aims to qualitatively explore the meaning of the architecture of the native houses in the Mokrian region, Iran, from a phenomenological point of view. The ultimate goal is to catch a clear sight of that architecture so as to discover and reveal the semantics derived from the creation, development and essence of the houses. The approach of the study is phenomenology, and the data analysis is qualitative. It is conducted based on Max van Manen’s theory and the MST method. The researcher attended the study area, scrutinized the architecture of the houses, conducted open and deep interviews, and recorded the accounts given on personal life experiences, heard experiences, and characteristics of residence in that area. From the data obtained, important commentaries, 87 sentences and 15 themes were selected as the main defining features of the native houses in Mokrian. By integrating, comparing and pondering those features, a core title was developed to represent the true meaning of the houses. It read "Mokrian House Marks Self-Representation, Sense Manifestation, and Human Life Depiction”. 646 661 بایزید گلابی Bayezid Golabi دانشجوی دکترای معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران. ایران bayezid.golabi@gmail.com قادر بایزیدی Qader Bayzidi استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران. ایران q_bayzidi@iausdj.ac.ir ارسلان طهماسبی Arsalan Tahmasbi استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران. ایران arsalan_thmsb@yahoo.com جلیل سحابی Jalil Sahabi استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، واحد سنندج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سنندج، ایران. ایران jalil.sahabi@gmail.com خانه تجربه زیسته معنا پدیدار‌شناسی منطقه موکریان Abbaszadegan, Mostafa, Zekri, Abbas (2014), [The Meaning and Process of Understanding it in Architecture (in Persian)], City Identity, No. 18, pp. 5-12.##Barati, Naser (2003), [Recognition of the concept of home in Farsi and Iranian culture (in Persian)], Journal of the Academy of Arts, No 13, pp. 55-24.##Behzad‌far, Mostafa, Shakiba Manesh, Amir. (2014), [An Investigation of the Place Phenomenology Philosophy; an Analysis of David Simon’s Ideas in Relation to the Concept of a House as a Place (in Persian)], the City Identity, Vol 8, No 17, p. 14-14.##Bennett, J. (2010). VibrantMatter: A Political Ecology of Things, Durham,##Buttimer, A., & Seamon, D. (1980). The Human Experience of Space and Place, Croon Helm, London.##Castelles, Manuel. (1977), the Urban Question, Cambridge, the MIT Press.##Copermarkus, Clare (2003), [House, Symbol of Self (in Persian)], Translation of Ahad Aligholian, Journal of the Academy of Arts, Khiyal, No 5, pp. 84-119.##Coquelma‌Ness, Joseph (2002), [Hedger and Art (in Persian)], translation by Mohammad Jawad Safayan, Abadan, questions of the Academy of Arts.##Dovey, K. (1985), Home and homelessness In: Irwin, A and W. Carol (eds.) Home environments, Springer. 33-50.##Emami Sigarodi, Abdolhossein; Dehghan Nayeri, Nahid; Rahnavard, Zahra; Noorie Saeed, Ali ; )2012)[Methodology of Qualitative Research: Phenomenology(in Persian)], Journal of Holistic Nursing And Midwifery, 22, No. 68, pp. 56-63.##Flick, Eve. (2008), [On qualitative research (in Persian)], translation by Hadi Jalili, Tehran, Publishing.##Frederick C, B. (2014). [Navalis (In Persian)] Translation by Seyyed Mohammad Javad Seyedi, Ruzbehan Publishing, Tehran.##Groms, Algirdas Julien. (2010). [Defective meaning (in Persian)], translation by Hamid Reza Shaeeri. Tehran First Printing: Science Publishing.##Habib, Farah (2006), [Exploration in the meaning of the city (in Persian)], Publications of Fine Arts. No 25, pp. 5-14.##Heidegger, Martin (2007). [Being and Time (in Persian)], Translation by Siavash Jamadi, Tehran, Phoenix Publishing.##Heidegger, Martin. 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0 مدل‌یابی هنجار شکل‌یابی مسکن روستایی اقلیم سرد و کوهستانی استان اردبیل Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) of Norms in Rural House Formation in the Cold and Mountainous Province of Ardabil https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67947.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.250421.1214 0 هدف از این مقاله، بررسی نقش هنجارها بر شکل‌یابی مسکن روستایی در حوزه اقلیمی سرد و کوهستانی استان اردبیل در قالب مدل علی است. بعد از شناسایی سکونتگاه‌هایی روستایی با ارتفاع بین 1500 تا 2150 متر از سطح دریا در حوزه سرد و کوهستانی استان، با استفاده از فرمول کلاین، تعداد 270 نفر پرسشگر در بین 27 روستای جامعه هدف محاسبه و به شیوه هدف‌دار انتخاب گردید.  از هر 27 روستای نمونه، 10 نفر انتخاب گردید تا به 50 سؤال پرسشنامه مربوط به دیدگاه ساکنین در شکل‌یابی مسکن پاسخ دهند. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع علی- همبستگی بوده که به صورت پیمایشی انجام می‌گیرد. همچنین میزان پایایی این ابزار با استفاده از روش آلفای کرونباخ، 905/0 =α به دست آمده است. با استفاده از روش تحلیل مسیر و رگرسیون و تعیین اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم متغیرها بر هنجارهای شکل‌یابی مسکن روستایی موردبررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد که متغیرهای هم‌شکلی (تشابه) در برپایی مسکن و جغرافیایی/اقلیمی به‌عنوان عامل‌های مستقل به‌طور مستقیم و متغیرهای اقتصادی/معیشتی، هنجار مقیاس و تناسبات و فرهنگی/سنتی به‌طور غیرمستقیم و به‌عنوان عامل‌های میانجی بر هنجار شکل‌یابی مسکن روستایی اقلیم سرد و کوهستانی استان اردبیل تأثیر دارند. بالاترین متغیرهای پیش‌بین‌ کننده هنجار شکل‌یابی مسکن روستایی را اقتصادی/معیشتی، مقیاس/تناسبات و هم‌شکلی (تشابه) در برپایی مسکن معرفی کرده است. بالاترین مقدار تأثیر مربوط به مؤلفه اقتصادی/معیشتی است که مقدار آن 405/0 است و متغیر بعدی، مقیاس و تناسبات است که مقدار آن 373/0 است و سپس متغیر هم‌شکلی (تشابه) در برپایی مسکن با ضریب 320/0 است. ضمن اینکه همبستگی متغیر فرهنگی/سنتی با هنجار شکل‌یابی مسکن روستایی معنی‌دار نشده است. 1 The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of norms in the formation of rural houses in the cold and mountainous zones of Ardabil province. Rural settlements with the height of 1500 to 2150 meters above sea level in the cold and mountainous zones of the province were selected through random cluster sampling. The settlements were located in 176 villages 85 of which had a population of over 200 people. Finally, 27 villages were selected as the study sample, 10 residents in each and totally 270 selected in a targeted manner. The research method was of a causal-correlation type conducted to survey and examine the villagers' view of the norms. The participants answered 50 questions on a questionnaire to express their opinions on housing in their villages. The reliability of the questionnaire was found to be approximately α = 0.905. Path analysis and regression analysis were done, and the direct and indirect effects of the variables on the norms of rural house formation were identified. The findings of the study showed that the coherent variables of housing and climate norms, as independent factors, have directly affected the way the houses are formed. Also, economic considerations, scales and proportions, and traditional norms, as intermediary factors, have affected rural housing formation. The study of the effects of these variables on the norms of rural housing formation showed that the proposed model is capable of explaining these norms. The strongest predictor of the rural housing formation norms proved to be economy, scale and proportion, and structural similarity in house construction. 662 675 حسن فریدون زاده Hassan Feridonzadeh دانشجوی دکتری معماری، پژوهشکده هنر، معماری و شهرسازی نظر تهران، ایران. ایران h.feridonzadeh@gmail.com محسن سرتیپی پور Mohsen Saripi pour استاد دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی،تهران، ایران. ایران m-sartipi@sbu.ac.ir بهرام صالح صدقپور Bahram saleh sedgh pour دانشیار دانشکده علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی، تهران، ایران. ایران bahramsaleh@gmail.com ناصر براتی Naser Barati دانشیار دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی قزوین، قزوین، ایران. ایران naser.barati2012@yahoo.com هنجار شکل‌یابی مسکن اقلیم سرد و کوهستانی اردبیل روستا Abdullahi, D., (2013). [Architectural Relationship of Urban Residential Complexes with Social Capital of Residents, A Case Study of Urban Complexes in Ardabil (Persian)]. 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0 نگرش روستاییان نسبت به مصرف‏ محصولات تولیدی با پساب تصفیه شده (مورد: شهرستان خرم‏ آباد) Attitudes of Villagers in Khorramabad County Toward Consumption of Farming Products Irrigated with Purified Wastewater https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67942.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.243127.1173 0 لزوم توجه به مدیریت پایدار منابع آب موجود و به‏ویژه استفاده از آب‏ های نامتعارف در بخش کشاورزی، ضرورتی است که مورد توافق همه برنامه‏ ریزان مدیریت منابع آب قرار گرفته است. هدف از انجام پژوهش کاربردی حاضر بررسی نگرش روستاییان نسبت به مصرف‏ محصولات تولیدی با پساب تصفیه شده و عوامل مؤثر بر آن است. جامعه آماری روستاییان مصرف‌کننده محصولات تولیدی با پساب تصفیه شده در شهرستان خرم‏ آباد بودند (1601=N). حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 200 نفر برآورد شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‏ ها پرسشنامه بوده که روایی و پایایی آن به ترتیب، به روش اعتبار محتوایی و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (751/0) مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‏ ها با نرم‏ افزار SPSS انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که رابطه مثبت و معناداری در سطح یک درصد بین نگرش روستاییان نسبت به مصرف‏ محصولات تولیدی با پساب تصفیه شده با متغیرهای آگاهی روستاییان از فرآیند تصفیه‏ پساب، میزان اعتماد به سیستم تصفیه پساب، تمایل به استفاده از این گونه محصولات، میزان اعتماد به سالم بودن محصولات تولیدی با پساب تصفیه شده، ارزیابی روستاییان از کیفیت و بوی این محصولات وجود دارد. 1 In water resource planning, due attention should be paid to the sustainable management of water resources and the use of unconventional water in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the factors affecting the attitudes of villagers toward consuming products irrigated with purified wastewater. The statistical population consisted of the villagers who consumed this type of products in Khorramabad County (N = 1601). The sample size determined by Cochran's formula was 200 people. The data were collected with a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed respectively by the content validity method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.751). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software. As the results showed, there was a positive and significant relationship between the attitudes of the villagers and such variables as their awareness of the wastewater purification process and its use in the agricultural sector, the level of trust in the wastewater purification system, the tendency to use the products irrigated with purified wastewater, the level of trust in the healthiness of those products, the villagers’ evaluation of the quality and the smell of the products and the monthly cost of households. 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0 ارزیابی توان اکولوژیکی برای تعیین کاربری زراعت در شهرستان قلعه‌گنج Assessment of Ecological Power to Determine the Land Use in Agriculture: A case study of Qaleh Ganj County https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_68563.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.253764.1226 0 دستیابی به توسعه پایدار و استفاده بهینه و کارا از منابع، در گرو شناخت جامع و دقیق از امکانات، توان‌ها و محدودیت‌هایی است که در رسیدن به وضع مطلوب با آن مواجهیم. توسعه و حفظ توان اکولوژیک نیز زمانی محقق خواهد شد که از سرزمین به تناسب قابلیت‌ها و توانمندی‌های آن استفاده گردد. در شهرستان قلعه گنج با مساحت حدود 10440 کیلومترمربع، از استان کرمان شرایط متفاوت محیطی با توان محیطی متفاوت برای زراعت وجود دارد. این پژوهش به بررسی و ارزیابی توان‌های محیطی برای تعیین توان زراعت منطقه پرداخته است. هدف اصلی، تعیین مکان مناسب برای توسعه زراعت است که بیشترین بازده تولیدی را در حال حاضر و در بلندمدت به دنبال داشته باشد. فرآیند ارزیابی توان اکولوژیکی در پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش ارزیابی چند متغیره(MCE) صورت گرفت که پس از تعیین کاربری، معیارهای متناسب با هر کاربری با استفاده از مدل‌های ارزیابی مخدوم برای کاربری‌های کلان و نیز نظرات کارشناسی انتخاب گردید که این معیارها به دو دسته فاکتور و محدودیت تقسیم شده است. پس از آن استاندارسازی نقشه‌ها بر اساس دو منطق فازی و بولین صورت گرفت و پس از آن وزن دهی به فاکتورها با استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) انجام گردید. خروجی ترکیب وزنی داده شده شایستگی برای مکان‌یابی هر کاربری است که در این مطالعه با استفاده از این روش محدوده‌های مناسب و با توان بالا برای زراعت در شهرستان قلعه گنج به مساحت 89/34615 هکتار پیشنهاد گردید. نرم‌افزارهای استفاده شده در این مطالعه Expert Choic و Idrisi Selva است. 1 Achieving sustainable development and using resources effectively and efficiently depends on a thorough and accurate knowledge of the available facilities and capabilities as well as the limitations that deter desirable situations. Development and maintenance of ecological power occurs when the land is used in proportion to its capabilities. In QalehGanj County, situated in Kerman province and with an area of about 10440 km2, people experience different environmental conditions with different environmental potentials for agriculture. In this research, environmental power was investigated as a way of determining the agricultural capability of the region. The main goal was to specify a proper location for agriculture development, which would, in turn, bring about the most productive output both at the present time and in the long run. The process of ecological capability evaluation in the present study was conducted using a multivariate evaluation (MCE) method. Once the specific usages were defined, appropriate metrics for each use were selected using Moodood's evaluation models for macro applications and expert opinions. These criteria were divided into two categories, factor and limit. After that, the standardization of the maps was done based on two fuzzy and Boolean logics. Also, weighing the factors was done using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The output of the weighted combinations would be indicative of the competence for locating each user. Applying this method, appropriate areas with high ecological power for agriculture (with an area of 34615.89 hectares) were recommended in QalehGanj County. The Expert Choice and IdrisiSelva software programs were applied in this study. 690 707 احمد حاج علیزاده Ahmad Haj Alizadeh استادیار، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد گرمی، اردبیل، ایران. ایران ahmad.hajalizadeh1353@gmail.com مسعود حیدروند Masoud Heydarvand دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران heydarvand.masoud@gmail.com مرضیه سیرمی راد Marziyeh Siramirad کارشناسی ارشد مسائل اقتصادی- اجتماعی جنگل، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرج، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران m.siramirad@gmail.com ارزیابی توان اکولوژیکی کاربری زراعت ارزیابی چند متغیره مکان‌یابی شهرستان قلعه گنج Abdolamir, K. (2003). Using weighted linear combination model (WLC) in the case of landslides zoning district in Sarkhvn region, the province of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari, Journal of Geography and Development, (7), 146-131.##Abdoos, M., & Mozayeni, N. (2005). 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