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0 مفهوم‌پردازی چالش‌های کسب‌وکارهای خانگی در روستاهای استان کرمانشاه Conceptualization of the Challenges in Home-based Businesses in the Villages of Kermanshah Province https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71823.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.276528.1333 0 هر فعالیت اقتصادی که در محل سکونت افراد و با بکارگیری امکانات خانه راه‌اندازی گردد، به نحوی که منجر به ایجاد جریان درآمدی شود، کسب‌وکار خانگی نام دارد. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر به مفهوم‌پردازی چالش‌های کسب‌وکارهای خانگی در روستاهای استان کرمانشاه پرداخته است. این پژوهش بر اساس روش کیفی «نظریه داده بنیاد» از طریق نمونه‌گیری قضاوتی و گلوله‌ برفی و مصاحبه عمیق نیمه‌ساختارمند با 19 نفر از فعالان حوزه کسب‌وکار خانگی، خبرگان حوزه‌های مختلف دولتی، دانشگاهی و بخش خصوصی انجام شده است. قابلیت اعتبار مصاحبه‌ها با روش‌های مثلث‌سازی و خودبازبینی پژوهشگران تأیید شد. به جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از رهیافت نظام‌مند و کدگذاری سه مرحله‌ای باز، محوری و انتخابی استفاده گردید. به‌اختصار، نتایج حاصل از یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان داد که چالش‌های کسب‌وکارهای خانگی در روستاهای استان کرمانشاه، متأثر از عوامل گوناگونی است که در شرایط علّی، مداخله‌ای و زمینه‌ای قابل طبقه‌بندی‌ بوده و پیامدهای مختلف شامل بی‌انگیزگی فعالان، ایجاد مانع روانی برای تازه واردین، افزایش مهاجرت از شهر به روستا و کاهش توان رقابتی کسب‌وکارها نیز برای آن قابل طرح هستند. 1 Every income-generating business set up at home and done by means of the tools and facilities at hand is referred to as a home-based business. The present research was conducted to determine the challenges of home-based businesses in the villages of Kermanshah Province. The research is based on the qualitative method of "Grounded Theory", judgment and snowball sampling procedure, and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 activists in home-based businesses as well as experts from various fields of government, academia and the private sector. The validity of interviews was confirmed by triangulation and researcher’s review methods. For the data analysis, a systematic approach and a three-step open, axial, and selective coding technique were used. The results of the study showed that the development of home-based businesses in the study area is faced with various challenges that can be categorized into causative, interfering and contextual types. The major consequences of these challenging conditions include demotivation of activists, creation of psychological barriers for newcomers, increase in rural-urban- migration, and reduction in business competitiveness. 172 185 صبا امیری Saba Amiri مفهوم‌پردازی چالش‌های کسب‌وکارهای خانگی در روستاهای استان کرمانشاه ایران amiri.saba00@yahoo.com نادر نادری Nader Naderi دکتری مدیریت آموزشی، استادیار گروه مدیریت و کارآفرینی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران naderi_ksh@yahoo.com یوسف محمدی فر Yosef Yousef Mohammadi far دکتری مدیریت بازرگانی، استادیار گروه مدیریت و کارآفرینی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران yosefmohamadifar@gmail.com مفهوم‌پردازی چالش کسب‌وکار خانگی روستا نظریه داده بنیاد Alvani, M. (2016). The Future of Work; Public Management. 52nd Edition. Tehran: Ney Publishing.##Bouzarjomehri, K. H., Eslamfard, F. (2017). Reviewing the Barriers and Problems of Rural Indigenous Industries Development; the Study of Carpet and Gabbeh in Zarrin Dasht County. Rural Research 8 (2): 194-207.##Charmaz, K. (2000). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In Denzin, N.K., and Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.) Handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage.##Corbin, J., Strauss, A. (2014). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Sage publications.##Entezarian, N., Tahmasebi, T. (2011). Barriers and Solutions for the Development of Home Business in Iran. Work and community 127: 78-98.##Fong A., Ching, C. S., Yip, K., Chan, J. (2001). Working in home: A Guidebook for Working Women and Homemakers. Corpcom Services Sdn. Bhd Publication: Singapore.##Galloway, L. Kapasi, I., (2014). Rural home-based businesses and their contribution to rural lives: An exploratory study. Research Report, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.##Glaser, B. G. (1992). Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs forcing. Mill Valley: Sociology Press.##Hatch, M. J. (2007). Organization theory. Translation by Hassan Danaeefard Tehran: Afkar Publication.##Holmes S., Smith S. H., Cane G. (1997). Gender issues in home based business operation and training: an Australian overview. Women in Management Review 12 (2): 68–73.##Institute of Economic Science (2016). Validation and Pathology of Organizing and Supporting Home Jobs. Labor and Social Security Institute.##Mason, C., Reuschke, D. (2015). Home Truths: The true value of home-based businesses. A report for FSB Scotland. February 2015.##Mavalizadeh, M. (2011). The plan to organize and support home based businesses, the platform for employment development. The First National Conference on the Development of Home Based Business, Challenges and Solutions. Tehran: 171-180.##Mehr, M. (2012). Home based business: Benefits and Challenges. 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Home-Based Business: An Economic Development Alternative, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets, from http://osufacts.okstate.edu##Najafi, B., Safa, L. (2015). Entrepreneurial home based Businesses and Their Obstacles and their Development Challenges in Rural Areas. Agricultural Entrepreneurship 1 (2): 61-73.##Najafi, A., Ghasemkhani, G. H. (2011). A review of the current business models of the home and provide a suitable model for Iran. The First National Conference on the Development of Home Based Business, Challenges and Solutions. Tehran.##Online Economy (2018). 10% share of household jobs from gross domestic product. News Code: 236032. 7 December 2018. Available in: https://www.eghtesadonline.com.##Online Economy (2019). Details of the three-year home business profile. News Code: 340818. 9 March 2019. Available in: https://www.eghtesadonline.com.##Rezaee, R., Najafi, B. (2016). Barriers to launching and expanding household businesses in rural areas of Urmia. 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0 تحلیل اثرات دوگانگی جغرافیایی بازار کار در مناطق روستایی (موردمطالعه: شهرستان هرسین) Analysis of the Impact of the Geographical Labor Market Dichotomy in Rural Regions: A Case Study of Harsin County https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71809.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.237930.1140 0 پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل اثرات دوگانگی جغرافیایی بازار کار در مناطق روستایی شهرستان هرسین و با بهره‌گیری از پارادایم کیفی انجام شد. تحلیل محتوای داده‌های گردآوری‌شده از طریق مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختارمند با 20 نفر از افرادی که از بازار کار اولیه به بازار کار ثانویه منتقل شده بودند، نشان داد که مشکلات جسمی و روحی، کاهش آزادی فردی، مشکلات رفاهی و مالی، مشکلات خانوادگی، مهاجرت و رها شدن امور روستا، تحلیل رفتار و فرهنگ اجتماعی، کاهش ارتباطات اجتماعی، مشکلات شخصی و خانوادگی، مشکلات مالی و کمبود پس‌انداز و مشکلات حفاظتی از چالش‌های دوگانگی جغرافیایی بازار کار در شهرستان هرسین به شمار می‌روند. این در حالی است که دوگانگی جغرافیایی بازار کار در منطقه موردمطالعه آثار و پیامدهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و فردی مثبتی را نیز به دنبال داشته است. 1 The main purpose of this study was to analysis the impact of geographic labor market dichotomy on rural regions in Harsin County by using a qualitative research method. Content analysis was performed through a descriptive-analytical technique. The data were gathered by semi-structured interviews with 20 key participators that had transferred from a primary labor market to a secondary labor market. It was shown that; physical and psychological problems, reduction of individual freedom, welfare and financial problems, family problems, migration and going away from rural affairs, behavioral and social culture degradation, reduction of social communication, personal and domestic problems, financial problems, lack of saving, and security problems are the main challenges posed by the geographical dichotomy of the labor market in the county of Harsin. However, the geographical dichotomy of the labor market in the study area has positive economic, social, cultural and individual impacts too. 186 199 مجید غلامی Majid Gholami کارشناس ارشد، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران m.gholami1358@yahoo.com فرحناز رستمی Farahnaz Rostami استادیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران fr304@yahoo.com دوگانگی جغرافیایی بازار کار اولیه بازار کار ثانویه شهرستان هرسین Asayesh, H. (1996). Rural Planning Principles and Methods. Tehran: Message Noor. National Divisions Database, Revised August 1395, Official Website of the Ministry of Interior of Iran.##Faraji Sabokbar, H. (2013). Analysis of spatial differences of activity (employment and unemployment) in rural areas of Iran. Quarterly Journal of Rural Space and Rural Development, 2 (6): 24-3.##Fuest, C., Thum, M. (2000). Welfare effects of immigration in a dual labor market. 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0 سنجش مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی شرکت‌های کارآفرینی کشاورزی در مناطق روستایی (موردمطالعه: دهستان‌های شهرستان‌های کاشمر و بردسکن و خلیل‌آباد) Measuring the Social Responsibility of Agricultural Entrepreneurship Corporations in Rural Areas: A Case Study of the Villages of Kashmar, Bardsakan and Khalil Abad https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71816.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.270334.1303 0 مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی ابزاری است برای بحث تعهداتی که یک شرکت باید نسبت به جامعه خود داشته باشد. در این راستا پژوهش حاضر سنجش مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی شرکت‌هایی که در زمینه کشاورزی کارآفرین محسوب می‌شوند در 6 بعد اقتصادی، اخلاقی، اجتماعی، زیست‌محیطی، قانونی و بشردوستانه را مدنظر قرار داده است. روش تحقیق در این مطالعه توصیفی و تحلیلی است که با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی از 10 شرکت کارآفرینی روستایی که در زمینه کشاورزی، در شهرستان‌های کاشمر و بردسکن و خلیل‌آباد فعالیت دارند اطلاعات گردآوری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS، Expert Choice و مدل ویکور فازی مورد تحلیل قرارگرفته است. نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که بین اکثر شاخص‌های مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی شرکت‌های موردمطالعه همبستگی زیادی وجود دارد و همچنین در بین شرکت‌های کارآفرینی موردنظر، دو شرکت فخر ترشیز با Q به‌دست‌آمده 256/0 و شرکت کشت و صنعت پیشرو صالح کاشمر با Q به‌دست‌آمده 078/0 با تمهیدات خاصی که در بحث اشتغال‌زایی، استاندارد و کیفیت محصول، بسته‌بندی مناسب، بازاریابی دقیق، نگاه زیست‌محیطی، انجام داده‌اند بالاترین رتبه‌ها و شرکت تعاونی خشکبار ارمغان بردسکن با Q به‌دست‌آمده 1، شرکت فرآورده‌های غذایی نگین یاقوت توس با Q به‌دست‌آمده 700/0 پایین‌ترین رتبه‌ها خود اختصاص داده‌اند. 1 Social responsibility is a tool for discussing the obligations that a company must fulfil for its society. In this regard, the present study evaluates the social responsibility of entrepreneurship companies from economic, ethical, social, environmental, legal and humanitarian points of view. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The data were collected from 10 rural entrepreneurship companies in the villages of Kashmar, Bardaskan and Khalil Abad using library studies, the SPSS software and the Fuzzy Vikor model. The results of the research indicated strong correlations among the majority of the social responsibility indicators of the studied companies. Of the companies involved in the entrepreneurship, Armaghan cooperative company with Q = 1, and Negin Yaghoot Food Products Company with Q = 0/7 scored the lowest ranks, but Fakhr Tarshiz with Q = 0.256 and the leading cultivating company of Saleh Kashmar with Q = 0.078 obtained the highest ranks. 200 213 حمدالله سجاسی قیداری Hamdollah Sojasi Gheidari استادیار، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران ssojasi@yahoo.com حمید شایان Hamid Shayan استاد، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران shayan34@yahoo.com علی واعظ طبسی Ali Vaez Tabasi دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران ali.vaeztabasi@mail.um.ac.ir شرکت‌های کارآفرینی کشاورزی کارآفرینی روستایی مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی ویکور فازی Akbari, M, and Faham, E (2016). 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0 واکاوی نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در بهبود تاب‌آوری خانوارهای روستایی در شرایط خشکسالی در شهرستان دیواندره Analysis of the Role of Social Capital to Improve the Resilience of Rural Households in Drought Conditions in the County of Divandarreh https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67951.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.256365.1247 0 هدف کلی این پژوهش، واکاوی نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در بهبود تاب‌آوری خانوارهای روستایی در شرایط خشکسالی بود. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل سرپرست خانوارهای‏ روستایی کشاورزان کوچک‌مقیاس در روستاهای شهرستان دیواندره بود (N=10099). با استفاده از فرمول نمونه‌گیری کوکران حجم نمونه 184 نفر به دست آمد که برای افزایش اعتبار یافته‏ها، تعداد 200 پرسشنامه بین اعضای جامعه آماری توزیع گردید که درنهایت 195 پرسشنامه تکمیل و عودت داده شد. روش نمونه‏گیری، تصادفی طبقه‏ای (بخش‌های مختلف به‌عنوان طبقه در نظر گرفته شد) با انتساب متناسب بود. ابزار اصلی تحقیق پرسشنامه‌ای بود که روایی آن توسط پانل متخصصان و پایایی آن توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد (α>0.7). تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‏ها با ‏استفاده از نرم‏افزار SPSSwin18 و Lisrel8.54 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که خانوارهای موردمطالعه ازنظر وضعیت سرمایه اجتماعی در وضعیت مطلوبی قرار دارند اما ازنظر وضعیت تاب‌آوری در وضعیت مناسبی نیستند. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد که بین تمامی ابعاد سرمایه اجتماعی (اعتماد اجتماعی، مشارکت و اقدام جمعی، انسجام اجتماعی و عضویت در گروه‌ها) خانوارهای موردمطالعه و تاب‌آوری آنان رابطه مثبت و معنی‏داری وجود دارد. علاوه بر این، نتایج مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری پژوهش نشان داد که ابعاد سرمایه اجتماعی با ضریب تبیین 81 درصد ( 90/γ=0 , 81/t=17) اثر مثبت و معنی‏داری بر تاب‌آوری خانوارهای موردبررسی دارد. 1 The main purpose of this study was to analyze the role of social capital to improve the resilience of rural households in drought conditions. The statistical population of this study included all of the headmen in small-scale farming households of the county of Divandarreh (N = 10099) in Kurdistan Province. Using Cochran's sampling formula, 184 people were selected as the sample, but, to increase the credibility of the findings, 200 people were selected. A questionnaire was distributed among them. Totally, 195 questionnaires were completed and analyzed. The sampling was done by the stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. The main data collection tool of the research was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. Its reliability was also confirmed by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α> 0.7). The data analysis was done by the SPSS version 18 and the Lisre l8.54 software programs. The results showed that the studied households are in a favorable situation in terms of social capital status, but they are not in a good condition in terms of resilience. The correlational analysis indicated positive and significant relationships between all the dimensions of the studied households’ social capital (i.e. social trust, participation and collective action, social cohesion and membership in groups) and their resilience. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimensions of social capital with the determining coefficient of 0.81 (γ = 0.90, t = 17.81) had positive and significant effects on the resilience of the households. 214 229 مسلم سواری Moslem Savari استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران. ایران moslem_savari@yahoo.com عباس عبدشاهی Abas Abdeshahi دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران. ایران abbasabdoshahi@yahoo.com سرمایه اجتماعی تاب‌آوری مخاطرات طبیعی خشکسالی شهرستان دیواندره Agricultural Jihad Organization (2017). 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0 تحلیل تاب‌آوری کشاورزان در برابر خشکسالی با تأکید بر عوامل اقتصادی و سرمایه اجتماعی در نواحی روستایی (موردمطالعه: دهستان رونیز، شهرستان استهبان) Farmers’ Resilience Against Drought with an Emphasis on Economic Factors and Social Capital in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Roniz in Estahban County https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67931.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.230885.1090 0 تاب‌آوری رویکردی مثبت به مقوله خشکسالی است که در سال‌های اخیر بیشتر به‌جای آسیب‌پذیری در مطالعات مدیریت بلایای طبیعی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. هدف مقاله حاضر تحلیل وضعیت تاب‌آوری کشاورزان ساکن در دهستان رونیز (شهرستان استهبان) و شناسایی عوامل موثر بر میزان تاب‌آوری آنان است که در سال‌های اخیر در برابر این مخاطره قرار گرفته‌اند. تحقیق حاضر از نوع هدف کاربردی و روش انجام آن توصیفی تحلیلی است. اطلاعات و داده های مورد نیاز در این پژوهش بر مبنای دو روش اسنادی و میدانی (پرسشنامه) جمع‌آوری شده است. واحد تحلیل پژوهش، کشاورزان ساکن در محدوده مورد مطالعه هستند که با استفاده از روش کوکران تعداد 230 کشاورز به‌عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شده‌اند. همچنین داده‌های گردآوری شده با استفاده از آزمون‌های آماری T تک نمونه‌ای، روش رگرسیون و ضریب همبستگی تجزیه - تحلیل شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که در فرآیند تاب‌آوری کشاورزان سرپرست خانوار از بین دو عامل کلیدی سرمایه اجتماعی و اقتصادی، عوامل اقتصادی تأثیر بیشتری در میزان تاب‌آوری در برابر خشکسالی دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان از آن دارد که سرمایه اجتماعی بالاتر به تاب‌آوری قوی تر در برابر خشکسالی منجر می شود. 1 Resilience is a positive approach to the issue of drought. In recent years, this term has been used mainly instead of vulnerability in natural disasters management studies. The present research aims at the status of farmers’ resilience in Roniz rural district, Estahban County, and the factors affecting it during years of drought. The study is an applied type conducted through a descriptive-analytical method. The required data were collected using library and field (questionnaire) procedures. The study sample consisted of 230 farmers selected through the Cochran method. The data were analyzed using one-sample t-test as well as regression and correlation coefficient analytic techniques. As the results showed, of the two parameters in focus, namely social capital and a set of economic factors, the latter has a greater effect on farmers’ resilience and, therefore, their survival against natural disasters particularly drought. The results also suggest that the more social capital, the more resilience can be expected against drought. 230 243 سعید رضا اکبریان Saeed Reza Akbarian ronizi دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران. ایران sr_akbarian@yahoo.com مهدی رمضان زاده لسبویی Mehdi Ramezanzadeh Lasboyee دانشیار گروه جهانگردی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران. ایران mehdi_ra_1361@yahoo.com بلایای طبیعی مخاطرات خشکسالی تاب‌آوری دهستان رونیز Babakhani, F., Yazdannasab, M., & Nouri, M. (2013). Important influential factors on people’s tendency for voluntary participation during crisis. Journal of Emergency Management, 2(2), 5-13.##Backeberg, G. R., & Viljoen, M. F. (2003). Drought management in South Africa. In a workshop of the ICID Working Group on Irrigation under Drought and Water Scarcity, Tehran, Iran (pp. 13-14).##Badri, S. 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0 ارزیابی آسیب‌پذیری سکونتگاه‌های روستایی در مقابل مخاطرات محیطی (مورد‌مطالعه: شهرستان‌های بیرجند و خوسف) Evaluation of the Vulnerability of Rural Settlements Against Environmental Hazards: A Case Study of Birjand and Khosf https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_70089.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.264124.1277 0 رفتار مخاطرات طبیعی در طی زمان منجر به تخریب بنیان‌های طبیعی و انسان‌ساخت نقاط روستایی می‌گردد. تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات و ارتباط آن با محیط انسان‌ساخت می‌تواند درک فضایی ما را نسبت به روابط فضایی تبیین کند.  شهرستان‌های بیرجند و خوسف یکی از مناطق ناپایدار جمعیتی طی دو دهه اخیر بوده‌اند. مخاطرات محیطی مانند خشکسالی، بحران آب و ریزگردها پیشران ناپایداری این روستاها شده و  باعث تخلیه جمعیت روستایی در این منطقه گشته‌اند. این پژوهش با رویکردی کاربردی به ارزیابی مخاطرات محیطی محدوده موردمطالعه پرداخته و نقش آن‌ها را در ناپایداری روستاهای منطقه بررسی نموده است. برای انجام این پژوهش نخست به ایجاد پایگاه داده‌ای مهم‌ترین مخاطرات محیطی (خشکسالی، زلزله، یخبندان، گردوغبار، شوری و سختی آب) در محیط جی.آی.اس صورت گرفت و با استفاده از روش‌های وزن دهی فازی نقشه نهایی مخاطرات محدوده تهیه و نقاط داغ و سرد آن شناسایی و الگوهای خطر آشکار شد. سپس پایگاه جمعیتی 540 روستای منطقه برای شش دوره سرشماری (1395-1355) با استفاده از نظرسنجی درباره شدت، فراوانی مخاطرات و میزان تاب‌آوری روستایی با تهیه پرسشنامه تخصصی ویژگی‌های مخاطرات محیطی منطقه واکاوی گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که 250 روستا دارای رشد جمعیتی صفر و منفی می‌باشند. مناطق جنوبی و شمالی منطقه دارای شدت آسیب‌پذیری بالایی هستند. همچنین 47 درصد از منطقه در پهنه خطرپذیری شدید قرار دارند که مشتمل بر67 سکونتگاه است در این پهنه واقع گردیده‌اند. 1 Natural hazards over time lead to the destruction of natural and human infrastructures in rural areas. The spatial analysis of hazards and their relation to the man-made environment can explain our perception of space in spatial relationships. This research first seeks to discover the natural hazards in the study area and then identify the villages that are unstable in the face of natural disasters. The study was carried out in two steps. First, a database was created of the most important environmental hazards (i.e. drought, earthquake, frost, dust, salinity and water hardness) in the GIS environment. Through the fuzzy weighing method, the final map of the hazards in the area was plotted, its hot and cold spots were identified, and the risk patterns were detected. Then, the population base of 540 villages in the region was analyzed for six census periods (1977-1987-1997-2007-2012-2017). This was done by collecting data on the severity, frequency of hazards and the level of rural resilience. The data collection tool was a specific questionnaire on the environmental hazards of the region. The results show that 250 villages have a zero or negative population growth. The southern and northern regions are severely vulnerable. Also, through a combination of the hazard sets, 47% of the area was found to be in a high-risk zone, which includes 67 villages. 244 257 جواد میکانیکی Javad Mikaniniki دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. ایران مرتضی اسمعیل نژاد Moretza Esmaeilnezhad دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. ایران محمد اکبرپور Mohammad Akbarpour استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. ایران makbarpour1983@yahoo.com ناپایداری تحلیل فضایی مخاطرات آسیب‌پذیری خوسف و بیرجند Asgari, Ali (2011), Analyze of Spatial Planning with ARCGIS, Organization of IT Municipally Tehran Publications.##Benson, C. 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(2017) Instability of rural settlements with the effect of natural factor Case Study: Damavand County villages, Natural Geography Quarterly, 10(73), pp105-124.##Ludwing, F., Scheltinga, C., Verhangen, J., Kruit, B., Van Ierland, E., Dellink, R., Bruin, K., De Bruin., K.,  and Kabat, P. (2007) Climate change impacts on development countries-EU accountability.Ip-04.##Mitchell, A., (2005)The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2. ESRI Press.##Mohammadi,Sadi,Rostami,Shahbakht,Chaleshi,Mostafa,Soltanimoghadas,Reyhaneh,(2016), The role of natural factors in the instability of rural settlements in the mountainous region and Zagros mountains Case study: Marivan and Saravabad villages, geography and development,3(45),pp133-158.##Okuyama, Y., and Sahin, S., (2009) Impact estimate of disaster, A global aggregate for 1960 to 2007.##Pelling, M., A Ozerdem and Barakat, S., (2002) the macro-economic of Disasters. 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0 تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر مشارکت روستاییان دربرنامه‌های توسعه روستایی با نقش میانجی اثرات ادراک شده ازبرنامه‌ها و طرح‌ها The Impact of Social Capital on the Participation of Villagers in Rural Development Programs with the Mediating Role of the Perceived Effects of Plans and Projects https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71820.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.276097.1331 0 توجه به مقوله سرمایه اجتماعی در مدیریت منابع محیطی توسط مردم و مشارکت در برنامه‌های مختلف توسعه به‌مثابه یکی از عناصر مهم مدیریت و توسعه روستایی است؛ که در رفع مشکلات اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی و توزیع بهینه خدمات و امکانات، به‌منظور افزایش رفاه و آسایش روستاییان مؤثر است. بااین‌وجود، اهمیت و جایگاه سرمایه اجتماعی و مشارکت روستاییان به‌درستی تشخیص داده نشده است. بدین ترتیب، ایفای نقش مردم و مشارکت آن‌ها در جهت تسریع فرآیند توسعه آن‌چنان‌که باید موردتوجه قرار نگرفته است. بر این شالوده، این پژوهش رابطه بین بهبود سرمایه اجتماعی روستاییان و مشارکت آن‌ها در برنامه‌های توسعه روستایی با نقش میانجی اثرات محیطی ـ اکولوژیک، فیزیکی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی ادراک‌شده از اجرای برنامه‌ها و طرح‌ها توسط روستاییان در روستاهای استان تهران را آشکار می‌سازد. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر که به روش توصیفی ـ پیمایشی و مبتنی بر ابزار پرسشنامه در 400 خانوار نمونه و در 33 روستای نمونه انجام شد، بیانگر تأثیر مثبت سرمایه اجتماعی بر مشارکت روستاییان در برنامه‌های توسعه روستایی است؛ به سخن دیگر با بهبود آگاهی اجتماعی، اعتماد اجتماعی و شبکه‌های اجتماعی نسبت به اجرای برنامه‌ها و طرح‌های اجتماعی ـ اقتصادی توسط مدیریت محلی، مشارکت روستاییان در اجرای طرح‌ها و شراکت در فعالیت‌های اجتماعی و سرمایه‌گذاری اقتصادی در روستاها افزایش یافته که درنتیجه موجب بهبود میانگین ابعاد توسعه پایدار روستایی شده است. 1 Paying attention to social capital in the management of environmental resources by people and participation in various development programs are the important elements of rural management and development. These elements can solve socioeconomic problems and optimally distribute services and facilities to increase welfare and comfort. However, the importance of social capital and participation of villagers is not properly recognized. In this regard, the role of the people and their participation in accelerating development processes is not taken into consideration. This research aims at the relationship between the improvement of the social capital of villagers and their participation in sustainable rural development on one hand and the environmental, physical, economic and cultural mediating roles of villagers perceived through the implementation of programs and plans in Tehran Province. The study is of a descriptive-survey type conducted with a questionnaire as the data collection tool. The research sample consisted of 400 households in 33 villages. The results indicated the positive effect of social capital on villagers’ participation in rural development programs. In other words, through the improvement of social awareness, social trust and social networks in connection to the implementation of community-based programs and projects by local managers, it is possible to enhance the participation of villagers in projects, social activities, and investment in rural areas. This, in turn, leads to improved sustainable development of villages. 258 275 ناصر شفیعی ثابت Naser Shafie Sabet استادیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. ایران n_shafiei@sbu.ac.ir سوگند خاکسار Sogand Khaksar کارشناسی ارشد، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. ایران sogandkhak@yahoo.com برنامه‌های توسعه روستایی سرمایه اجتماعی اعتماد مشارکت روستاییان توسعه پایدار Azkia, M., and Firoozabadi, S.A. (2008). Investigation of Social capital in kind’s exploitation systems of land and effective factors on conversion peasant exploitation to cooperation. 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0 عمقی‌شدن کاربری زمین در بهره‌برداری‌های کشاورزی روستایی؛ مؤلفه‌ها و تعیین‌کننده‌ها Land use Intensification in Rural Farming Systems: Components and Determinants https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71824.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.276852.1335 0 عمقی‌سازی، به معنای افزایش بهره‌وری زمین و فزونی عملکرد در اثر کنش‌های انسانی است. باوجود چالش بالقوه ناپایداریِ کاربری زمین، عمقی‌سازی رویکرد اصلی توسعه کشاورزی و پاسخ به نیازهای فزاینده غذایی بشر و نیز سنجه‌ای برای تحلیل کارایی کشاورزی است. مطالعه حاضر به ارزیابی و تحلیل عمقی‌شدن کشت لوبیا در منطقه روستایی خرمدشت شهرستان خمین می‌پردازد. نمونه آماری، 183 بهره‌بردار لوبیاکار منطقه بوده و داده‌های موردنیاز با عملیات میدانی گردآوری شد. روایی ابزار گردآوری، محتوایی و پایایی آن با انجام مطالعه مقدماتی و آزمون‌های آماری، ارزیابی و تأیید شد. مقیاس‌سازی برای سنجش عمقی‌شدن، براساس مؤلفه‌های تخصصی شدن کشت، اندازه نسبی سطح بهره‌برداری، سطح بهره‌وری، ضریب مکانیزاسیون و فشردگی دوره آیش، با رویکرد تحلیل عاملی و ترکیب خطی وزنی نرمال انجام شد. بر اساس یافته‌ها، باوجود سطح بالای زیرکشت لوبیا در منطقه، میزان عمقی‌شدن در نزدیک به 98 درصد از بهره‌برداری‌ها کمتر از حد متوسط و تنها در بین 2/2 درصد از بهره‌برداران بیش‌ازحد متوسط بوده است. گرچه به لحاظ فنی و در مقایسه با بهره‌برداری‌های عمقی‌تر، امکان دستیابی به فشردگی بیشتر در آینده برای نظام‌های کمتر عمقی آسان‌تر است، اما عمقی‌شدن کمتر کاربری زمین لزوماً به معنی توسعه و افزایش معنی‌دار عملکرد در آینده نیست. در همین رابطه، تحلیل تفاوت‌های کاربری زمین بین سطوح مختلف عمقی‌شدن در رابطه با متغیرهای مختلف نشان داد درحالی‌که عمقی‌شدن به واگرایی شدید عملکرد و راندمان اقتصادی در بین بهره‌برداری‌های منطقه موردمطالعه انجامیده، ضعف سیاست‌گذاری و مدیریت کلان کشاورزی در این زمینه نیازمند درنگ و برنامه‌ریزی‌های سنجیده‌ای در آینده است. 1 Land use intensification refers to the increase of land productivity and yield through human activities. Despite the potential challenge of unsustainability, land use intensification is the main approach of de-veloping agriculture and meeting the increasing food demand. It also serves as a measure for the eval-uation of agricultural efficiency. This study is an attempt to evaluate and analyze the intensification of legume cultivation in Khorramdasht rural areas of Khomain County. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 183 stakeholders, and the data were gathered primarily via field work with a question-naire whose validity was confirmed formally and its reliability was statistically assessed with a pretest. Land use intensity, as the main variable, was quantitatively operationalized and measured based on a normalized weighted linear combination of the components, specialized cropping, proportioned mean farm area, productivity level, machinery coefficient and fallow period intensity. The relative weights were calculated through factor analysis followed by the normalization of the first component’s factor loadings. Despite the large area under legume cultivation, the results revealed that nearly 98 percent of the farms are intensified below the average level while only 2.2 percent are above it. The increment of land-use intensity is technically easier to achieve in systems that are currently at a low intensifica-tion levels, but low land-use intensities do not necessarily imply strong development and yield in-crease in the future. In this regard, the process of land use intensification has led to a marked diver-gence of the economic performance in the study area. At the same time, poor agricultural policies and management practices call for more attention and deliberate planning procedures in the future. 276 293 عباس امینی Abbas Amini دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران komsh1@yahoo.com عمقی شدن کاربری اراضی کشاورزی بهره‌برداری‌های روستایی کشت لوبیا خمین Amini, A. (2016). [Agricultural commercialization in rural farming systems and causal interpretation of its determinants using structural equation modeling and path analysis (Persian)]. Journal of Rural Research, 7(3), 546-563.##Andrade, J.F., Poggio, S.L., Ermacora, M. & Satorre, E.H., (2015). Productivity and resource use in intensified cropping systems in the Rolling Pampa, Argentina. European Journal of Agronomy, 67, 37–51.##Brookfield, H.C., (1993). Notes on the theory of land management. PLEC News and Views, 1, 28–32.##Dietrich, J.P., Schmitz, C., Müller, C., Fader, M., Lotze-Campen, H. & Popp, A., (2012). Measuring agricultural land-use intensity: a global analysis using a model-assisted approach. Ecological Modelling, 232, 109–118.##Ebrahimpour, M. (2004). Population and rural development in Iran (Doctoral dissertation). Tehran, Iran: UT Publishing.##Ebrahimpour, M. (2005). [Interrelationship of rural population changes and development components in Iran during the recent decades (Persian)]. Journal of humanities of Kharazmi University, 13(50-51), 89-122.## Ebrahimpour, M. (2006). [Interpretation of farm size and farming intensification relationship in Iran with emphasis on rural communities (Persian)]. Rusta Va Towsea, 9(1), 21-49.##Ghadiri, A. (2015). [6th development plan of Khomain legume reseach center (2016 - 2020) (Persian)]. Retrieved from http://markazi.areeo.ac.ir_markazi/Documents##Hall, A.J. & Richards, R.A., (2013). Prognosis for genetic improvement of yield potential and water- limited yield of major grain crops. 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0 تحلیل عوامل موثر بر تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی روستایی به باغ‌ویلا (مورد مطالعه: دهستان‌های کرارج و براآن جنوبی شهرستان اصفهان) Investigating the Drivers of Rural Agricultural Land use Change to Villa Gardens: A Case Study of South Baraan and Kararaj Rural Districts in Isfahan County https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71825.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.277593.1340 0 در این مقاله عوامل موثر بر تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی به باغ‌ویلا در دهستان‌های براآن جنوبی و کرارج شهرستان اصفهان بررسی شده است. با تکمیل پرسشنامه از 184 نمونه تصادفی از میان 426 نفر کشاورز در پنج روستای منتخب، نتایج نشان داد در میان عوامل «مکانی-فضایی» (محیطی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی) بیشترین تأثیر را عوامل محیطی (از جمله کم‌آبی) داشته است. عوامل اجتماعی (از جمله رواج ساخت خانه‌های دوم و افزایش تقاضا و رونق بازار اراضی) و اقتصادی (از جمله بالا بودن هزینه نهاده‌های کشاورزی) در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفت. بررسی عوامل «مدیریتی» نشان داد دخالت سازمان‌های دولتی در بازار کشاورزی، عامل مؤثر تغییر کاربری اراضی بوده است. از دیدگاه کارشناسان، (30 کارشناس موردبررسی) که به روش گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند پرسشگری شد. نتایج نشان داد در میان عوامل «مکانی - فضایی»، بیشترین تاثیر را عوامل اجتماعی و کمترین تاثیر را عوامل اقتصادی بر تغییر کاربری اراضی داشته است. در میان عوامل اجتماعی بیشترین تأثیر را خرید اراضی و ساخت خانه‌های دوم توسط شهرنشینان، در میان عوامل محیطی بیشترین تأثیر را بسته شدن آب زاینده‌رود، در میان عوامل اقتصادی بیشترین تاثیر را درآمد بالاتر کاربری‌های گردشگری، و در میان عوامل «مدیریتی» بیشترین تأثیر را ضعف نظارت و فساد اداری برخی کارکنان نهادهای دولتی داشته است. درمجموع کشاورزان برای ادامه فعالیت کشاورزی تمایل کمی نشان می‌دهند و این احتمال تقویت می‌شود که ازطریق تغییر کاربری اراضی به سمت فعالیت‌های پربازده‌تر و کم‌مشغله‌تر کشیده شوند. 1 We have investigated the drivers of agricultural land use change to villa gardens in South Baraan and Kararaj rural districts in Isfahan County. Questionnaires were distributed among 184 farmers randomly selected from 426 in five selected villages. As the results showed, among spatial (i.e. environmental, economic, and social) drivers, environmental drivers (including dehydration) had the greatest impact. Social drivers, including the prevalence of constructing second homes and increasing demand in the land market, and economic drivers, including high agricultural inputs, were in the next ranks. The study of managerial drivers suggested that the interference of government in the agricultural market was a major driver in land use change. The same questionnaire was taken by 30 different land use experts selected by the snowball method. The results showed that, among locational-spatial drivers, social drivers had the greatest and economic drivers had the least impact on land use change. Also, among social drivers, the most effective factor was the purchase of land and construction of second homes. Among environmental drivers, the most effective factor was the cut-off of the Zayandehrud River. Of economic drivers, the most effective one was the higher income of tourism land use. Finally, the most effective management drivers were the poor monitoring, administrative corruption, and the ploy of some employees in government institutions. In the examined conditions, the farmers had little tendency to continue farming activities. 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0 ارزیابی تحلیلی شناسه‌های حرارتی جداره‌های خارجی ابنیه بومی روستایی اقلیم کوهپایه‌ای استان مازندران Analytical Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of the External Walls of Traditional Rural Dwellings Located in the Foothills of Mazandaran Province https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_70090.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.266280.1289 0 هدف پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی تحلیلی شناسه‌های حرارتی مصالح مصرف‌شده در جداره‌های خارجی خانه‌های بومی واقع در مناطق روستایی اقلیم کوهپایه‌ای استان مازندران است. لذا نمونه‌هایی به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده در پهنه موردمطالعه تعیین و جزییات 30 نمونه از جداره‌های خارجی خانه‌های بومی با قدمت 60 تا 80 سال و با مساحت زیربنای 40 تا 60 مترمربع در روستاهای محدوده پژوهش برداشت شده است. در ادامه مشخصات مصالح مصرفی در جداره‌های متداول را بر اساس استاندارد طراحی محیطی (CIBSE) و اطلاعات مرکز تحقیقات ساختمان و مسکن استخراج کرده و شناسه‌های حرارتی هشت‌گانه هرکدام از جداره‌ها بر اساس لایه‌های مصرفی آن‌ها با استفاده از برنامه طراحی‌شده در محیط نرم‌افزار EXCEL محاسبه گردید. همچنین تمامی انواع جداره‌ها بر پایه هرکدام از شناسه‌های حرارتی هشت‌گانه در قالب نمودارهای میله‌ای مقایسه و درنهایت با توجه به اولویت‌بندی میزان اهمیت هرکدام از شناسه‌های حرارتی، قیاس جداره‌ها بر اساس کم‌ترین و بیش‌ترین میزان اتلاف انرژی حرارتی انجام شد. به‌عنوان نتیجه از میان انواع جداره‌های موجود، جداره خشت خام ازنظر گرمای ویژه حجمی، ضریب کاهش و زمان تأخیر، کارایی بالایی داشته و در موارد دیگر کارایی متوسطی را از خود نشان داده و درمجموع مناسب‌ترین نوع جداره از منظر موضوع این پژوهش (شناسه‌های حرارتی هشت‌گانه) است. 1 This study aims to analyze the thermal properties of the external walls in the traditional indigenous buildings located in the foothills of Mazandaran Province. The buildings were selected through a simple random sampling method in the study area. Then, a sample of 30 external walls in those traditional dwellings was chosen. They were 60 to 80 years old with an area of 40 to 60 square meters each. The thermo-physical properties of the materials used in the walls were extracted from the Environmental Design Standard (CIBSE) and the Road, Housing and Development Research Center. Then, the octal thermal properties of the walls were calculated using a program that the authors designed by the EXCEL software. Also, based on their octal thermal properties, the walls were all compared in column charts. Eventually, according to the priority and significance of each thermal property, the comparison of the walls was done based on the least and the most energy loss. As the comparative analysis carried out in this study revealed, mud-brick walls have the highest efficiency in terms of Volumetric Specific Heat, Decrement Factor and Time Lag Associated with Decrement Factor. There is a moderate efficiency in other cases, and, in comparison with other external walls, mud-brick walls generally seem to be the most appropriate type of external wall in terms of the criteria in this research. According to the assertions of the permanent dwellers of the traditional indigenous buildings and their rate of satisfaction with the thermal comfort in those places under current climate conditions, mud-brick walls or any other wall with similar thermal properties can be the most appropriate type of external wall in the research area. 310 327 فلورا مختاری Flora Mokhtari دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی معماری، گروه آموزشی معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. ایران flora.mokhtari@student.uma.ac.ir توحید حاتمی خانقاهی Tohid Hatami Khanghahi استادیار گروه آموزشی معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. ایران hatami.tohid@gmail.com بهرام گسیلی Bahram Gosili استادیار گروه آموزشی معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. ایران bahramgosili@gmail.com آسایش حرارتی دیوارهای خارجی شناسه‌های حرارتی ابنیه بومی مازندران Abad, B., Borca-Tasciuc, D.A., Martin-Gonzales, M.S., (2017), Non-Contact Methods for Thermal Properties Measurement, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 1348-1370.##Alizadeh, A., (2004), Air and Climatology, Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad.##Amol city Meteorological Organization, (2017), Amol, Iran.##Bahadorinezhad, M., (2003), Thermodynamics Booklet, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.##CIBSE, Guide A, (1978) & (1999) & (2006), Environmental Design, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, Yale Press, London, England.##Coch, H., (1998), Bioclimatism in Vernacular Architecture, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2, 67-87.##Farrokhzad, M., (2004), Thermal Comfort Index Leaflet, Ph.D. Department of Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.##Heydarinezhad, G., (2009),Thermal Comfort, Building and Housing Research Center Publications, Tehran, Iran.##Huebner, G.M., Shipworth, D.T., Gauthier, S., Witzel, C., Raynham, P., Chan, W., (2016), Saving Energy With Light? 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0 آسیب‌شناسی مطالعات گردشگری در فصلنامه پژوهش‌های روستایی: کاربست تحلیل محتوا Pathology of Tourism Studies in the Journal of Rural Research: Application of Content Analysis https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71826.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.278124.1343 0 پژوهش حاضر با هدف آسیب‌شناسی پژوهش‌های گردشگری در فصلنامه پژوهش‌های روستایی انجام پذیرفت. روش پژوهش به لحاظ ماهیت، کیفی، ازنظر هدف و نوع، کاربردی و با رویکرد تحلیل محتوای اسناد بود. جامعه ‌آماری پژوهش، مقاله‌های حوزه گردشگری در فصلنامه پژوهش‌های روستایی به تعداد 38 مورد بود که با استفاده از رویکرد تمام‌شماری تمامی مقالات در تحلیل شرکت داده شدند. برای تعیین شاخص‌های تحلیل محتوا، در ابتدا، با مطالعه پژوهش‌های پیشین، مدلی یکپارچه ارائه و سپس بر اساس آن، 38 مقاله موجود در حوزه گردشگری، ارزیابی گردید. ابعاد کلان مدل در تحلیل محتوا شامل ابعاد شناختاری، ساختاری، عملکردی و استنادی بود. روایی و پایایی از طریق روایی فهرست کنترل و پایایی مصحح تأیید گردید. از دو بسته نرم‌افزاری iMindMap9 و SPSS25 در فرآیند تحلیل استفاده شد. نتایج تحقیق در غالب شناسایی آسیب‌ها و چالش‌های پژوهش‌های گردشگری در فصلنامه‌ پژوهش‌های روستایی با توجه به ابعاد مدل تحلیل محتوا گزارش شد و مبتنی بر آن‌ها، راهکارهای لازم پیشنهاد و ارائه گردید. 1 This study adopts a pathological approach to aim at tourism research in the Rural Research Quarterly. It is a qualitative study in terms of nature and an applied one in terms of purpose. The research was conducted through the content analysis of 38 articles in the Quarterly Journal of Rural Studies. Initially, previous studies were reviewed and an integrated model was developed to determine the content analysis indicators. Then, the selected sample of articles written in the field of tourism was evaluated. The macro dimensions of the model in content analysis included identity, structure, function and citation. The validity and the reliability of the study were confirmed based on the validity of the check list and reliability of the editors. Two different software packages, iMindMap9 and SPSS25, were used in the analysis process. The causes of deviation and the challenges of tourism research were identified, and the results were reported according to the dimensions of the content analysis model. 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