1398 10 3 0 192

0 شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی عوامل تشکیل دهنده معماری کیفیت محیطی در برنامه‌ریزی روستایی (مورد مطالعه: روستای شهریار، بخش فلارد، شهرستان لردگان) Identification and ranking of the constituent elements of the environmental quality architecture in rural planning using the modified assimilation technique Case Study: Shahriar Village (Flard County, Lordegan Township) https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_67946.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.248159.1196 0 توجه به کیفیت محیطی و نگرانی‌های مرتبط با آن از شاخصه‌های اصلی زندگی مدرن و معاصر امروزی به‌ویژه در نواحی روستایی است. تحقق کیفیت محیطی در نواحی روستایی نیز مستلزم تبعیت از معماری کیفیت محیطی در برنامه‌ریزی روستایی است. در این میان تعیین اولویت‌ها و رتبه‌بندی جنبه‌های این معماری (از نگاه مردم و کارشناسان محلی) در فرآیند برنامه‌ریزی روستایی اهمیت بسیاری دارد. این مقاله بر محوریت دو سؤال معماری کیفیت محیطی کدام‌اند؟ و کدام‌یک از ارجحیت برنامه‌ریزی برخوردارند؟ شکل گرفت. از این‌رو روستای شهریار از توابع بخش فلارد شهرستان لردگان (با 2342 نفر جمعیت) که بسیاری از طرح‌های اجرایی در قالب برنامه‌ریزی روستایی در آن اجرایی شده است، به‌منظور پاسخگویی به سؤالات و ترسیم چشم‌اندازی از معماری کیفیت محیطی، انتخاب شده است. تعداد 6 کارگروه با تعداد 36 نفر نمونه (با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند) انتخاب شده‌اند. در این مقاله، به‌منظور گردآوری داده‌ها و تحلیل آن‌ها از دو روش کیفی و کمی استفاده شده است. با مساعدت و همراهی مردم و کارشناسان محلی، شاخص‌های 24 گانه معماری کیفیت محیطی در برنامه‌ریزی روستایی تعیین شد که 11شاخص در قلمرو اصول، 7 شاخص در قلمرو چارچوب و 6 شاخص در قلمرو فرآیند قرار گرفتند. مصادیق هر شاخص در روستای موردمطالعه (شهریار) مشخص و در کارگروه‌ها بر اساس طیف لیکرت (از بسیار کم تا بسیار زیاد) به رأی گذاشته شد. درنهایت جنبه‌های این معماری (اصول، چارچوب و فرآیند) رتبه‌بندی شد که (از نگاه مردم و کارشناسان محلی) اصول در رتبه اول و فرآیند و چارچوب به ترتیب در رتبه‌های دوم و سوم ارجحیت در معماری کیفیت محیطی برنامه‌ریزی روستایی قرار گرفتند. 1 Paying attention to the quality of the environment and its related concerns are the main attributes of contemporary modern life, especially in rural areas. The realization of this type of quality in rural areas also requires compliance with the architecture of environment quality in rural planning. In this regard, determining priorities and ranking the aspects of this architecture (from the perspective of people and local experts) is important in the process of rural planning. The research is based on two central questions of what is the architecture of environment quality. And which one is the priority of planning? Therefore, the village of Shahriyar, in the Falard of Lordegan (with 2342 inhabitants), was selected to answer the questions and drawing a perspective on the architecture of environmental quality. So far, a number of executive plans in the form of rural planning have been implemented in this village. A total number of 6 workgroups with 36 participants were selected through purposeful sampling. In this research, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect and analyze data and answer the questions. Based on local people and experts, 24 indicators in the architecture of environmental quality in rural planning were identified, in which 11 indicators were related to principles, seven indicators were in the field of framework and, six in the field of process. Indicators of each index were determined and grouped according to the Likert scale from very low to very high. The results showed that principles, processes, and frameworks are ranked first to third, respectively, in the architecture of environment quality in rural planning. 368 381 کاظم رستمی kazem rostami دکتری، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی،دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. ایران rostami.geor@gmail.com مهدی پورطاهری Mehdi Pourtahari دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. ایران mehdipourtaher@gmail.com عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری Abdolreza Rokneddin Eftekhari استاد، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. ایران reftekhari_reza@yahoo.com کیفیت محیطی معماری کیفیت محیطی برنامه‌ریزی روستایی روستای شهریار Akbarian Ronizi, S.R., and Sheikh Biglu, R. (2015), Assessing the Quality of Tourism Villages' Environment;##Azimi Amoli, J. & Eftekhari, A. R.(2014), Rural Governance (Sustainable Development Management), Position, First Edition.##Brown  A.L. (2003), Increasing the utility of urban environmental quality information, Landscape and Urban Planning 65 , PP 85–93.##Cohon, J,L (1978)Multi- Objective Programing and planing, Academic Press, New York.##Deng, H. (2007). A Similarity-Based Approach to Ranking Multicriteria Alternatives. In D.-S.##Drazkiewicz, A., Challies, E., Nevig, J., (2015). "Public participation and local environmental planning: Testing factors influencing decision quality and implementation in four case studies from Germany." Land Use Policy 46: 211-222.##Eftekhari, A.R. (2015), Leaflet, Analysis of Thinking Planning System for Environmental Quality in Rural Areas, Tarbiat Modares University.##Eftekhari, A.R. (2014), Rural Development Management (Theoretical Foundations), Position, Second Edition.##Eftekhari, A.R. & Badri, S. A. (2012), Theories of Model Development Model of Sample Village, Gilan Governorate, First Edition.##Faraji Molaei, A. (2015), Surveying the Quality Dimensions of Worn-out Tissue Environment in Mafat Abad Neighborhood of Tehran District 13, Second Quarterly, "City Landscape Research", Second Year, No. 3##Hoseini, S. A. & Mirzapour, H. (2009), Application of quality control systems, samt, 1print.##Hussam M., cheraghi, M. and Ashore, H. (2014), an analysis of the environmental impact of physical development of rural areas Case Study: Shahkuh Normandy, housing and rural environment, No. 148, Ss78-63.##Kakavand, E. & Barati, N. & Aminzadeh Guoharzi, B. (2013), "Comparative Measurement of Mental Image of Citizen and Urban Designer in the Context of the Quality of the Urban Environment; Case Study: The Textures of the City of Qazvin", Bagh-e-Naz, No. 25, pp. 112-101.##Kerselaers, .v. Rogge, Lauwers, Vanempten. (2013), Changing land use in the countryside: Stakeholders’ perception of the ngoing rural planning processes in Flanders, Land Use Policy 32, pp197– 206.##Litman .T. (2013) “Planning Principles and Practice”, Victoria Transport Policy Institute , www.vtpi.org.##Litman .T. (2011) “Measuring Transportation Traffic, Mobility and Accessibility”, Victoria Transport Policy Institute , pp1-17.##Local Strategic Planning and Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Rural District Planning in Zimbabwe: A Case Study (2000),  INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Environmental Planning Issues, No.23, December.##Marans, R.W., Couper, M., (2000), Measuring the quality of community life: a program for longitudinal and comparative international research, In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Quality of Life in Cities, vol. 2. Singapore.##Mehdizadeh, j. & Pirzadeh Nahvji, h. Dakht Amiri, m. Jahanshahi, m.h. Taghizadeh Motlagh, m. Sarrafzadeh, h. (2006), Strategic Planning for Urban Development (Recent World Experiences and Its Position in Iran), Tehran, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Deputy of Architecture and Urban Development, Sima Design and Publishing Company.##Mohammadi Asahani, Mohammad Hossein et al., (2008), Proposal of Adaptive Process of Environmental Evaluation and Planning for Sustainable Rural Development in Iran, Journal of Rural and Development, Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 100-77.##Motiaiy Leningradi, H. (2010) Rural Planning with Emphasis on Iran, Mashhad Jihad-e-Shahr Publishing House.##Moser, Gabriel, (2009), “Quality of life and sustainability: Toward person–environment congruity”, Journal of Environmental Psychology 29, pp 351–357.##O'Faircheallaigh, C. (2010). "Public participation and environmental impact assessment: Purposes, implications, and lessons for public policy making." Environmental Impact Assessment Review  30(1): 19-27.##Porteous, J.D., (1971). "Design with People: the Quality of Urban Environments", Journal of Environment and Behavior, No. 3, Pp. 78- 155,##Pourtahari, M., Eftekhari, A.R.R., Fatahi, A., (2010) Evaluation of Quality of Life in Rural Areas (Case Study: North Khawai Village, Lorestan Province), Human Geography Research, No. 76, pp. 31-13.##Prager .K. Nienaber .B. Neumann .B. Phillips .A. (2015)” How should rural policy be evaluated if it aims to foster community involvement in environmental management?”, Journal of Rural Studies 37, pp 120-131.##Project of Hadi Shahriar Village (2007), Housing Foundation, Lordegan County.##Rafieyan, M. & Ali Pour, r. & Khademi, M. &  Ghanbar , Taghvaiy, A.A (2012), "Comparative Study of Quality Measurement Approaches in Designing Urban Spaces", Iranian Society of Architecture and Urban Planning. Number 4., pp. 43-35.##Safari, H., Khanmohammadi, E., Hafezamini, A., and Ahangari, S.S., (2013)A New Technique for Multi Criteria Decision Making Based on Modified Similarity Method, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 14 (5): 712-719, 2013##Safari, H., Ebrahimi, E., (2014), Using Modified Similarity Multiple Criteria Decision Making technique to rank countries in terms of Human Development Index, Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management.##Schultink .G. (2000), Critical environmental indicators: performance indices and assessment models for sustainable rural development planning, Ecological Modelling 130, pp 47–58.##Tabibian, M., Mansouri, Y. (2013). " Improving environmental quality and living satisfaction in new neighborhoods with prioritizing measures based on residents' opinions (Case study: Kashan)." Environmentalology 39(4): 1-16.##Taghvaiy, A.A. & Marofi, S. & Pahlavan, S. (2012), "Assessment of the Impact of Urban Quality on Citizen's Social Relationships; Case Study: Abkouh District, Mashhad City", role of the world, Volume III, No. 10, pp. 54-42.##Taghvaei, A. A., Maroufi, S., Pahlavan, S. (2012). " Evaluation of the Impact of Urban Quality on the Social Relations of Citizens; Case Study: Abkouh Town, Mashhad City." Naghsh-E-Gahan 3(10): 42-54.##Van Kamp .I., Leidelmeijer .k., Gooitske Marsman .G., de Hollander .A., (2003) Urban environmental quality and human well-being Towards a conceptual framework and demarcation of concepts; a literature study, Landscape and Urban Planning, pp5–18##

0 تبیین فرایند همکاری‌های قلمرویی در بهره‌برداری از قنات (مورد مطالعه: قنات حسن‌آباد، استان یزد) Territorial Cooperation for Exploitation of Qanat through Grounded Theory Method (Case Study: Qanat of Hasan Abad – Yazd Province) https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_68568.html 10.22059/jrur.2018.263890.1275 0 ویژگی برجسته قنات حسن‌آباد به نقش آن در ایجاد همکاری‌های بین‌قلمرویی برمی‌گردد که میان سه حوزه مهریز، ده‌نو و حسن‌آباد در طول 40 کیلومتر پدید آمده و استمرار یافته است. مراقبت از قنات حسن‌آباد تا آخرین چاه که در قلمروی مهریز واقع است صورت می‌گیرد و دو قلمروی پایین‌دست در آن مشارکت دارند. در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا با روش نظریه‌ زمینه‌ای به این سؤال پاسخ داده شود که چگونه جریان آبی مانند قنات حسن‌آباد توانسته است به همگرایی اجتماعی و همکاری میان سه قلمروی ذینفع منجر گردد؟ به این منظور مصاحبه‌شوندگان از مناطق پایین‌دست و بالادست با روش گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شدند و پرسش‌ها تا رسیدن به نقطه اشباع نظری ادامه پیدا کرد. سپس در مورد داده‌های میدانی، کدگذاری باز و محوری انجام شد و نهایتاً کدگذاری انتخابی صورت گرفت. روابط میان مفاهیم در مدل مفهومی نشان داده شد و به‌صورت یافته‌های پژوهش شرح داده شدند. در منطقه نفوذ قنات حسن‌آباد، مدلی حاکم است که آن را مدل «سود مشترک» نامیده‌ایم. در این مدل، مجموعه‌ای از عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی به‌گونه‌ای ساختارمند منافع بالادست و پایین‌دست را به یکدیگر گره می‌زنند. یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر در این مدل، گستردگی فضایی قنات است که به قنات، نوعی ویژگی قلمرو‌گریزی می‌دهد. درنتیجه، دینامیک قنات به کمرنگ شدن قلمرو و به‌تبع آن کاهش هویت قلمرویی منجر می‌گردد و همین امر، امکان همکاری در دو سوی مرزهای قلمرو را آسان‌تر می‌کند. 1 This paper takes up the qanat of Hassan Abad and its special peculiarities which made it eligible to be nominated as UNESCO World Heritage in 2015. Hasan Abad originates from Ebrahim Abad valley near the town of Mehriz and travels 40 kilometers to Yazd. The water of this qanat is shared out between the town of Mehriz, the village of Dehno and Yazd (district of Hasan Abad). One of the most important properties of this qanat is its territorial cooperation which is resulted from a lax territorial behavior caused by the qanat’s dynamics. Dormant territorial behavior can pave the way for a high sense of cooperation and social capital, which are all associated with the peculiarities of the qanat. In the region, the social foundation which has been formed and evolved around the water resources management could have increased the sense of cooperation. Through the research method of grounded theory, this paper tries to answer the question of how a water current like the qanat of Hasan Abad can pave the way for such social convergence and cooperation between three beneficiary territories. 382 395 مجید لباف خانیکی Majid Labbaf Khaneiki دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران labbaf_majid@yahoo.com محمد رضا رضوانی Mohammad Reza Rezvani استاد، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران rrezvani@ut.ac.ir سیدعلی بدری Seyyed Ali Badri دانشیار، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران sabadri@ut.ac.ir همکاری قلمرویی آب قنات بهره‌برداری پایدار نظریه‌ زمینه‌ای سود مشترک Abavaran D. K. Consulting Engineers (2013). Comprehensive Report on Dehno-Hasan Abad Qanat (in Persian). Iran Water Resources Management Company, International Center on Qanats and Historic Hydraulic Structures.##Afshar I. (1995). Memorials of Yazd (Persian). Vol. 1, 2nd edition, Tehran: Association for Cultural Heritages and Luminaries.##Akbari M. (2018). Validation and Quality Assessment in QUAN, QUAL, and Mixed Method Research. Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities, 24(94): 23-45.##Allan J. A. (2002). Hydro-Peace in the Middle East: Why no Water Wars? A Case Study of the Jordan River Basin. SAIS Review vol. XXII no. 2 , Summer–Fall 2002.##Axelrod R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books Inc. Publishers.##Beaumont, P. (1989). The Qanat: a Means of Water Provision from Groundwater Sources. In P. Beaumont, M. Bonine, & K. McLachlan (Eds.), Qanat, Kariz and Khattara: Traditional Water Systems in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 13-31). London: The Middle East Center, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.##Behnia A. (1988). Building and Looking after Qanat (in Persian). Tehran: Markaz Nashr Daneshgahi.##Bonine M. (1989). Qanats, Field Systems and Morphology: Rectangularity on the Iranian Plateau. Qanat, Kariz and Khattara: Traditional Water Systems in the Middle East and North Africa, Edited by Peter Beaumont, Micheal Bonine, Keith McLachlan, London: The Miidle East Center, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 35-57.##Bonine M. E. (1982). From Qanat to kort Traditional Irrigation Terminology and practices in central Iran. Journal of IRAN, Volume XX, London.##Dinar S. H. (2007). Water wars? Conflict, cooperation, and Negotiation over Transboundary Water. In V. I. Grover (Ed.), Water: A Source of Conflict or Cooperation? Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.##English P. W. (1968). The Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World.  Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 112, No. 3 (Jun. 21, 1968): 170-181##Gamaliel A., Mwagiru M. (2017). Constraints in Implementing International Water Treaties: A Case Study of Nile Basin Treaty of 1929. Strategic Journal of Business and Change Management, 4(3): 60-100.##Ghayour H.A. (1991). A New Approach towards Qanats in Iran and their Distribution across Different Geographical Regions (in Persian). In: Research Geographical Journal, No. 23, Winter 1991.##Glaser B. G., Strauss A. L. (1965). Awareness of dying. Chicago: Aldine.##Glaser B. G., Strauss A. L. (2006). The Discovery of Grounded Theory Strategies for Qualitative Research. USA: AldineTransaction##Goblot H. (1979). Les Qanats. Une technique d’acquisition de L’Eau. Paris: Mouton.##Hardin G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968): 1243-1248.##Janebollahi M. S. (1990). Water Division, Transaction and Accounting in Traditional Irrigation in Meybod (in Persian). Geographical Research Journal, No. 2, Summer 1990.##Kamalvand, S. (2014). Re-use of Hasan Abad Qanat. International Workshop on Water and the City, Yazd: International Center on Qanats and Historic Hydraulic Structures.##Kazemeini M. M. (2003). Encyclopedia of Yazd Celebrities (in Persian). Vol. 2, Yazd: Reyhanat al-Rassol Research and Cultural Foundation.##Labbaf Khaneiki M. (2006). Water Division Systems in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Iran National Water Treasury.##Labbaf Khaneiki M., Semsar Yazdi A. (2015). Qanat Tourism. International Center on Qanats and Historic Hydraulic Structures (ICQHS), Iran Water Resources Management Company.##Lambton A. (1983). Landlord and Peasant in Persia (Persian translation). Translated by Manoochehr Amiri, 3rd edition, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.##Lambton A.K.S. (1989). The Origin, Diffusion and Functioning of the Qanat. Qanat, Kariz and Khattara: Traditional Water Systems in the Middle East and North Africa, Edited by Peter Beaumont, Micheal Bonine, Keith McLachlan, London: The Miidle East Center, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 5-12##Mauelshagen F. (2009). Water Politics: Conflict about Limited Resources. Paper presented at The Annual Meeting of the Catholic Academic Exchange Program, Bonn, Germany, 24 April, 2009.##Ostrom E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.##Papoli Yazdi M. H. & Labbaf Khaneiki M. (2004). Qanats of Taft (in Persian). Mashhad: Papoli Publication.##Papoli Yazdi M.H., Labbaf Khaneiki M., Labbaf Khaneiki R.A., Jalali A. (2000). Qanat of Qasabeh as a Myth (in Persian). Khorasan Regional Water Authority, Mashhad, Iran.##Safinejad J. (1996): Qanat of Ebrahim Abad; the Oldest Qanat of Iran (in Persian). Art and Culture Researches Journal of Central Province, Fall and Winter 1996.##Safinejad J. (2017). Qanat in Iran and its Traditional Operation Methods (in Persian). Tehran: Iran Water Resources Management Company.##Semsar Yazdi A., Labbaf Khaneiki M., Dehghan M. B. (2005). A Survey on the Qanats of Bam from Technical and Engineering Point of View. UNESCO Tehran Cluster Office, ICQHS, Tehran.##Shenton A. K. (2004). Strategies for Ensuring Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Projects. Education for Information, 22 (2004): 63–75.##Wolf A. T. (2007). Shared Waters: Conflict and Cooperation, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32: 1–29.##

0 تحلیل مقایسه‌ای سرمایه‌گذاری در توسعه صنایع تبدیلی کشاورزی با بهره‌گیری از روش اقتصاد مهندسی و تکنیک دلفی (موردمطالعه: شهرستان همدان) A Comparative Analysis of Investment in the Development of Agricultural Processing Industries Using Delphi & Engineering-Economic Approach (Case Study: Hamedan County) https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71810.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.249581.1207 0 هدف اصلی این تحقیق تحلیل مقایسه‌ای اولویت‌بندی سرمایه‌گذاری در صنایع تبدیلی کشاورزی شهرستان همدان در دو رویکرد کمی و کیفی شامل تکنیک‌های اقتصاد مهندسی و دلفی است. این تحقیق از نظر هدف کاربردی و ازنظر نحوه گردآوری داده‌ها غیرآزمایشی است. در تحقیق حاضر، ابتدا با استفاده از تکنیک دلفی گزینه‌های قابل انتخاب طبق نظر کارشناسان و صاحب‌نظران استخراج و سپس به روش‌های آماری اولویت‌بندی گردیدند. همچنین با استفاده از رویکرد تحلیل اقتصاد مهندسی و با برآورد متغیرهایی نظیر هزینه‌های ثابت سرمایه‌گذاری، هزینه‌های تولید، استهلاک، دارایی‌ها و ساختار درآمدی پروژه‌ها، و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار کامفار ш بازده اقتصادی سرمایه‌گذاری در صنایع مختلف تبدیلی استان محاسبه گردید. ارزیابی اقتصادی پروژه‌ها و اولویت‌بندی آن‌ها در تکنیک اقتصاد مهندسی با استفاده از معیارهای خالص ارزش فعلی (NPW)، نرخ بازگشت سرمایه (ROR) و هزینه ایجاد هر شغل صورت پذیرفت. طبق نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از روش دلفی، صنایع مرتبط با محصولاتی نظیر سیر و سیب‌زمینی با در نظر گرفتن تمامی شاخص‌ها در اولویت‌های اول و پس‌ از آن صنایع تولید ترشی‌ و کنسرو میوه و کمپوت‌ها در اولویت‌های بعدی قرارگرفتند. بر اساس یافته‌های تحقیق و با در نظر گرفتن معیار نرخ بازگشت سرمایه (ROR)، طرح تولید ترشیجات اولویت اول، تولید کشمش اولویت دوم، تولید پودر سیب‌زمینی اولویت سوم، و بر اساس شاخص هزینه ایجاد یک شغل، طرح تولید ترشیجات اولویت اول، و طرح تولید کمپوست کشاورزی اولویت دهم را به خود اختصاص دادند.  1 The main objective of this research is to prioritize investment in the food processing industry in Hamedan and compare the results in two quantitative and qualitative approaches using engineering economics and Delphi. This research is practical in terms of purpose and is non-experimental in terms of data collection. In the present study, valuable themes were found through a Delphi method, and then they were processed from the point of view of experts. Necessary estimates were done using the Engineering-Economic approach (such as fixed investment costs, production costs, depreciation, assets, etc.). The engineering-economic analysis was done by the net present worth (NPW), the rate of return (ROR), and the cost of creating each job. According to the results of the Delphi method, industries related to garlic and potato crops were priorities. Then industries related to pickles production, canned, and concentrated fruits were the next priorities. According to research findings, concerning the standard rate of return (ROR) on investment, the pickles production plan is the first priority. Raisin and potato powder productions situated in the second and third preferences. According to the net present value of investment, forage and animal feed plan, potato powder, and garlic powder production were ranked as first to third, respectively. According to the results of the Delphi method, industries related to products such as garlic and potatoes were given the first priority, followed by picking, canning, and compote industries. Based on the research findings and taking the Capital Return Rate (ROR) criterion into account, the first priority is the picking plan, and raisin production and potato powder production are the next ranks. Based on the cost-of-job creation index, the priority plan for pickling production and the agricultural compost production plan were given the tenth priority. 396 407 حمید بلالی Hamid Balali دانشیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران. ایران hamid2501@yahoo.com سارا قزوینه Sara Ghazvineh دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران. ایران ghazvineh.sara@gmail.com رضا موحدی Reza Movahedi دانشیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران. ایران movahedi686@yahoo.com اقتصاد مهندسی تکنیک دلفی سرمایه‌گذاری صنایع تبدیلی تحلیل مقایسه‌ای Balali. H., Saadi. H., & Ghazvineh. S, (2015). Investment Prioritizing of Food and Agricultural Processing Industries (Case Study of Hamedan City). Hournal of Research and Rural Planning, Vol.4, No, 9.##Bhalla. A.S., (1982). Rural Industrialization and New Economic Policies in Human (China). World Employment Programme Reaearch, 8(5), 37.##Daroogheh, J. and Mohammadi, T.(2005). Investing in Uncertainty (Case Study of Iranian Economy). Journal of Pajooheshnameh Eghtesadi, 4(3): 49-80.##Davarpanah, A.A. Nooripour, M. And Sharifi, Z. (2014). [The role of agricultural processing industries in reducing agricultural products waste in rural areas, case study Dashte Room (Persian)].Rural development strategies, 1(4), 39-54.##Fathirasekh. M., (2006). Kamfar software pamphlet.##Ghaderpour, L. Mousavi, S.N, & Farajzadeh, Z.(2015). The effect of government support policies on the supply of agricultural conversion units(In persian). Two Quarterly Journal of Economic Development and Planning Research. 4(2): 93-101.##Ghanbari, S. & Miraki Anari, H.(2017). Locating the Conversion and Supplementary Industries of the Agricultural Division in the Town of Khanmyrza Town of Lordegan( In persian). Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 4(6): 177-194.##Hsu. Ch. and Sandford.  B.A., (2008). The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Available from: http://pareonline.net/pdf/v12n10.pdf.##Jahangiri. A. and Nasiri. M., (2007). [Evaluation and industrial investment priorities using taxonomic techniques (Persian)]. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, “Management”, 7 (25), 53-72.##Keeney. S., Hasson. F. and McKenna. H.P., (2001). A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing. Int J Nurs Stud, 38(2), 195-200.##Keihanihekmat. R. and Fathipoor. Gh. (2010). Rating industrial activities in Hamedan province based on the relative merits of cooperative and competitive (Persian). Reviews of Commerce, 8(44), 2-18.##Masumzade. M. and Torabzade. A. (2004). Ranking of the country’s industrial production (Persian). Business Journal, 8 (30), 67-81.##Mohammadpour Zarandi, M. E. & Shahriari, M.(2011). Economic Analysis of Investment Projects in a Fuzzy Banking System. Journal of Engineering and Management of Securities. Vol.8. 1-9.##Moheban, P. Moosavi, N. And Najafi, B. (2016). [Efficiency of processing industries in Iran (Persian)].Agricultural economic researches journal, 8 (4),10-79.##Moradi Ghezli, Kh. Agahi, H. Zarafshani, K. And Papzan, A. (2015). [Qualitative analysis of challenges facing fruits processing industries in Kermanshah province (Nvivo application), (Persian)]. Rural research journal, 6(3),483-514.##Naderi Mahdei, K. Mahmoodian, H. And Saadi, H. (2015). [The effect of agricultural processing industries on life standard (case study of Bahar rural areas) (Persian)]. Rural development strategies, 2(1), 43-59.##Noori zamanabadi H., Beikmohammadi. H., Taghdisi. A. and Shafiei. P., (2010). [Prioritizing small industries and workshops in rural areas of ARDESTAN city by Delphi (Persian)].Journal of Rural and Development, 13(2), 61-79.##Noori zamanabadi. H. and Nilipoor tabatabaei. SH., (2007). [Further prioritize development of processing industry and agricultural sector using the Delphi method Falavarjan city - Isfahan Province (Persian)].Journal of Geographical Research, 39(61), 161-177.##Oskoonejhad. M.M., (1996). [Engineering economic or Economic evaluation of industrial projects (Persian)]. Tehran: Amir Kabir University.##Pahlavani. A., (2009). [Prioritize investments using group decision Topsis hierarchical fuzzy environment (Persian)]. Industrial Management, 1(2), 35-54.##Pourramezan, E. and Akbari, Z.(2013). The Effects of the Conversion and Supplementary Industries of the Agricultural Sector on the Rural Economy, Case (Study: Central District of Rasht)( In Persian). Journal of Space Economics and Rural Development, 3(4): 145-164.##Sanayei. A. and Moalem. S., (2002). [Ranking of industrial activities in the production and export of various industrial sectors based on comparative and competitive advantages (Persian)]. Commercial Journal, 6(23), 37-72.##Sharma. K.D., Pathania. M.S. and Lai. H., (2010). Value chain Analysis and Financial viability of Agro- processing Industries in Himachal Pradesh. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 23, 515- 522.##Shirzour. Z. (2006). [Industry-level analysis of the advantages of Khorasan province (Persian)]. M.Sc. thesis Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Economics.##Tabibian, S.M.(2010). Macroeconomics, 9th edition, Institute for Advanced Studies in Planning and Development, Tehran.##Tafazzoli, F.(2016). Macroeconomics: Economic Theories and Policies, 20th edition, Nasr-e-e ney Publication, Teharn.##Vesal, Z. Khajeshahkoohi, A. And Najafikani, A. (2018). [The role of small industries in socio-economic development of rural areas: case of central sector in Fariman County (Persian)].Space economy and rural development quarterly, 6 (19), 61-76.##Zarghami. M. (2002). An economic analysis of investment projects in some selected industries in agriculture. A research project from Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tehran: deputy minister of research and technology of university of jihad.##

0 شناسایی معضلات کانال‌های توزیع محصولات باغی (موردمطالعه: سازمان مرکزی میوه و تره‌بار استان تهران) Identifying the Difficulties of Horticultural Product Distribution Channels (Case study: The Central Fruit and Vegetable Organization of Tehran Province) https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71811.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.250670.1216 0 آسیب‌ها و معضلات کانال‌های توزیع سبب می‌شود که از اثربخشی و کارایی کانال‌های توزیع کاسته شده و نتایج آن به‌صورت کاهش سود توزیع‌کنندگان، تولیدکنندگان و کاهش رضایت مشتریان بروز یابد. باتوجه‌به این، هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی مسائل کانال‌های توزیع و بازار‌رسانی این‌گونه محصولات است. این پژوهش به کمک روش تحقیق کیفی و ابزار مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته برای تحلیل مسئله اصلی پژوهش به اجرا درآمد. این تحقیق از نوع مطالعه موردی بوده و جامعه آماری پژوهش، مدیران و کارکنان سازمان میادین میوه و تره‌بار و تعدادی از مدیران شرکت‌های حمل‌و‌نقل و توزیع محصولات باغی استان تهران است؛ نمونه‌ها به تعداد 18 نفر و با روش گلوله‌برفی و از بین کارکنان و مدیران سازمان مرکزی میوه و تره‌بار و شرکت‌های حمل‌و‌نقل مرتبط در استان تهران و جهاد کشاورزی و همچنین کارشناسان و خبرگان جهاد کشاورزی و باغداران گرامی، انتخاب شده‌اند که با روش تحلیل ‌تِم بررسی شده است. درنهایت با تحلیل مصاحبه‌ها ، معضلات کانال‌های توزیع و بازار‌رسانی به دو دسته مستقیم و غیر‌مستقیم دسته‌بندی شده که به‌ترتیب عوامل مستقیم شامل شبکه حمل‌ونقل، انبار و نگهداری، توزیع و پخش، بسته‌بندی و عوامل غیر‌مستقیم شامل واردات، کشاورزی سنتی و سیاست‌های اجرایی هستند. همچنین نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که واسطه‌گری بی‌قیدوبند، نبود سیستم رسمی و قانونمند توزیع و نظام حمل‌و‌نقل فرسوده و ناکارآمد از مشکلات اساسی کانال‌های توزیع محصولات باغی هستند. 1 The challenges and disadvantages of distribution channels diminish the effectiveness and efficiency of distribution channels, which affects the profits for distributors, manufacturers, and reduces customer satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the problems of the distribution and marketing of these products. This study was conducted using a qualitative research method and a semi-structured interview to analyze the main research problems. It is a case study, and its statistical population consists of the managers of the Organization of Fruit and Vegetable Fields and several managers of transportation and horticultural products distribution companies in Tehran. The sample consists of 18 managers, selected using the snowballing method. Data was collected via a semi-structured interview. The results showed the problems of distribution and marketing channels are categorized into two categories of direct and indirect. Direct factors are including transportation, warehousing, maintenance, and distribution. Indirect factors are including imports, traditional agriculture, and enforcement policies. The results also showed that unconditional mediators, lack of a formal and regulated distribution system, and worn and inefficient transportation systems are significant problems of horticultural product distribution channels. 408 423 مرتضی اکبری Morteza Akbari دانشیار، گروه کارآفرینی فناورانه، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران mortezaakbari@ut.ac.ir محمدرضا اسدپور Mohammadreza Asadpour دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت بازرگانی- بازاریابی، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. ایران asadpour.mohammad@ut.ac.ir محمد کریمیان راوندی Mohammad Karimian Ravandi کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت بازرگانی- بازاریابی، گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران. ایران mkarimian@ut.ac.ir شهاب الدین حسینی کوپائی Shahab al-din Hosseini Koupaei کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت منابع انسانی- اسلامی،گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران. ایران shahab.mgt@gmail.com کانال توزیع محصولات باغی میادین میوه و تره‌بار واسطه‌گری Armstrong, G. (2008). Principles of marketing. Financial Times/Prentice Hall.##Baker, M. J. (2014). Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan.##Boso, N., Story, V. M., & Cadogan, J. W. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, network ties, and performance: Study of entrepreneurial firms in a developing economy. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(6), 708-727.##Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics & supply chain management. Pearson UK.##Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K., & van Wassenhove, L. N. (Eds.). (2013). Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science & Business Media.##Farajzadeh, Z. (2009), The role of marketing of agricultural products in the rural taaonihai in Iran.##Gervais, A. (2015). Product quality and firm heterogeneity in international trade. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 48(3), 1152-1174.##Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education.##Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Manceau, D., & Hémonnet-Goujot, A. (2015). Marketing management (Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.##Kumar, V., Jones, E., Venkatesan, R., & Leone, R. P. (2011). Is market orientation a source of sustainable competitive advantage or simply the cost of competing?. Journal of marketing, 75(1), 16-30.##Leppäkoski, E., Gollasch, S., & Olenin, S. (Eds.). (2013). Invasive aquatic species of Europe. Distribution, impacts and management. Springer Science & Business Media.##Mabert, V. A., & Venkataramanan, M. A. (1998). Special research focus on supply chain linkages: challenges for design and management in the 21st century. Decision Sciences, 29(3), 537-552.##Mayer, T., Melitz, M. J., & Ottaviano, G. I. (2014). Market size, competition, and the product mix of exporters. The American Economic Review, 104(2), 495-536.##Pettijohn, C. E., Pettijohn, L. S., & Taylor, A. J. (2002). The influence of salesperson skill, motivation, and training on the practice of customer-oriented selling. Psychology & Marketing, 19(9), 743-757.##Raei jadidi, m., sabohi; sabooni, M. (2009). planning for agronomic traits using multiple fuzzy hedfh planning model, Journal of sustainable agricultural knowledge, vol. 11-22, no. 1, 2.20.##Rahbar, E., & Abdul Wahid, N. (2011). Investigation of green marketing tools' effect on consumers' purchase behavior. Business strategy series, 12(2), 73-83.##Rexhausen, D., Pibernik, R., & Kaiser, G. (2012). Customer-facing supply chain practices—The impact of demand and distribution management on supply chain success. Journal of Operations Management, 30(4), 269-281.##Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. In Product Lifecycle Management (pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing.##Rushton, A., Croucher, P., & Baker, P. (2014). The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers.##Ryan Gery w. (2003). techniques to identify themes, sage  publication, University of Florida.##Tavassoli, B. (2008). A survey of marketing agricultural products tnegnahay, Loaders, master's thesis.##Thomas D. R. (2003). A general inductive approach for qualitative data analysis, university of Auckland, New Zealand.##Urde, M., Baumgarth, C., & Merrilees, B. (2013). Brand orientation and market orientation- from alternatives to synergy. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), 13-20.##Zare, Sh., (2007). Economic study of production and marketing of agricultural products in Fars province, Loaders, master's thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shiraz.##

0 ارزیابی عملکرد زنجیره تأمین فرآورده‌های لبنی مناطق روستایی شهرستان کرمانشاه Performance Evaluation for Dairy Products Supply Chain in Rural Areas of Kermanshah Country https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_72955.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.278281.1345 0 پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی عملکرد زنجیره تأمین فرآورده‌های لبنی مناطق روستایی شهرستان کرمانشاه انجام شده است. نمونه آماری این پژوهش شامل سه جامعه کارکنان کارخانه شیر بیستون، فروشندگان محصولات لبنی و گاوداری‌های شهرستان کرمانشاه به تعداد 638 نفر بود که با استفاده از جدول مورگان 240 نفر به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب گردید. داده‌ها به‌وسیله پرسشنامه محقق ساخته گردآوری شد. روایی پرسشنامه را 3 نفر از متخصصین گروه توسعه روستایی دانشگاه ایلام تأیید کردند و پایایی آن نیز با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ با مقدار 847/0تعیین گردید. به‌منظور تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون F یا تحلیل واریانس یک‌طرفه، ضریب همبستگی و رگرسیون با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss20 استفاده گردید. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که متغیرهای جریان اطلاعات و هماهنگی میان اعضای شبکه، بازاریابی و فروش، رضایت مشتری و حمل‌ونقل از وضعیت مطلوبی برخوردار هستند. با استناد به نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه به روش توأم (همزمان) و آزمون F متغیرهای جریان اطلاعات و هماهنگی، بازاریابی و فروش، رضایت مشتری و حمل‌ونقل تأثیر معناداری بر عملکرد زنجیره تأمین دارند درحالی‌که دو متغیر هزینه و انعطاف‌پذیری از وضعیت مطلوب برخوردار نبودند. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌گردد زنجیره تأمین برای بقای بهتر و استفاده گسترده راهبردهای مناسبی اتخاذ کند که دربردارنده فرآیندهای مختلفی مانند هزینه کمتر و انعطاف‌پذیری بیشتر در فضای کسب‌وکار باشد که باعث بهبود عملکرد کل زنجیره تأمین شود. 1 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of dairy products supply chain in rural areas of Kermanshah country. The statistical population of the study is about 638 people and consists of three groups, including the employees of Bisotun Milk Factory, sellers of dairy products, and dairy farms in Kermanshah. Based on the Krejcie & Morgan (1970) table, the sample population is calculated at about 240 people. Data collection is carried out by a researcher-made questionnaire. Three experts from the department of rural development of Ilam University verified the validity of the questionnaire, and its reliability is determined to be o.847 using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using the F test, one-way analysis of variance, correlation coefficient, and regression using SPSS 20 software. The results of the research indicate that variables of information flow, coordination among a network's members, marketing and sales, customer satisfaction, and transportation are in good condition. Based on the results of the regression and F test, variables of information flow and coordination, marketing and sales, customer satisfaction, and transportation have a significant effect on supply chain performance, while the two variables of cost and flexibility were not in desirable condition. Therefore, it is suggested that the supply chain should adopt appropriate strategies for better survival and widespread use and incorporate various processes, such as lower costs and greater flexibility in the business environment, which will improve the performance of the supply chain. 424 437 سمیرا امامی نامیوندی Samira Emami Namevandi کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، گروه کارآفرینی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. ایران s.emamiy67@gmail.com همایون مرادنژادی Homayoon Moradnezhadi دانشیار، گروه کارآفرینی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. ایران homayoon.moradnezhadi@ilam.ac.ir سمیره صی محمدی Samireh Seymohammadi استادیار، گروه کارآفرینی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران. ایران s.saymohamadi@ilam.ac.ir عملکرد زنجیره تأمین زنجیره تأمین محصولات لبنی شهرستان کرمانشاه Agha Gulzadeh, G, H. (2015). Selection of Distribution Networking Strategy in Supply Chain Management, Journal of Resource Management in Law Enforcement,3(3).##Amiri, M., Mansouri Mohammad Abadi, S., Shabani, A., Mohammadi, K. (2016). An Analysis of Factors Affecting Supply Chain Performance Using Fusion Approach and Fuzzy Tactical Factor Analysis of Food Industry Companies in Shiraz, Shahrek Industrial Co., Journal of Management & Supply Chain Management, 54.##Agricultural Statistics Yearbook. (2011). Ministry of Jihad Agriculture website.##Celebi, D., Bayraktar, D. (2008), An integrated neural network and data envelopment analysis for supplier evaluation under incomplete information. Expert System with Applications, 35, 1689-1710.##Colin, M., Galindo, R. & Hernández, O. (2015). Information and communication technology as a key strategy for efficient supply chain management in manufacturing SMEs. Procedia Computer Science, 55, 833 - 842.##DeGroote, S.E., Marx, T.G. (2013). The impact of IT on supply chain agility and firm performance: An empirical investigation, International Journal of Information Management, 33: 909-916.##Farrokhizadeh, F., Moghadasi, M., Farokhzadeh, H. (2016). Identification and Ranking of Factors Related to the Supply Chain Coordination Structure Using Top-Cys Technique (Case Study: A Defense Affiliate Manufacturing Company); Amad Issue, 59, 15.##Fernandes, A.C., Paulo, S., Maria, S. C. (2014). Quality Management and Supply Chain Management Integration: A Conceptual Model, Proceeding of International Conference of Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Bali, Indonesia, January.##Govindaraju,V. G. R. C.,Kaliani Sundram, . V. P.,  Muhammad, A. B., Gunasekaran, A.(2016), "Supply chain practices and performance: the indirect effects of supply chain integration", Benchmarking International Journal, 23(6).##Gunasekaran, A., Lai, K., Cheng, E. (2008). Responsive supply chain: a competitive strategy in a networked economy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2006.12.002##Javadian, N., Khani, M., Mahdavi, I. (2011). Identification of Factors Affecting Supply Chain Performance by Improving It Using System Dynamics Method: Drugger, Management Research in Iran, 16(3).##Krejci, R. V., Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.##Miyan Abadi, A, A. (2010), Supply Chain Management: Definition, History, Objectives, Processes, Benefits and Barriers, Site Management Solution. Available at: http://mgtsolution.com/olib/100520175.aspx##Qrunfleh, S. M. (2010). Alignment of information systems with supply chains:impacts on supply chain performance and organizational performance.Submitted to the graduate faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Manufacturing Management.##Rabbani, M., Razmi, J.,  Humorous, N. (2004), a proposed structure for measuring the performance of supply chain management in Iranian industries. First National Conference on Logistics and Supply Chain.##Shah Bandarzadeh, H., Pikam, A. (2011). A Model for Identifying the Factors Affecting the Supply Chain Management Approach by Investigating New Texts, National Conference on Industrial Engineering, Tehran, Islamic Azad University.##Shafiei, M., Tarmaste, P. (2014). The Effect of Supply Chain Management Processes on Competitive Advantage and Organizational Performance of Enterprises (Case Study of SAPCO Company), Quantitative Studies in Management, 5(2).##Stefanović, N., ,.Stefanović, D.(2011). Supply Chain Performance Measurement System Based on Scorecards and Web Portals, 8.##Sukati, I., Hamid, A., B. Baharun, R., Yusoff, R. M. (2012). The Study of Supply Chain Management Strategy and Practices on Supply Chain Performance. The 2012 International Conference on Asia Pacific Business Innovation & Technology Management, Procedia - Social & Behavioral Sciences, 40, 225 -233.##Wong, C. Y., Boon-itt, S. & Wong, C. W. Y. (2011).The contingency effectsof environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance. Journal of Operations Management.##Ying, J & Li-jun, Z. (Eds.). (2011). The Quantitative Research on the Index System of Supply Chain Performance Measurement Based on SCOR. International Conference on ICCE, AISC112, pp. 382-375. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.##

0 تأثیر ابعاد توانمندسازی و نقش میانجیگری خودکارآمدی بر تمایل به راه‌اندازی کسب‌وکار پایدار روستایی An Evaluation of the Impacts of Empowerment and the Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy on the Desire to Establish Sustainable Rural Businesses https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_72265.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.278686.1349 0 امروزه توانمندسازی روستاییان یکی از اهداف توسعه‌ای در هر کشور قلمداد می‌شود. در همین راستا، طرح صندوق اعتبارات خرد روستایی با هدف بهبود کیفیت زندگی زنان و مردان روستایی مطرح شده است. بر این اساس، این پژوهش با هدف کلی اثربخشی صندوق اعتبارات خرد روستایی در بهبود زندگی و توانمندسازی آنان در استان کرمان، شهرستان قلعه گنج که بین سال‌های 1397- 1394 تشکیل شده‌اند به‌عنوان یکی از طرح‌های تأمین مالی برای مبارزه با فقر روستاییان بررسی شده است. لذا پژوهش حاضر، با هدف ارزیابی میزان اثر ابعاد توانمندسازی اعضای صندوق اعتبارات خرد روستایی بر تمایل به راه‌اندازی کسب‌وکار بررسی شد. جامعه آماری شامل تمام روستاییان عضو صندوق اعتبارات خرد است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای و تصادفی 577 نفر تخمین زده شد. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه‌ است که روایی آن بر اساس نظر کارشناسان و متخصصان امر اصلاح و تأیید شد و پایایی آن نیز توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ در بخش ابعاد توانمندسازی (85/0= α)، خودکارآمدی (92/0= α درصد) و در بخش راه‌اندازی کسب‌وکار (91/0= α درصد) به دست آمد که قابلیت بالای ابزار را جهت جمع‌آوری اطلاعات نشان می‌دهد. جهت انجام تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS25 و LISREL8.8 استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها برازش عالی و مناسب مدل‌ ساختاری تحقیق را تأیید نمودند. همچنین ابعاد توانمندسازی دارای تأثیر مثبت و مستقیمی و معنی‌داری بر راه‌اندازی کسب‌وکاراست. علاوه بر این ابعاد توانمندسازی از طریق متغیر میانجی خودکارآمدی نیز دارای تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری است. 1 Nowadays, the empowerment of rural people is an important development objective in any country. Accordingly, rural micro-credit fund plans have been introduced as an initiative to improve the quality of life for men and women in rural areas. Therefore, the present study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of rural micro-credit funds as a financing initiative in improving the quality of life and empowerment of villagers in Ghale Ganj County, Kerman province during 2015-2018. It aims to evaluate the influence of empowering the members of rural micro-credit funds on their willingness to start up new businesses. The statistical population includes all villagers who are a member of the micro-credit funds. The sample size was estimated about 577 people based on using Cochran formula and through random and cluster sampling. The research instrument is a questionnaire, which its validity is confirmed by experts, and its reliability is estimated with coefficient alpha, 0.85, 0.92, and 0.91 for empowerment, self-efficacy, and starting businesses, respectively. These numbers are indicative of the high potential of instruments for data gathering. Data analysis is done through SPSS 25 and LISREL 8.8. Findings approve the goodness of fit of the structural model of the research. Besides, it is found that empowerment dimensions have a positive, direct, and significant impact on the inclination to start businesses. Furthermore, empowerment dimensions through the self-efficacy mediator variables have positive and significant effects. 438 451 مهدی قربانی Mehdi Ghorbani دانشیار، گروه احیاء مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، ایران. ایران mehghorbani@ut.ac.ir احمد حاج علیزاده Ahmad Hajalizadeh استادیار، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد گرمی، گرمی، ایران. ایران mehghorbani15@gmail.com مسعود حیدروند Masoud Heydarvand دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات، علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران. ایران sarajalilianu@yahoo.com توانمندسازی خودکارآمدی تمایل به کارآفرینی صندوق اعتبارات دهستان چاه دادخدا Anderson, D. W., Krajewski, H. T., Goffin, R. D., & Jackson, D. N. (2008). A leadership self-efficacy taxonomy and its relation to effective leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 19(5): 595–608.##Bandura, A. (2006). Going global with social cognitive theory: From prospect to paydirt. In S. I. Donaldson, D. E. Berger, & K. Pezdek (Eds.). Applied psychology: New frontiers and rewarding careers (pp. 53-79). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum##Chen, C., & Green, G. (1998). Does enterpreneurid self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?. Journal of Busuines Venturing, 13(3), 137-157.##Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning.##Dudwick, N., Kuehnast, K., Nyhan Jones, V. and Woolcock, M. (2006). Analyzing social capital in context: A guide to using qualitative methods. World Bank Institute, Washington, D.C.##Fayolle, A., Linan, F. and Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: values andmotivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal: 10(1), 1-11.##Fukuyama, Francis (2000). Social Capital and Civil Society, IMF Working Paper Wp/00/74, April.##Gloria, L. Sweida Rebecca, J. and Reichard, A. (2013). “Gender stereotyping effects on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and high-growth entrepreneurial intention”. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20 (2), pp 296- 313.##Karimi, S., Chizari, M., Biemans, H.J., and Mulder, M., (2012), Entrepreneurshipeducation in Iranian higher education: The current state and challenges.European Journal of Scientific Research, 48(1):  35-50.##Karimi, Y. (2018). Social Psychology. Payamnoor University Press. 372 pages.##Kefela, G. (2011). “Implications of financial literacy in developing countries“. African Journal of Business Management, 5(9), 3699 -3705.##Khani, F. (2012). Micro-credit for rural women (needs and barriers). The Conference on micro-credit for rural women. Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.##Luthans, F., Stajkovic, A., & Ibrayera, E. (2000). Enviormental and psychological callenges fading entrepreneuriral develop ment in transitional economic. Journal of World Business, 35(1), 95-110.##Mitchelmore, S. & Rowley, J. (2010), Entrepreneurial Competencies: A Literature Review and Development Agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(2), pp. 92-111.##Mitra, S. and Kundu, A. (2012). “Assessing empowerment through generation of social capital“, Journal of Business and Social Research, 6, PP 72-84.##Mollashahi, G.H. (2012). Investigate the role of micro-credit in empowering rural women: study micro credit fund for rural women. First International Conference on Rural Development, University of Sistan and Baluchistan. (In Persian).##Müller, S. (2008). Increasing entrepreneurial intention: Effective entrepreneurship course characteristics. Paper presented at the Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training (IntEnt2008) Conference, Oxford, Ohio, USA, 17–20 July 2008. [Online] Available at: http://www.intent-conference.com/DWD/_621/upload/media_1998.pdf. Accessed: 13 July 2011.##Nik Raftar, T., (2011), The effect of personal and social competencies on theentrepreneurial personality (Case Study: Tosee Saderat Bank staff). Entrepreneurship Development, 4(14): 125-143.##Sharf, F. (2001). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy. Translated by Firouz Bakht, M., Tehran: Rasa Publication.##Stajkovic, A. and Luthans, F. (1998). “Self-efficacy and work-related performance: a meta-analysis”. Psychological Bulletin, 124, pp 240-261.##Wilson, F., Kickul, J. and Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for education. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 5, 378- 406.##

0 تبیین چارچوبی جهت بسط حمایت از توسعه گردشگری روستایی بر اساس تلفیق نظریه‏ های تبادل اجتماعی و تصویر مکان (موردمطالعه نواحی تالابی استان خوزستان) Explaining a Framework for Expanding Support for the Development of Rural Tourism Based on the Integration of Social Exchange and Place Image Theories (Case Study: Villages in the Wetland Areas of the Khuzestan Province https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_71822.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.276214.1332 0 این مطالعه با هدف تبیین عوامل اثرگذار بر حمایت از توسعه گردشگری در میان ساکنین روستاهای حوزه تالاب‏های استان خوزستان با تمرکز بر توسعه چارچوبی مفهومی بر پایه نظریه تبادل اجتماعی و تصویر مکان انجام شد. ابزار جمع‏آوری اطلاعات در این مطالعه پرسشنامه‏ای محقق ساخت بود که پایایی آن با استفاده از پایایی ترکیبی و همچنین محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ و روایی آن به سه شیوه صوری، سازه‏ای و تشخیصی تأیید گردید. جامعه آماری در این مطالعه، خانوارهای ساکن در ‏روستاهای حوزه چهار تالاب گردشگری استان خوزستان (شادگان، میانگران، بامدژ و هورالعظیم) بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه‏گیری طبقه‏ای نمونه‏ای به حجم 316 خانوار از میان آن‏ها انتخاب و به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‏ها از نرم‏افزارهای SPSS و AMOS بهره گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که چارچوب توسعه‌یافته‏ در این مطالعه بر مبنای نظریه تبادل اجتماعی و تصویر مکان توانسته است برازش مناسبی با داده‏ها ایجاد نموده و تعداد بیشتری از متغیرهای مؤثر بر حمایت از توسعه گردشگری در میان ساکنین روستاهای حوزه تالاب‏های استان خوزستان را شناسایی نماید. از میان متغیرهای مؤثر شناسایی‌شده در چارچوب مفهومی مذکور، متغیرهای آگاهی و تصویر مکان بر ادراک آثار اجتماعی-فرهنگی گردشگری و ادراک آثار اجتماعی - فرهنگی گردشگری، بر نگرش نسبت به توسعه گردشگری و حمایت از توسعه گردشگری در میان ساکنین روستاهای حوزه تالاب‏های استان خوزستان تالاب تأثیرگذار بود. 1 This study aimed to explain factors affecting the support of tourism development among the residents of wetland areas of the Khuzestan province, focusing on the development of a conceptual framework based on the social exchange and place image theories. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire which its reliability was confirmed using composite reliability, as well as Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and its validity was confirmed in three ways: content, construct, and discriminant. The statistical population of this study was the households living in the villages located in the four wetland areas of Khuzestan province, namely Shadegan, Miangaran, Bamedeh, and Hoor Al Azim. Using a stratified sampling method, we selected 316 households. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that the framework developed in this study based on social exchange theory and place image was able to fit the data well identify more variables affecting the support of tourism development among the residents of Khuzestan wetlands. Among the variables of the theoretical framework, the awareness and place image had an effect on the perception of socio-cultural impacts, and the perception of the socio-cultural effects had an influence on the residents' attitude toward tourism development and also support for tourism development in the Khuzestan wetlands. 452 469 امید مهراب قوچانی Omid M. Ghoochani دانشجوی دکتری، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، اهواز، ایران. ایران mehrab.omid@gmail.com منصور غنیان Mansour Ghanian دانشیار، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، اهواز، ایران. ایران m_ghanian@yahoo.com بهمن خسروی‌پور Bahman Khosravipour استاد، گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، اهواز، ایران. ایران b.khosravipour@gmail.com جان کراتز John Crotts استاد، گروه مدیریت گردشگری، دانشکده کسب‌وکار، کالج چارلستون، کارولینای جنوبی، آمریکا. ایران crottsjo@gmail.com تصویر مکان گردشگری روستایی نگرش حمایت از توسعه گردشگری تالاب‏های استان خوزستان AliGholi Firoozjani, N. Ghadami, M. Ramezanzade Lasbuyi, M. (2010). Attitudes of the Host Society to the Development of Tourism in Rural Areas Case Study: Kalijan Village, Tonekabon Town. Human Geography Research, 71, 35-48. (In Persian).##Aligholizade Firoozjani, N. Ramezanzade Lasboyi, M. & Esmayili, M. (2014). Measure the attitude and orientation of the host society to the development of tourism in rural areas of desert regions (Case study: Rural areas of Khour and Biabanak). Geographical studies of arid regions. 5 (18). 37-53. (In Persian).##Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of tourism research, 32(4), 1056-1076.##Andriotis, K., & Vaughan, R. D. (2003). Urban residents' attitudes toward tourism development: the case of Crete. Journal of Travel Research, 42(2), 172-185.##Ap, J. (1992). Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665-690.##Belisle, F. J., & Hoy, D. R. (1980). The perceived impact of tourism by residents a case study in Santa Marta, Colombia. Annals of tourism research, 7(1), 83-101.##Blešić, I., Pivac, T., Besermenji, S., Ivkov-Džigurski, A., & Košić, K. (2014). Residents’ attitudes and perception towards tourism development: a case study of rural tourism in dragacevo, serbia. Eastern European Countryside, 20(1), 151-165.##Brasier, K. J., Filteau, M. R., McLaughlin, D. K., Jacquet, J., Stedman, R. C., Kelsey, T. W., & Goetz, S. J. (2011). Residents’ perceptions of community and environmental impacts from development of natural gas in the Marcellus Shale: A comparison of Pennsylvania and the New York cases. Journal of Rural Social Sciences, 26(1), 32.##Byrd, E. T., Bosley, H. E., & Dronberger, M. G. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina. Tourism Management, 30(5), 693-703.##Cook, F. L., Jacobs, L. R., & Kim, D. (2010). Trusting what you know: Information, knowledge, and confidence in Social Security. The Journal of Politics, 72(2), 397-412.##Davis, D., Allen, J., & Cosenza, R. M. (1988). Segmenting local residents by their attitudes, interests, and opinions toward tourism. Journal of travel research, 27(2), 2-8.##Devine-Wright, P., & Howes, Y. (2010). Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments: A wind energy case study. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(3), 271-280.##Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B., & Carter, J. (2007). Structural modelling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28(2), 409-422.##Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2003). The meaning and measurement of destination image. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 37-48.##Ghanian, M. (2010). Explaining the strategies of tourism development of rural entrepreneurs; Study of Oraman Region; Ph.D. thesis in Geography and Urban Planning. Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran. (In Persian).##Ghanian, M. Hashemi, A. Ghoochani, O. M. Yusefi, H. R., & Bakhshi, A. (2017). Exploring Beneficiary Adaptation Behavior to Drought Effects in Shadegan Wetlands: Application of the Vulnerability Theory. Environmental Sciences, 15, 1-19.##Ghanian, M., Ghoochani, O. M., & Crotts, J. C. (2014). An application of European Performance Satisfaction Index towards rural tourism: The case of western Iran. Tourism Management Perspectives, 11, 77-82.##Ghanian, M., Ghoochani, O., & Crotts, J. (2017). Analyzing the Motivation Factors in Support of Tourism Development: The Case of Rural Communities in Kurdistan Region of Iran. Journal of Sustainable Rural Development, 1(2), 137-148.##Gholizade Firoozjayi, A. Ghanbarzade, N. Ashari, A. (2015). Measuring the support of rural residents for the development of tourism in the villages of the forest areas and the factors affecting it. Tourism Planning and Development, 4 (15), 170-188.##Gursoy, D., Chi, C. G., & Dyer, P. (2010). Locals' attitudes toward mass and alternative tourism: the case of Sunshine Coast, Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 381-394.##Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: a structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79-105.##Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Canonical correlation: A supplement to multivariate data analysis. Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. 7th edn. Pearson Prentice Hall Publishing, Upper Saddle River.##Hall, C. M., & Lew, A. A. (2009). Understanding and managing tourism impacts: An integrated approach. Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2009.##Hanafiah, M. H., Jamaluddin, M. R., & Zulkifly, M. I. (2013). Local community attitude and support towards tourism development in Tioman Island, Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, 792-800.##Harrill, R. (2004). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implications for tourism planning. Journal of planning literature, 18(3), 251-266.##Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Articles, 2.##Hsu, C. H. C., Wolfe, K., & Kang, S. K. (2004). Image assessment for a destination with limited comparative advantages. Tourism Management, 25(1), 121-126.##Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.##Kaltenborn, B. P. (1998). Effects of sense of place on responses to environmental impacts: A study among residents in Svalbard in the Norwegian high Arctic. Applied Geography, 18(2), 169-189.##Khoshkam, M., Marzuki, A., & Al-Mulali, U. (2016). Socio-demographic effects on Anzali wetland tourism development. Tourism Management, 54, 96-106.##Khosrojerdi, M. and Nuripoor, M. (2016). An Analysis of Effective Structures on the Attitudes of Villagers on Rural Tourism in Doroodzan District of Marvdasht. Quarterly Rural Development Strategies. 3 (3), 303-316. (In Persian)##Ko, D. W., & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation model of residents' attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5), 521-530.##Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.##Lankford, S. V., & Howard, D. R. (1994). Developing a tourism impact attitude scale. Annals of tourism research, 21(1), 121-139.##Lee, T. H. (2009). A structural model to examine how destination image, attitude, and motivation affect the future behavior of tourists. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 215-236.##Lee, T. H. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management, 34, 37-46.##Leisen, B. (2001). Image segmentation: the case of a tourism destination. Journal of Services Marketing, 15(1), 49-66.##Liu, J. C., & Var, T. (1986). Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts in Hawaii. Annals of tourism research, 13(2), 193-214.##McDowall, S., & Choi, Y. (2010). A comparative analysis of Thailand residents' perception of tourism's impacts. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 11(1), 36-55.##McGehee, N. G., & Andereck, K. L. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents' support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 131-140.##Meimand, S., Khalifah, Z., Zavadskas, E., Mardani, A., Najafipour, A., & Ahmad, U. (2017). Residents’ attitude toward tourism development: A sociocultural perspective. Sustainability, 9(7), 1170.##Moscardo, G. (2005). Peripheral tourism development: Challenges, issues and success factors. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(1), 27-43.##Muresan, I., Oroian, C., Harun, R., Arion, F., Porutiu, A., Chiciudean, G., ... & Lile, R. (2016). Local residents’ attitude toward sustainable rural tourism development. Sustainability, 8(1), 100.##Negaresh, H. Parvane, B. & Nasb Mehdi, M. (2014). Feasibility study on the development of tourism in Ploodkhtar wetlands based on the SWOT analytical model. Human Settlement Planning Studies (Geographic Perspective), Volume 8, Number 22, 14-1. (In Persian)##Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2012). Power, trust, social exchange and community support. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 997-1023.##Nunkoo, R., & So, K. K. F. (2016). Residents’ support for tourism: Testing alternative structural models. Journal of Travel Research, 55(7), 847-861.##Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1987). Rural resident tourism perceptions and attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(3), 420-429.##Peters, M., Chan, C. S., & Legerer, A. (2018). Local perception of impact-attitudes-actions towards tourism development in the Urlaubsregion Murtal in Austria. Sustainability, 10(7), 2360.##Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Nunkoo, R., & Alders, T. (2013). London residents' support for the 2012 Olympic Games: the mediating effect of overall attitude. Tourism Management, 36, 629-640.##Saghayi, M. & Javanbakht Ghahfarokhi, Z. (2012). Feasibility study of rural tourism in North Khorasan (Case study: Esfidan area). Two Quarterly Journal of Tourism Studies. First period, first year, first issue. 62-51. (In Persian).##Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of educational research, 99(6), 323-338.##Schroeder, T. (1996). The relationship of residents' image of their state as a tourist destination and their support for tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 34(4), 71-73.##Sirakaya, E., Teye, V., & Sönmez, S. (2002). Understanding residents’ support for tourism development in the central region of Ghana. Journal of travel research, 41(1), 57-67.##Stockton, T. M. D. (2011). An assessment of Morro Bay Residents' attitudes toward and knowledge about tourism: setting a foundation for sustainable tourism development. A Thesis Presented to Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.##Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J., & Szivas, E. M. (2014). Residents' support for tourism development: The role of residents' place image and perceived tourism impacts. Tourism Management, 45, 260-274.##Stylidis, D., Shani, A., & Belhassen, Y. (2017). Testing an integrated destination image model across residents and tourists. Tourism Management, 58, 184-195.##Stylidis, D., Sit, J., & Biran, A. (2016). An exploratory study of residents’ perception of place image: The case of Kavala. Journal of Travel Research, 55(5), 659-674.##Tosun, C. Host perception of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Ann. Tour. Res. 2002, 29, 231–253.##Vargas-Sanchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N., & de los Ángeles Plaza-Mejía, M. (2011). Explaining residents’ attitudes to tourism: Is a universal model possible?. Annals of tourism research, 38(2), 460-480.##Varmazyari, H. Asadi, A. Rahimi, A. Faghehi, D. (2017). The Motivation Analysis for Tourists Choice of Agritourism Destination: A Case Study of East Alamut, Iran. Journal of Rural Research, 7(4), 644-657.##Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2013). Resident perceptions of a contentious tourism event. Tourism Management, 37, 165-175.##Zhang, H., & Lei, S. L. (2012). A structural model of residents’ intention to participate in ecotourism: The case of a wetland community. Tourism Management, 33(4), 916-925.##Zhang, H., Ghoochani, O. M., Pan, B., & Crotts, J. (2016). A Case Study on the Impact of Personal Characteristics on Residents’ Support for Tourism Development.##

0 بررسی رابطه بین عوامل مزیت رقابتی پایدار با رضایت و وفاداری گردشگران (موردمطالعه: گردشگری روستایی استان گلستان) An Analysis of the Relationship Between Sustainable Competitive Advantages and Tourists Satisfaction and Loyalty (Case Study: Rural Tourism in Golestan Province) https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_72266.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.279360.1352 0 گردشگری روستایی نوعی از گردشگری است که قابلیت جذب گردشگران به همراه توسعه روستایی ازطریق درآمد اضافی و کیفیت زندگی بهتر ساکنان و بهبود زیرساخت‌ها را داراست که به‌تازگی موردتوجه قرارگرفته است، این مطالعه با رویکرد تحلیلی - توصیفی از نوع همبستگی به بررسی رابطه بین عوامل مزیت رقابتی پایدار و وفاداری باتوجه‌به نقش میانجی رضایت کلی در صنعت گردشگری روستایی می‌پردازد. جامعه آماری، کلیه بازدیدکنندگان روستاهای گردشگری استان گلستان است و نمونه آماری بر مبنای جدول کرچسی و مورگان برابر 386 گردشگر تعین ‌شده است. برای گردآوری داده‌های لازم از پرسشنامه و برای تعیین روایی و پایایی آن از پیش‌آزمون استفاده ‌شد. روایی پرسشنامه از روش محتوایی، ابزار و سازه و پایایی از روش محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. نویسندگان ضمن مرور کامل مبانی نظری و انتخاب اعضای نمونه آماری با روش تصادفی ساده، فرضیه‌های پژوهش را با روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری، سنجش کرده‌اند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل معادلات ساختاری توسط نرم‌افزار لیزرل 8/8 نشان داد که بین کیفیت، ارزش، تصویر و رضایتمندی با رضایت کلی رابطه معنی‌داری وجود دارد و همچنین بین کیفیت، ارزش، تصویر، رضایتمندی و رضایت کلی با وفاداری نیز رابطه معنی‌داری وجود دارد. 1 Recently, rural tourism is a type of tourism that has the capacity to attract tourists along with rural development by making surplus income, providing a better quality of life for residents, and improving infrastructures. Regarding the mediating role of overall satisfaction in the rural tourism industry, this study investigates the relationship between the factors of sustainable competitive advantages and loyalty through a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population of the research involves all visitors of Golestan province villages. The statistical sample comprises 386 tourists based on Krejcie and Morgan Table. A questionnaire is used for data collection, and a pre-test is applied to test its validity and reliability. The validity of the survey is confirmed by content methods, tools, and constructs, and its reliability is confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. The authors, while thoroughly reviewing the theoretical foundations and selecting the members of the statistical sample using simple random sampling, have tested the research hypotheses by a structural equation modeling method. Using LISREL 8.8 software, the results of the structural equation model show that there is a significant relationship between factors such as quality, value, image, and satisfaction and dependent variables of overall satisfaction and loyalty. 470 487 سعید بقایی Saeid Baghaei استادیار مدیریت، گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، مؤسسه آموزش عالی شرق گلستان، گنبد کاووس، ایران ایران saeid.baghaei2001@gmail.com هادی دادخواه Hadi Dadkhah دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، گروه علوم اقتصادی، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. ایران eco.dadkhah@gmail.com وفاداری رضایت مزیت رقابتی پایدار صنعت گردشگری Akbarian ronizi, S., Rajaie, S. (2018). Factors Affecting on the Loyalty in Tourism Case study: Qeshm. urban tourism, 5(2), 87-99.##Aligholi zadeh Firoozjaie, N., Ghanbarzadeh Ashari, A. (2016). Assessment of Rural Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in the Villages of Forest Regions and Their Effective Factors. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 4(15), 170-188.##Asgarnezhad Nouri, B,. Nemati, V,.Abbasgholizadeh, N,. (2019). The Effect of Perceived Value on the Destination Image, Satisfaction and Loyalty of Medical Tourists: A Case Study in Ardabil. Journal of Health, 10(1), 34-49.##Assaker, G., Vinzi, V. E., & O’Connor, P. (2011). Examining the effect of novelty seeking, satisfaction, and destination image on tourists’ return pattern:: As two factor, non-linear latent growth model. Tourism Management, 32(4), 890–901.##Beiki, P., tardast, Z. (2018). Evaluating the Quality of Urban Tourism Destination Components in terms of Destination Management (Case Study: Ferdowsi Tomb, Tous Town). urban tourism, 5(1), 53-6.##Bigné, J. E., Sánchez, M. I., & Sanz, S. (2005). Relationships among residents’ image, evaluation of the stay and post-purchase behaviour. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(4), 291–299.##Campón, A. M., Alves, H. M., & Hernández, J. M. (2016). Loyalty measurement in tourism: A theoretical reflection In: A. Matias, P. Nijkamp, & M. Sarmento (Eds.), Advances in tourism economics: Quantitative methods (pp. 13–40). Berlin   /Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag A Springer Company.##Chen, C. F., & Chen, F. S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism management, 31(1): 29-35.##Chen, C., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions. Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115–1122.##Chen, J. S., & Gursoy, D. (2001). An investigation of tourists’ destination loyalty and preferences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13 (2), 79–85.##Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636.##Cronin J, Taylor S. (1992). Measuring service quality: A reexamination and extension. Journal of Marketing, 56 (3), 125–131.##Darzian Azizi, A., Feli, R., Rahimi, F., Mahmoodi, E. (2016). the effect of Cognitiv and emotional factors on the loyalty tourist of the destinationtourist. New Marketing Research Journal, 6(2), 54-37.##Eusébio, C., & Vieira, A. L. (2013). Destination attributes’ evaluation, satisfaction and behavioural intentions: A structural modelling approach. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 66–80.##Farahani, B., bahari, J., Bahari, S., Bazleh, M. (2018). Examine the Effective Factors on Tourist Loyalty to the Tourism( Case study: Foreign tourists traveled To Tabriz City destinations). Geography and Planning, 22(64), 19-33.##Forgas-Coll, S., Palau-Saumell, R., Sánchez-García, J., & Callarisa Fiol, L. J. (2012). Urban destination loyalty drivers and cross-national moderator effects: The case of Barcelona. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1309–1320.##Gallarza, M. G., & Gil, I. (2006). Value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: An investigation of university students’ travel behaviour. Tourism Management, 27(3), 437–452.##Ghaderi, Z., & Henderson, J. C. (2012). Sustainable rural tourism in Iran: A perspective from Hawraman Village. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2, 47–54.##Ghafari, M., Rezaei Dolat Abadi, H., Dehghani Anari, F. (2014). Studying the Effective Factors on the Tourists’ Loyalty to Tourism Destinations (Inbound Tourists who Visited Isfahan as Case Study). Organizational Culture Management, 12(3), 551-568.##Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151.##Heidarzadeh, K. (2017). The Impact of Tourism Services Quality on Tourism Destination Loyalty, Considering the Mediating Role of the Tourism Destination Image and the Tourists Satisfaction. Tourism Management Studies, 12(40), 115-153.##Hernández-Lobato, L., Solís-Radilla, M. M., Moliner-Tena, M. A., & Sánchez-García, J. (2006). Tourism destination image, satisfaction and loyalty: A study in Ixtapa-##Hutchinson, J., Lai, F., & Wang, Y. (2009). Understanding the relationships of quality, value, equity, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions among golf travelers. Tourism Management, 30(2), 298–308.##Imani khoshkhou, M., ayoubi yazdi, H. (2010). The Critical Success Factors of Consumer-Based Brand Equity in Yazd Tourism Destination. Tourism Management Studies, 5(13), 113-138.##Jaberi, A., khazaei pool, J., Asadi, H. (2018). The Effect of Perceived Quality of Sport Tourism Destinations on Satisfaction and Intention to Revisit. Journal of Sport Management, 10(1), 17-32.##Jafari, S,. Najarzade, M, Jafari,N,. Rajabi, N,.(2017). The Structural Relationship of Perceived Value and Tourist Satisfaction with Environmentally Responsible Behavior: The Mediating Role of Tourist Activity Involvement. Tourism Management Studies, 12(37), 115-151.##Jafari, V., Najjarzadeh, M., Feizabadi, Z. (2017). Survey Factors Affecting Tourism Destination Brand Equity (Case Study: Savadkuh County). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 6(20), 75-93.##Jalalian, H., Rezvani, M., Tahmasebi, A., Oroji, H. (2018). Explanation of a Rural Tourism System Model by Using the Chaos Theory and the Butler Model: A Case Study of Mesr Village, Khur-biabank County. Journal of Rural Research, 9(2), 222-235.##Jalilvand, M. R., Pool, J. K., Vosta, L. N., & Nafchali, J. S. (2014). The effect of marketing constructs and tourists’ satisfaction on loyalty to a sport destination: A structural equation model and analysis. Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues, 7(4), 316–332.##Jani, S., Donyabin, F. (2017). Analyzing the Effective Factors on the Number of National Tourists and Tourists’ Length of Stay: A Province-wide Study. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 6(22), 30-53.##Karami,. F,. Zeinali, B, (2015). The Quality of Destination Tourism Product, Tourist Satisfaction and Future Behavioral Tendencies of Tourists: The Case of El-Gölü Park in Tabriz. Geographical space, 15(51), 97-119.## Karshki.H. (2016). Linear structural relations in the human sciences research (basics and easy guide of application of Lisrel software ), Avaye- Noor Publication.##Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., & Eusébio, C. (2006). Studying visitor loyalty to rural tourist destinations In: M. Kozak, & L. Andreu (Eds.), Progress in tourism marketing: Advances in tourism research studies (pp. 239–253). Oxford/Amsterdam: Elsevier.##Kazemi, A., Ghafari, M., Konjkav Monfared, A., Taslimi, A. (2015). Studying the Effect of Tourism Destinations Attachment on the Satisfaction and Loyalty of Tourists (Case Study: Domestic Tourists who Visited Isfahan). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 4(12), 34-51.Mahmood, S., Ranjbaryan, B., Fathi, S. (2016). Developing a Model of Potential Tourists’ Image of Iran as Tourist Destination. Tourism Management Studies, 10(29), 21-44.##Khazarnezhad, B,. Heidari, R, (2016). Analysis of effective factors in the formation of destination image of urban tourism - Case Study: City of Urmia. , 6(21), 5-16.##Kim, A. K., & Brown, (2012). Understanding the relationships between perceived travel experiences, overall satisfaction, and destination loyalty. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism Hospitality Research, 23(3), 328–347.##Kim, S. H., Holland, S., & Han, H. S. (2012). A structural model for examining how destination image, perceived value, and service quality affect destination loyalty: A case study of Orlando. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(4), 313–328.##Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two distinct destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784–807.##Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative analysis of tourist motivation by nationality and destinations. Tourism Management, 221-232.##Lai, W.H. & Quang Vinh, N. (2012). A study of analyzing the selection of promotion activities and destination attributes in tourism industry in Vietnam from the perspective of tourism industrial service network (TISN), International journal of social and human science, No. 6: 330-336.##Lee, J. J., Kyle, G., & Scott, D. (2012). The mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between festival satisfaction and loyalty to the festival hosting destination. Journal of Travel Research, 51(6), 754–767.##Lee, J., Graefe, A. R., & Burns, R. C. (2004). Service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intention among forest visitors. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 17(1), 73–82.##Mahmoodi, S., Ranjbaryan, B., Fathi, S. (2016). Developing a Model of Potential Tourists’ Image of Iran as Tourist Destination. Tourism Management Studies, 10(29), 21-44.##McKercher, B., & Guillet, B. D. (2011). Are tourists or markets destination loyal? Journal of Travel Research, 50(2), 121–132.##Mechinda, P., Serirat, S., & Gulid, N. (2009). An examination of tourists’ attitudinal and behavioral loyalty: Comparison between domestic and international tourists. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(2), 129–148.##Moeinfard, M, Esmaeili, MH, Shooshinasab, P,. Bansbordi, A. (2017). The relationship between the dimensions of service quality as well as the satisfaction of tourist tourists in Mashhad's water parks,. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior, 13(26), 223-236.##Molazemolhosseini, M., Rojuee, M., Moradi, M. (2017). The Effects of the Development of Tourist Sites on Satisfaction of Religious Tourists (Case Study: Mashhad as a Metropolis). Tourism Management Studies, 12(39), 123-142.##Murphy, P., Pritchard, M. P., & Smith, B. (2000). The destination product and its impact on traveller perceptions. Tourism Management, 21(1), 43–52.##Noorian., M, (2016). Structural equations modeling with Lisrel, Bishe Publications.##Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, 33–44.##parvazi, M. (2017). Analyzing the Special Value of Urban Tourism Brand (Case Study: Baneh Border City). Geography (Regional Planning), 7(1), 49-69.##Phillips, W. J., Wolfe, K., Hodur, N., & Leistritz, F. L. (2013). Tourist word of mouth and revisit intentions to rural tourism destinations: A case of North Dakota, USA. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 93–104.##Prayag, G., & Ryan, (2012). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342–356.##Ramezanzade, M,. (2016). Evaluation of major determinants of loyalty in rural tourism (case study: villages of rural districts of Goleijan.Tonekabon). Geografical Association, 14(49), 79-94.##Rivera, M. A., & Croes, R. (2010). Ecotourists’ loyalty: Will they tell about the destination or will they return? Journal of Ecotourism, 9(2), 85–103.##Shirkhodaie, M., Alizadeh Sani, M., Amoli Diva, F. (2016). Examining the Effect of Destination Image on Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions in Health Tourism (Case Study: Lavij Spa). Journal of Taourism Planning and Development, 5(17), 128-145.##Sun, X., Chi, C. G. Q., & Xu, H. (2013). Developing destination loyalty: The case of Hainan Island. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 547–577.##Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26 (1), 45–56.##Žabkar, V., Brenčič, M. M., & Dmitrović, T. (2010). Modelling perceived quality, visitor satisfaction and behavioural intentions at the destination level. Tourism Management, 31(4), 537–546.##

0 ردیابی و ساخت رابطه‌ای فضاهای توسعه اقتصاد نخل‌داری؛ قابلیت تجاری محصول خرما در ناحیه مَکُّران Relational Tracing and Construction of Economic Development Palm Tree Spaces; Commercial Ability of Date Product in Makkoran Area https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_72956.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.283378.1368 0 اقتصاد نخل‌داری در کشورهای کمتر توسعه‌یافته ازجمله ایران -که تولیدکننده عمده این محصول به شمار می‌رود- در زمینه عملکرد، زیرساخت‌های تولید و نگهداری، بازار رسانی و... با چالش‌های زیادی مواجه است. از این رو درک ماهیت و پویایی رابطه‌های بین کنشگران در این زمینه اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر ردیابی و ساخت رابطه‌های فضایی بین کنشگران انسانی و غیرانسانی درزمینه قابلیت تجاری محصول خرما به‌منظور توسعه کارکردهای اقتصاد نخل‌داری در ناحیه مکران است. این پژوهش مبتنی بر روش ترکیبی (راهبرد متوالی- تغییرپذیر) است. جامعه آماری شامل 17493 بهره‌بردار خرما و 32 کارشناس کشاورزی است. برای نمونه‌گیری از روش هدفمند - احتمالی و برای تعیین اندازه نمونه در مرحله کیفی از معیار «کفایت اطلاعات» و در مرحله کمّی از معیار «نمایندگی (معرف بودن)» به کمک روش کوکران استفاده شده است. روش تحلیل، «تحلیل ترکیبی متوالی» بر اساس راهبرد کیفی - کمّی متوالی است. داده‌های کیفی به کمک نرم‌افزار «NVIVO» و داده‌های کمّی با روش‌های آماری در نرم‌افزار «SPSS» پردازش و تحلیل شده‌اند. تحلیل و استنتاج نهایی داده‌ها بر اساس استدلال لاتور (1987) به روش «ترجمه» صورت گرفته است. نتایج نشان داد که رابطه‌های فضایی گوناگونی بین‌ کنشگران (انسانی و غیرانسانی) برقرار و یا در حال شکل‌گیری است. بر اساس این رابطه‌ها، موقعیت جغرافیایی، اقلیم، نخل خرما، بهره‌بردار، سرمایه، بازار هدف، سردخانه، دولت، فاصله فضایی، فناوری حمل‌ونقل -که به ترتیب توانسته‌اند شبکه گسترده‌تر و قوی‌تری از کنشگران با رابطه‌های بادوام شکل دهند- به‌عنوان بازیگران کلیدی و مؤثر در زمینه قابلیت تجاری خرما عاملیت یافته‌اند. 1 Date palm gardening economy has faced with many challenges in function, production, maintenance infrastructure, and marketing in the less developed countries, including Iran- which is the major producer of this product. Therefore, understanding the nature and relational dynamics that exist between actors is of great importance. Accordingly, this study aims to trace and construct a spatial relationships between human and nonhuman actors in the field of commercial ability of date palms to develop the functions of date palm economy in the Makkoran area. This research is conducted based on a mixed-methods (sequential strategy-variable) approach. The statistical population of the research consists of 17493 farmers and 32 agricultural experts. A purposive-probabilistic sampling method is used for sampling. For determining the sample size in the qualitative stage, the "adequacy of information" method, and the "representativeness" method based on the Cochran formula is employed in the quantitative stage.  The type of analytical method used in the study is "Sequential Combinatorial Analysis" based on a sequential qualitative-quantitative strategy. Qualitative data is analyzed using "NVIVO" software, and quantitative one is analyzed using statistical methods in the SPSS software environment. Final analysis and inference of data are based on Latour's argument (1987) in the "translation" method. The findings of the study show that various spatial relationships between actors (human and inhuman) are established or developing. Based on these relationships, factors such as geographical location, climate, date palm, farmer, capital, target market, refrigerator, government, spatial distance, transportation technology are considered as the key and active actors in commercialization of date palm as they shape a broader and stronger network of actors with durable relationships. 488 507 هادی راستی Hadi Rasti دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران rasti.hadi1392@gmail.com حمید برقی Hamid Barghi دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران h.barghi@geo.ui.ac.ir سید اسکندر صیدایی Seyyed Eskandar Seidaiy دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ایران s.seidiy@geo.ui.ac.ir فرامرز بریمانی Faramarz Barimani استاد، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران. ایران f.barimani@umz.ac.ir رابطه‌های فضایی کنشگران انسانی و غیرانسانی قابلیت تجاری نخل خرما ناحیه مکران AL-Abbad, A., Al-Jamal, M., Al-Elaiw, Z., Al-Shreed, F., and Belaifa, H. (2011). A study on the economic feasibility of date palm cultivation in the Al-Hassa Oasis of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3 (9), 463-468.##Agricultural Jihad Organization of Sistan and Baluchestan Province (2016). Statistical Yearbook.##Amini, A. (2016). Agricultural Commercialization in Rural Farming Systems and Causal Interpretation of its Determinants Using Structural Equation Modeling and Path Analysis. Journal of Rural Research. 7 (3), 546-563.##Bosco, F. J. (2006). Actor-network theory, networks and relational approaches in human geography: In Approaches to human geography. ed. S. Aiken and G. Valentine, London: Sage, 136-46.##Callon, M., and Latour, B. (1981). Unscrewing the big Leviathan: how actors macrostructure reality and how sociologists help them to do so in K. Knorr-Cetina and A. Cicourel (eds), Advances in Social Theory: Towards an Integration of Micro- and Macrosociologies.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 277–303.##Eghbali, J., Asadi, A., & Shabanali Fami, H. (2018). Expansion of agro-processing industries in the county of Fereidan: challenges and perspectives. Journal of Rural Research, 9 (3), 360-375.##FAO. (2002). Reporting the agricultural economy, United Nations.##FAO. (2012). Reporting the agricultural economy, United Nations.##FAO. (2014). Reporting the agricultural economy, United Nations.##FAO. (2016). Reporting the agricultural economy, United Nations.##Ghaffari, A., Ghasemi, & Depao, A. (2015). The zoning of the agricultural climate in Iran using the UNESCO method. Iranian Journal of Dry Farming, 4 (1), 63-95.##Harvey, D. (1996). Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell.##Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.##Latour, B. (1988). The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.##Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.##Latour, B. (1996). On Actor-Network theory: A few clarifications. Soziale Welt 47: 369-381.##Latour, B. (1999). Pandora’s Hope. London: Harvard University Press.##Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.##Loutfy I. (2010). Degradation of Date Palm Trees and Date Production in Arab Countries: Causes and Potential Rehabilitation. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4 (8), 3998-4010.##Meteorological Organization and Regional Water Company of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. (2018). Statistical yearbooks.##Mostaan, A., Latifiyan, M., Terahi, A., Amani, M., Mohebi, A., and Houri, M. (2017). Technical guide to planting, harvesting and harvesting dates. Karaj: Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Agricultural Education Publication.##Mumtaz Baloch, A. and Gopal Thapa, B. (2014). Agricultural extension in Balochistan, Pakistan: Date palm farmers’ access and satisfaction. Journal of Mountain Science, 11 (4), 1035-1048.##Murdoch, J. (2006). Post-structuralist geography: a guide to relational space. London: SAGE Publications Press.##Muller, M. (2015). A half-hearted romance? A diagnosis and agenda for the relationship between economic geography and actor-network theory (ANT). Progress in Human Geography, 39 (1), 65–86.##Pishro, H., Mahdavi, M., & Azizi, P. (2010). The role of humans in sustainable rural development in Dashtestan (focusing on economic dimensions), Journal of Human Geography, 2 (3), 145-163.##Ruming, K. (2009). Following the Actors: mobilising an actor-network theory methodology in geography. Journal of Australian Geographer, 40 (4), 451-469.##Saligheh, M., Barimani, F., & Esmail Nejad, M. (2008). Climatic zoning of Sistan and Baluchestan province, Journal of Geography and Development, 6 (12), 101-116.##Singh, J., & Dillon, A. (1995). Agricultural Geography. S. Dehghanian, A. Kuchiki & A. Kolahi Ahari (Trans.), Mashhad: Ferdowsi University Press.##Sharifzadeh, R., & Moghadam Haydari, Gh. (2015). From social creation to knowledge to the collective creation of reality: Latour vs. Bleurs, Journal of Methodology of Humanities, 21 (83), 93-120.##Shabani, F., Kumar, L., & Taylor, S. (2012). Climate Change Impacts on the Future Distribution of Date Palms: A Modeling Exercise Using CLIMEX. Journal of PLoS One, 7 (10).##Shabani, F., Kumar, L., & Taylor, S. (2014). Projecting date palm distribution in Iran under climate change using topography, physicochemical soil properties, soil taxonomy, land use, and climate data. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 118 (3), 553–567.##Shoorcheh, M. (2017). Geographical schools. Tehran: Parham-Naghsh Press.##Woods, M. (2011). Rural geography (Processes, Responses and Experiences in Rural Restructurin). M. R. Rezvani & Samet Farhadi (Trans.). Tehran: Tehran University Press.##

0 برنامه‌ریزی توسعه اشتغال پایدار روستایی با رویکرد PRA مبتنی بر مدل هفت سرمایه (موردشناسی: روستای بغدان شهرستان نیکشهر) Planning for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Using the PRA Approach Based on Seven Capital Model (Case Study: Baghdan Village in Nikshahr County) https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_72957.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.276810.1334 0 پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین برنامه توسعه و اشتغال پایدار روستایی با تأکید بر روستای بغدان شهرستان نیکشهر انجام شد. گردآوری داده‌ها با استفاده از مدل‌های ارزیابی مشارکتی (PRA) و با بهره‌گیری از تحلیل ساختار اجتماعی و ساختار سازمانی با نمودار Ven، گردش روستایی، ترسیم درخت مشکلات و ماتریس زوجی نیازسنجی صورت گرفته و تحلیل داده‌ها نیز با استفاده از مدل هفت سرمایه و مدل رادار انجام شده است. علاوه بر بررسی‌های میدانی پژوهشگران و بهره‌گیری از دیدگاه صاحب‌نظران دانشگاهی، مشارکت‌کنندگان این پژوهش به‌طور خاص 23 نفر از مردان و زنان صاحب‌نظر روستا بودند که به‌صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل یافته‌ها نشان داد روستای بغدان دارای سرمایه ‌طبیعی و اجتماعی مناسبی است و سرمایه انسانی آن در حال افزایش است. درعین‌حال نتایج تحلیلی حاکی از آن است که در شرایط فعلی این روستا سرمایه فضایی - مکانی مناسبی ندارد، اما در صورت اجرای سناریوی جابه‌جایی پیشنهادی مکان روستا با توجه به زمینه‌های موجود و خواست روستاییان؛ موقعیت فضایی - مکانی جدید، فرصت‌های مناسب اشتغال‌زایی برای روستا و روستاییان ایجاد خواهد کرد. سرمایه زیرساختی روستا هم ضعیف است که البته با اجرای سناریوی جابجایی، این سرمایه روستایی نیز ارتقا خواهد یافت. علاوه بر این سرمایه نهادی روستا ازنظر مستندات قانونی و طرح‌های توسعه گردشگری و کشاورزی و هم ازنظر هماهنگی برنامه‌های بین سازمانی و اثربخشی برنامه‌ها جهت ایجاد اشتغال و معیشت ضعیف است. درنهایت به کمک مدل رادار و برحسب فرصت‌های موجود در هر یک از سرمایه‌های هفت‌گانه روستا؛ برنامه توسعه آتی و اشتغال‌زایی روستای بغدان تبیین و تدوین شد. 1 The present is carried out aimed at developing a plan for development and sustainable rural livelihoods with an emphasis on Baghdan village in Nikshahr county. Accordingly, a  participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method is used to collect the research data. Data analysis is also performed using the Seven Capital and the Radar Models. The participants of the study consist of 23 experts who are selected purposefully. The findings of the research showed that Baghdan village has appropriate natural and social capital, and its human capital is increasing. At the same time, it is found that the village does not have good spatial capital. However, according to the existing context and the demand of the villagers, implementing the scenario of relocating the village in the proposed location will create new spatial and employment opportunities for the village and villagers. There are also some weaknesses in the infrastructural capitals of the village that they can be addressed by implementing the relocation scenario. Besides, there also some weaknesses in the institutional capital of the village in terms of legal documentation. The development plans for tourism and agriculture have some problems in terms of the coordination of inter-organizational programs, and the effectiveness of the programs for job creation and livelihoods is also under question. Finally, according to the radar model and based on the opportunities available in each of the seven capitals of the village, the future development and employment plan of Baghdan village is elaborated. 508 525 حسین ابراهیم زاده آسمین Hossein Ebrahimzadeh Asmin استادیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. ایران عیسی ابراهیم زاده Issa Ebrahimzadeh استاد، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. ایران iebrahimzadeh@gmail.com ابوذر پایدار Aboozar paidar استادیار، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. ایران aboozarpaidar@gmail.com برنامه‌ریزی توسعه اشتغال پایدار ارزیابی مشارکتی (PRA) مدل هفت سرمایه روستای بغدان Alidost, Somayeh, Lashkar-ara, Farhad and Hosseini, Seyyedjamla (2012). Prioritization of Barriers to Entrepreneurship Development in Rural Women in Garmsar County, National Conference on Entrepreneurship Management and Knowledge Based Businesses; Nov. 23, 2012, Three Centers of Entrepreneurship, Development of Technology Units and Relations between Industry and Society and Civillas. (In Persian)  ##Anabestani, Ali Akbar and Ahmadzadeh, Sahar (2012). Investigating the relationship between spatial and spatial characteristics and factors affecting women's participation in rural society (Dzerab rural district, Mashhad), Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, Volume 1, Issue 2 , Pages 112-95. (In Persian)  ##Bethke, L., Good, J., & Thompson, P. (1997). Building Capacities for Risk Reduction. 1st Edition, Disaster Management Training Programme, DHA.##Faraheni, Hossein, Rasoolinia, Zakieh and Sedghi, Zahra (2014).Effective Factors on the Growth of Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas Case: Jaberansar Village in Abdanan City, Journal of Rural Space Economics, Year 3, Issue 3, Successive 9, Pages 16-1. (In Persian)  ##Farajisabkbar, H., S. A. Badri, H. Sojjasi, T. Sadeghloo, & A. Shadadi, khjehasgkr (2011). Prioritize the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas using techniques Prometea (Mzalh case Khoda village near the central city of Zanjan), Human Geography Research, No. 75, pp. S68-53. (In Persian)  ##Foong, K., and Yorston, R (2003). Human capital measurement and reporting: A British Perspective, London Business School.##Ghadiri Masoomsh, Mojtaba, Zianooshin, Mohammad Mehdi and Khorasani, Mohammadamin (2010). Economic Sustainability and its Relationship with Spatial Spatial Properties: A Case Study of Villages of Kohin Village, Kaboodar Azan, Journal of Rural and Development, Vol. 13, No. 2, Pages 29- 1. (in Persian).##Hall, Anthony and Mijley, James (2009). "Social Policy and Development", translated by Mehdi Ebrahimi and Alireza Sadeghi, Society Publications. Theologians, Tehran, 425.##Hashimi, Seyyed Saeed, Motie Langroudi, Seyyed Hassan, Ghadiri Masoomsh, Mojtaba, Rezvani, Mohammad Reza and Moghimi, Seyyed Mohammad (2011). Explaining the role of Islamic Jihad in rural entrepreneurship development (Bahabad, Yazd Province), Quarterly Journal of Research Rural, Year 2, Issue 1, pp. 114-93. (In Persian)##Heidari Sarban, vakil (2013). Investigating the Factors Affecting Farmers' Empowerment in Ahar County Villages, Quarterly Journal of Geographic Space, 13, s 41, pp. 170-157. (In Persian)  ##Heidari Sarban, vakil and majnooni Tootatkhani, Ali (2017).explaining the role of information and communication technology (ICT) about social capacity of rural areas (case study: Meshgin-Shahr city), human settlements planning studies, 12(2), pp. 283-267. (In Persian)##Hosseininia, Gh., & Fallai, H. (2017). [Factors Affecting the Development of Rural Entrepreneurship: A Case Study on the Rural Areas of Manoojan County (Persian)]. Journal of Rural Researchs, 8(1), 22-37. http://dx.doi.org/10,.21859/jjr-08012.##Jeanette S. Martina, Milorad Novicevicb, (2010). Social entrepreneurship among Kenyan farmers: A case example of acculturation challenges and program successes, International Journal of Intercultural Relations 34 482–492.##Larsen Ray. (2015). Community Empowerment & Technology Developments, IEEE Smart Village Co-Chair.##Molaee Hashjin, Nasrallah (2007). An Analysis of the Reviewing Requirements for Rural Development Planning Policies in Iran, Ahar Geographic Magazine,Seventh Year, No.17,40-20.  ##Naghavi, Mir-Ali and Babaei, Ali (2013). Evaluation of Rural Economic Development Policy from a Regional Point of View on Government Policies in Iran, Quarterly Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 479-451 (In Persian).  ##oliyaei, Mohammad Sadegh (2011). Causes of rural development in Iran from the perspective of human capital and social capital: Divandareh city, Geography Magazine, New Volume, No. 30, pp. 161-146 (In Persian).   ##Rasekhi, Behrouz (2003). Summary of articles of the Congress on Rural Development, Challenges and Perspectives, Iranian Institute of Rural Development. (In Persian)  ##Rasekhi, B., Ghanbari Movahed, R., & Alibayghi, A. (2018).[Comparative analysis of agricultural entrepreneur ship in rural and urban areas of Kermanshah province (Persian)]. Journal of Rural Research, 9(3), 346-359, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22059/jrur.2017.228470.1071##Rezaei Sartzhnisy, Pejman (2003). Evaluation of the Rural Development Status in Social-Economic Development Plans Before and After the Revolution, Collection Summary of the Congress on Rural Development Challenges and Perspectives, Iranian Rural Development Publishers. (In Persian)  ##Rezvani, M. R., & M. Najarzadeh, (2008). Analysis of ground, entrepreneurial development of rural villagers in the process (case study, its villages south of the city of Isfahan, Journal of Entrepreneurship, First year, second number, pp161-182. (In Persian)##Rokneddin Eftekhai, A., H. Sojjasi, M. R. Razavi, (2010). Agricultural entrepreneurship development strategies in rural areas: A case study village’s city Khodabande, Rural Development Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp 29-1. (In Persian).##Rokneddin Eftekhai, A, Aghayari Hair, M (2008). Levels of Rural Development Sustainability, Case Study of Hir District, Geographic Research, No. 16 (in Persian).##Salmani, Mohammad rezvani, Mohammad Reza; Pourtaheri, Mehdi, Wiszi, Farzad (2011). the role of seasonal labor migration in rural household livelihoods (Sarvabad city, Kurdistan province). Human Geography Research, No. 77. Pages 140-120. (In Persian).##Sayyed AliPoor, Seyed Khalil, Paydar, Abuzar and Sadeghi, Khadijeh (2014). A Modeling of Strategies for Realizing Sustainable Economics with Emphasis on Sustainable Security in Rural Areas (CSP Jazmurian-Southern Kerman), Geography and Development Magazine, 44 (Volume 14). 63-45). (In Persian)  ##Shahmoradi, M., Ehsanifar, T., Farahmand, F., Rostami, F., & Sahraie, M., (2019). [Surveying the Challenges in Realization of Rural Women's Business Ideas (Persian)]. Journal of Rural Research, 9(4), 552-563, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22059/ jrur.2018.261886.1265.##Sharifzadegan, Mohammad Hossein (2003). Planning and Causes of Reducing the Effectiveness of Development Plans in Iran, Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 11, 43 and 44, Ministry of Jihad-e-Sazandegi publications, Tehran. (In Persian)##

0 تبیین چارچوب مفهومی-کاربری استفاده از انرژی تجدید پذیر در مناطق روستایی با محوریت منابع زیست‌توده (موردمطالعه: روستای نوآباد چهارمحال و بختیاری) Investigating the Amount of Energy Extracted from Biomass Sources in Rural Areas of Iran (Case Study: Noavabad in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province) https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_72960.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.286319.1386 0 توسعه اقتصادی و افزایش تقاضا برای انرژی، استفاده از منابع انرژی بی‌خطر و تجدیدپذیر را ضروری می‌نماید. پسماند جامد روستایی به‌عنوان یکی از منابع زیست‌توده به‌طور قابل‌توجهی در ایجاد یک منبع انرژی تجدید پذیر کمک می‌نماید. بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که انرژی زیست‌توده می‌تواند یکی از گزینه‌های مناسب برای جایگزینی با سوخت فسیلی باشد. چراکه افزون بر آثار مخرب کمتر بر محیط‌زیست، می‌توان آن را به‌عنوان منبع پایان‌ناپذیر انرژی محسوب نمود. هدف کلی از این پژوهش تبیین چارچوب مفهومی-کاربری استفاده از انرژی تجدید پذیر در مناطق روستایی با محوریت منابع زیست‌توده است که به‌منظور عملیاتی شدن هدف مذکور، با بررسی منابع معتبر داخلی و خارجی در زمینه موضوع تحقیق، چارچوب مفهومی طراحی و سپس با استناد به چارچوب مفهومی تحقیق، میزان انرژی قابل استحصال روستا در بخش‌های باغی، زراعی، دامی و خانگی موردمحاسبه قرار گرفت. در ادامه با توجه به محاسبات پایه انرژی در منطقه موردمطالعه، به ارائه سناریوهای کاربردی در این زمینه پرداخته شد. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که میزان کل انرژی حاصل از زیست‌توده برابر با 1/ 70857266 کیلوژول است که با تعریف سناریوهای متعدد و میزان انرژی محاسبه‌شده از بخش زیست‌توده می‌توان 17/ 17 در صد مصرف برق خانگی ،60/ 2 درصد مصرف گاز ، 58/68 درصد در تأمین انرژی موردنیاز بخش روشنایی معابر عمومی روستا، 67/54 درصد در تأمین برق پمپ آب‌رسانی روستا به اراضی منابع طبیعی با ارتفاع 131 متر، 70/3 درصد در تأمین برق آبیاری بارانی و یا 60/42 برق موردنیاز آبیاری قطره‌ای اراضی روستای موردمطالعه را تأمین نمود. 1 Economic development and increased demand for energy make it necessary for the use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Raw solid wastes, as one of the sources of biogas, contribute significantly to the creation of a type of renewable energy. Reviews show that biomass energy can be considered as an alternative to fossil fuels. In addition to its fewer harmful effects on the environment, it is an inexhaustible source of energy. The general purpose of this research is to explain a conceptual framework of using renewable energy in rural areas based on biological resources. To operationalize this target, we designed a conceptual framework by designing valid internal and external sources in the field of research. Then, based on the conceptual framework, we calculated the amount of energy extracted in the garden, crop, livestock, and household parts of the under-studied village. In the following, considering the baseline calculations of energy, we presented applied scenarios. The results show that the total amount of energy obtained from biomass is 70857266.1 kJ. By defining multiple scenarios, the energy obtained from the biomass sector can suplly 17.17% of household electricity consumption, 2.60% of gas consumption, 68.58% of the energy needed for public lighting of rural pathways, 54.67% of electricity required for pumping the village water to natural resources lands  with 131 meters high, 70.3% of power needed for sprinkler irrigations, and 60.42% of the electricity required for drip irrigation. 526 545 مهدی کرمی دهکردی Mehdi Karami Dehkordi استادیار، گروه توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. ایران karami596@yahoo.com زهره رحمانی فرد Zohreh Rahmani Fard دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی، گروه توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. ایران zr.epost@yahoo.com مصطفی کرباسیون Mostafa Karbasioun استادیار، گروه توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. ایران mostafa.karbasioun@gmail.com زیست‌توده انرژی تجدیدپذیر پسماند روستایی Ali Ansari, R. Mahmood, I. .(2017). Optimization of organic and bio-organic fertilizers on soil properties and growth of pigeon pea. Scientia Horticulturae. (19) 226,1-9.##Abaspor Fard, M. Ebrahimi Nek, M. Khojaste Por, M. Translators .(2011). Bio-energy for a cleaner environment. Simz, R. VaSig, A. (authors), Mashhad, Mashhad, Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad.##Amiri, M. .(2015). In vitro study of agricultural waste quality as solid fuel and selection Appropriate simulator boiler. Dissertation for Master's Degree Advanced degree in chemical 110-1 engineering.##Abdoli, M. Pazki, M. Falah Nezhad, M. Sami Far, R. (2010). Study and categorization of biomass resources in Iran and the world and study their diversity in rural areas of the country with an emphasis on ordinary solid wastes and livestock extinctions. The 5th National Conference on Waste Management. 8-1.##Berndes G, Hoogwijk M, van den Broek R. (2003) .The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass and bioenergy. (1) 25, 1 .28-##Bari, M.N. Hall a, b, D.O. Lucas, N.J.D. Hossain b, S. M. A. (1998). Biomass energy use at the household level in two villages of bangladesh: assessment of field methods. Biomass and Bioenergy (2)15 ., 171-180.##Crandall, M. Adams, D. Montgomery, C. Smith, D. (2017). The potential rural development impacts of utilizing non-merchantable forest biomass. Forest Policy and Economics. 74, 20 -29.##Ehtshami, M. Malek mohamadi, S. Mirbaqir, A. (2017). Water crisis and review of water crisis management solutions. Natural Resources and Environment.1-13.##Edwin, M. Sekhar, S. J. (2015). Thermal performance of milk chilling units in remote villages working with the combination of biomass, biogas and solar energies. Energy 851-91.842.##Farzadkia, M. Fallah Jokandan, S. Yegane Badi, M. (2015). Compost Management in Iran: Opportunities and Challenges. Environmental Health Engineering (3)2., 211-223.##Fallahnejad Tafti, M., Abdoli, M., Golbabaei Kootenaei, F. (2016). Investigating the Potential of Biogas and Energy Generation from Biomass Resources in Villages of Iran with Sustainable Development Approach. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (3)18., 387-394.##Gaemi, F. Sadeqi, H. (2013). The potential of biogas production from livestock manure in Iran. The 4th Bioenergy Conference in Iran (biomass and biogas), Tehran, and Kimia Energy Conservatives. 1-11.##Girijan, S. Kumar, M. (2019). Immobilized Biomass Systems: An Approach for Trace Organics Removal from Wastewater and Environmental Remediation. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 12., .12-1.##Ge, J. Luo, X. Lu, J. (2017). Evaluation system and case study for carbon emission of villages in Yangtze River Delta region of China. Journal of Cleaner Production. (1)153, .220-229.##Ghorbannezhad, M., Choobchian, S., farhadian, H. (2018). Analysis of Barriers to the Development of Renewable Energy Technologies at the Farm Level: A Farmer’s Perspectiv. Journal of Rural Research. (2)9. 308-323.##Gorji Mahlebani, Y. Sartipipour, M. Tari, M. .(2017). Indigenous Energy production Based on Biomass in Rural Areas (Case Study: Tinouj Village, Qom, Iran).Housing and Rural Environment. 28-15. (156)35.##Ghadamifiroozabadi, A. (2016). Evaluation of energy efficiency, energy consumption and water use efficiency in Electrical pumping stations. Journal of irrigation and water Engineering .(1)7 ,1-14.##Heydari mokarar, H. shahzayi, A. (2015) An Analysis and Evaluation of the Rural Management's Role in Collection and Disposal of Waste from the Village Environment (Case Study: Jaynak Section of Zahak City). Geographic Sciences (23)11.,1 -3.##Iran Energy Conservation, 2018.##Jackson, R. Ferreira Neto, A. Erfanian, E. (2018). Woody biomass processing: Potential economic impacts on rural regions. Energy Policy. 115,66-77.##Karami dehkordi, M. Kohestani, H. Yadavar, H. Roshandel, and  R. Karbasioun, M. (2017). Implementing conceptual model using renewableenergies in rural area of Iran. Information Processing in Agriculture. (3)4, 228-240.##Karami dehkordi, M. Koohestani, H. Yadavar, H. Roshande, R. Karbasioun, M. .(2018). Evaluating the Wind Energy Potential in Chaharmahal and ‎Bakhtiari Province. Geography and Environmental Planning (3) 29.,57-72.##Lemoi, F. Mohabat kar, H .(2017). Biogas and its environmental consequences. United Nations Research Monthly. .121.(2)17##Malkiyan, Z. (2018). Use Energy Renewable biomass. Second Conference on Energy Infrastructure, Electrical Engineering and Nanotechnology, Tehran, Iran Energy Society.1-9.##Mamphweli, N. Meyer, E. (2009). Implementation of the biomass gasification project for community empowerment at Melani village, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Renewable Energy. (12)34,.2927-2923.##Mahoney, A. Thorne, F. Denny, E. (2013). A cost-benefit analysis of generating electricity from biomass. Energy Policy. 57,.354-347.##Mokhtari, F., Hatami Khanghahi, T., Gosili, B. (2019). Analytical Evaluation of Thermal Properties of Traditional Rural Dwellings' External walls Located in Submontane Regions of Mazandaran Province. Journal of Rural Research.##Morato, T. Vaezi, M. Kumar, A. (2019). Developing a framework to optimally locate biomass collection points to improve the biomass-based energy facilities locating procedure – A case study for Bolivia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 107,183 .199-##Mohammed, Y.S. Mokhtar, A.S. Bashir, N. Saidyr, R. (2013). An overview of agricultural biomass for decentralized rural energy in Ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 20, 15-25.##New Energy Organization of Iran. (2012). URL: WWW.Suna.org##Noabad Village Conductor Plan. .(2011)##Najafi, A. Amiri, m. (2016). Feasibility the use of biomass fuel in power plant. Iranian Journal of Energy. (2)19,1-7.  ##Pacetti, T. Lombardi, L. and Federici, G. (2015). Water–energy Nexus: a case of biogas production from energy crops evaluated by Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Journal of Cleaner Production. 110, 278-291.  ##Prasad Ganthia, B. Sasmita, S. Rout, K. Pradhan, A. Nayak, J. (2018). An Economic Rural Electrification Study Using Combined Hybrid Solar and Biomass-Biogas System. Materialstody Proceedings. (1)5,220-225.##Qiu, H. Yan, J. Lei, Z. Sun, D. (2018). Rising wages and energy consumption transition in rural China. Energy Policy. 119, 545-553.##Rahimi, A. saqafi, M. shirazi, S. .(2011). Technical and economic study for electricity and energy generation from urban waste for improving of Urban Waste Management (Case study: Robat karim). Urban Management Studies(6)3.,163-185.##Safayi, A. Moshir qafari, F. (2016). Examining the Benefits and Disadvantages of Biogas Production from Manure. Third Scientific Research Conference on the Development and Promotion of Agricultural Sciences .1-5.##Saleh Por, H. Parshokohi, M. Zarei Barazande, E. Ragabi janati, H. (2018). Investigating the potential of biogas production and energy from biomass sources (case study: Tarom Sahlari area). First National Conference on Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of Iran, Khouzestan, Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources University.1-10.##Sartipipour, M. (2010). The Role and Position of Renewable Energy in Rural Development. Geography. Vol, 9. Na, 31.pp: 125-148.##Singh, S. Marsh, L. (1994). Optimization of biomass energy production in a village. Biomass and Bioenergy (4)6 .,287-295.##Sohrabi, A. Givi. J. Malakouti, M.J. Masihabadi, M.H. Seyedjalali, S.A. (2003). Growing period calculation and net biomass production estimation of sugar beet by FAO growth model in Lorestan Silakhoor plain. Journal of Sugar beet (1) 19., 67-79.##Soltan karimi, H. (2018). Anaerobic digestion process and production of biogas from existing biomass resources in Iran. Second Energy Infrastructure Conference.1-13.##Soltero, V.M. chacartegui, R. Ortiz, C. Velazquez, R. (2018). Potential of biomass district heating systems in rural areas. Energy. 156, 132-143.##Sota, C. Lumbreras, J. Perez, N. Ealo, M. Kane, M. Youm, l. Viana, M. (2018). Indoor air pollution from biomass cookstoves in rural Senegal. Energy for Sustainable Development. 43,224 -234.##Tari, Mahta, Gorji Mahlabani, Yousef,  Sartipipour, Mohsen, (2015). Feasibility of Using the Methods of Energy Production from Biomass in Rural Settlements, GMP review.##Toor SS, Rosendahl L, Rudolf A. Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. (2011). a review of subcritical water technologies. Energy. (5) 36,42 .2328.##Toloiyan, A. (2007). Energy management and its relation to the sustainable development of environmental pollution. Fifth International Conference on Fuel Consumption Optimization in Building. 1-8.##Tung, C.P. Liu, T.M. Li, M.H. Hong, N.M. Sung, R.T. Lin, C.Y. and Tsao, J.H. (2013). The study of integrated assessment of regional water supply capacity under climate change. Taiwan Water Conserv. (3) 61,1-13.##Wang, S. Chen, B. (2016). c. Energywater nexus of urban agglomeration based on multiregional inputoutput tables and ecological network analysis: a case study of the beijingtianjinhebei region. Appl. Energy.178, .773-783.##Zhang, W. Wang, C. Zhang, L. Xu, Y. Cui, Y. Lu, Z. G.Streets, D. (2018). Evaluation of the performance of distributed and centralized biomass technologies in rural China. Renewable Energy. 445-125.445.##Zhang, W. Lu, Z. Xu, Y. Wang, C. GU, Y. XU, H. Streets, D. (2018). Black carbon emissions from biomass and coal in rural China. Atmospheric Environment..170-176.158##Zhou, X. Xing, X. Lang, J. Chen, D. Cheng, SH. Huang, D. Zhang, Y. (2018). Spatiotemporal variation of domestic biomass burning emissions in rural China based on a new estimation of fuel consumption. Science of The Total Environment..286-626.274##Zohourian Mehr, M. Kabiri, K. (2012). Systematic Substitution of Fossil Resources by Biomass: A Strategic Requirement. Polymerization. (1)1, .21##

0 شناسایی موانع تأسیس و توسعه اقامتگاه‌های بومگردی در نواحی روستایی استان گیلان Identifying Obstacles to the Establishment and Development of Ecotourism Residence in the Rural Areas Of Guilan Province https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_72959.html 10.22059/jrur.2019.281777.1363 0 توجه به حفظ محیط‌زیست و اقتصاد محلی سبب شده است تا در سال‌های اخیر بومگردی در کانون توجه برنامه ریزان و متخصصین حوزه گردشگری قرار گیرد. جهت دستیابی به اهداف بومگردی، توسعه اقامتگاه‌های بومگردی یکی از راه‌های مؤثر است. در این میان، استان گیلان به‌عنوان یکی از مقصدهای اصلی گردشگری در ایران با دارا بودن تعداد زیادی از جاذبه‌ها و منابع گردشگری، همواره موردتوجه بسیاری از گردشگران است که در صورت توجه به اصول بومگردی می‌تواند سبب توسعه استان گردد. بر این مبنا تأسیس اقامتگاه‌های بومگردی در نواحی روستایی از چند سال گذشته همواره مورد تأکید مسئولین استان بوده است. ازاین‌رو این تحقیق قصد دارد تا با به‌کارگیری روش کیفی، مشکلات موجود در حوزه تأسیس و توسعه اقامتگاه‌های بومگردی در نواحی روستایی استان گیلان را با استفاده از تئوری بنیانی شناسایی نماید. بر اساس روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، 41 نفر از متخصصان، فعالان حوزه گردشگری استان، روستاییان و مسئولین به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. تکنیک‌های به کار گرفته‌شده برای گردآوری داده‌ها و اطلاعات لازم، بر مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و مشاهدات میدانی تمرکز یافتند. بر مبنای نظریه بنیانی، داده‌ها در سه مرحله کدگذاری تحلیل شدند و نتایج حاصل از آن، استخراج شش مقوله هسته‌ای شامل کاربری اراضی، بازاریابی، مشکلات اداری، جاذبه‌ها، کمبود آموزش و امکانات و مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی است. 1 Attention to the preservation of the environment and the local economy has made ecotourism a focus of planners and tourism professionals in recent years. In order to achieve the goals of ecotourism, the development of Ecotourism Residence is one of the most effective ways. In this regard, the province of Guilan, as one of the main tourism destinations in Iran with a large number of attractions and tourism resources, has always been a popular tourism destination that giving enough attention to the principles of ecotourism can lead to the development of the province.  Accordingly, the development of ecotourism residences in the rural areas has been emphasized by the authorities throughout the past few years. Therefore, this research intends to use a qualitative method to identify the problems and challenges of developing ecotourism residences in the rural areas of Guilan province using grounded theory. Based on a purposeful and theoretical sampling, 41 experts, tourism activists, villagers, and officials were selected. Semi-structured interviews and field observations were used to collect data and information. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation stage. Based on the Grounded Theory, data coding was done in three stages, and its results were six nuclear issues, including factors related to land use, marketing, administrative problems, attractions, the lack of training and facilities, and management and planning. 546 559 مهدی حسام Mehdi Hesam استادیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، گیلان، ایران. ایران mhesam@guilan.ac.ir گردشگری اقامتگاه‌های بومگردی تئوری بنیانی نواحی روستایی استان گیلان Anabestani, A., Giyahi, H., Javanshiri, M. (2018). An Analysis of the Effects of Establishing Ecotourism Residence on Development of Rural Settlements (A Case Study of Radakan Village, Chenaran County). Spatial Planning, 8(2), 1-24 (in persian).##Auesriwong, A., Nilnoppakun, A., & Parawech, W. (2015). Integrative Participatory Community-based Ecotourism at Sangkhom District, Nong Khai Province, Thailand. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 778-782.##Bith, B. (2011). Community-based ecotourism and empowerment of indigenous people: the case of Yeak Laom community development, Cambodia , p.p 42- 52.##Blangy, S & Mehta, H (2006), Ecotourism and ecological restoration, Journal for Nature Conservation, Volume 14, Issues 3–4, Pages 233-236.##Bozarjemehri, kh. (2017). Development of Ecolodge in iran, Provinces and Ferdows County, Regional Conference of Tourism Capacity of  Ferdows County Development (in persian).##Brochadoa, A & Pereira, C (2017), Comfortable experiences in nature accommodation: Perceived service quality in Glamping, Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Volume 17, Pages 77-83.##Faraji Rad, A., Ehsani, A. (2011). Study of Indigenous Cluster Experiences to Make a Model for Expanding Local Network in Gramer and Shibderaz Villages. territory, 8(issue2), 63-78(in persian).##Glaser, B. & Straus, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Chicago: Aldine##Hajbagheri, A & salsali, M. (2003), Qualitative research methods, boshra press (in persian).##Hashemi, S & khosravi, Z. (2016). Effect of Ecology Construction on local Community Participation and Empowerment (Case Study: Simin Dasht Area), Journal of Heritage and Tourism, Volume 1, Number 1, pp. 119-138(in persian).##Hawkins, D. E., (2004). A protected areas ecotourism competitive cluster approach to catalyse biodiversity conservation and economic growth in Bulgaria, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol 12, No 3, Pp 219-244.##Hoseini, F. (2017). Challenges and Opportunities of ecolodge in Iran, Research Meeting Report in Political Deputy Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting(in persian).##Iran National Cartographic Center. (2014), Layer of country divisions of Iran(in persian).##Jackson, L (2010), Toward a framework for the components of green lodging, Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, Volume 9, Issue 3, pp 211–230.##Jamaludin, M and Begam Yusof, Z. 2013, “Best Practice of Green Island Resorts”, ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviorr Studies, University of Westminster, London, UK.##James, G., Hosier, A., & Woo, G., (2002). Using Cluster-Based Economic Strategy to Minimize Tourism Leakages [Z], Research Report Submitted to Global Economic Development Practice (GEDP), San Francisco, California, Pp 1-59.##Jomepour, M. & Namayandeh, A. (2012). Assessing Ecotourism Potential and Capacity of Desert District of Maranjab, Kashan. Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 1(1), 45-71(in persian).##Karami Dehkordi, M., kohestani, H., yad avar, H., roshandel, R. (2019). Qualitative Analyze of Inhibiting Factors to Use of Renewable Energies with Grounded Theory (Case study: Kahkesh village from Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province). Geography and Planning, 22(66), 207-229(in persian).##Lee, C. C. & Chang, C. P. (2008). Tourism development and economic growth: A closer look at panels. Tourism Management, 29 (1): 180-192.##Li, Y. (2004). Exploring community tourism in China: the case of Nanshan tourism zone, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12 (3) 175-193.##Mic, M & Eagles, P (2019), Ccooperative branding for mid-range ecolodges: Costa Rica case study, Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, Volume 25, March 2019, Pages 113-121.##Murphy, P.E. & Murphy, A.E. (2004). Strategic management for tourism communities: Bridging the gaps. Clevedon, Aspects of Tourism Series Channel view Publications.##Papzan, A., ghobadi, P., Zarafshani, K., Geravandi, S. (2011). Problems and Limitations of Rural Tourism, Using Grounded Theory (Case-study: Harir Village, Kermanshah Province). Journal of Rural Research, 1(3), 25-52 (in persian).##Rebecca, Ch., Rose, B., & Bor, T., (2015). Eco-Lodges, a Future for Sustainable Tourism in Kenya, Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, No 8, Pp 37-41.##Rezvani, A. (2000). Geography and tourism Industry, Payam Noor University press (in persian).##Rezvani, MR. (2008). Rural tourism development (sustainable tourism approach), university of Tehran press (in persian).##Rocharungsat, Pimrawee (2005), Community-based tourism: perspectives and future, possibilities.PhD thesis, James Cook University.##Serra, G. (2007), Ecotourism in the PALMYRA Desert, SYRIA A Feasibility Study.##Shamsoaldini, a. (2010)."Rural Tourism" as a Constructive Method for Rural Development,A case Study: Fahlyan village. JHRE. 2010; 29 (131) :95-108(in persian).##Sharpley, R & Telfer, D. (2012). Tourism and development in the developing world, translated by hamid zargham borojeni, Zahra nekoi, nilofar abbaspur and moslem shojai, mahkameh press (in persian).##Theobald William, F. (2004). Global Tourism, Elsevier.##