Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Identifying the Factors Affecting the Sustainable Development of Urban and Suburban Agriculture with an Entrepreneurial Approach (Case Study: Central District of Khorramabad City) Identifying the Factors Affecting the Sustainable Development of Urban and Suburban Agriculture with an Entrepreneurial Approach (Case Study: Central District of Khorramabad City) 426 445 82914 10.22059/jrur.2021.324051.1638 FA Moslem Drikvand PhD Student, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Pegah Moridsadat Assistant Professor, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Razavian Professor, Department of Human Geography and Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 05 19 Sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture can be effective in dealing with crises. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture with an entrepreneurial approach. The study area of this study was the central part of Khorramabad city with an emphasis on the city and sub-city of Khorramabad. The present study is quantitative in terms of method, fundamental in purpose and descriptive-analytical. Data and information were collected using documentary and field methods and the data collection tool was observation and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study included two groups of experts and users. 14086  households were calculated from the total statistical population and 364 households were selected using Cochran's formula. Findings show that the factors affecting the sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture with an entrepreneurial approach are: 1- Providing economic opportunities and investment in urban and suburban agriculture; 2- Development of urban and suburban agricultural infrastructure; 3- Development of innovation and new methods and technologies in urban and suburban agriculture; 4- Empowerment and participation of urban and suburban farmers; 5- Development of culture and spirit of agricultural entrepreneurship in the region and for local farmers; and 6- Institutional development in the direction of entrepreneurship, urban and suburban agriculture. The development of innovation and new technologies, the creation of new ideas and the application of entrepreneurial methods are effective in the sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture in the study area. Sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture can be effective in dealing with crises. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture with an entrepreneurial approach. The study area of this study was the central part of Khorramabad city with an emphasis on the city and sub-city of Khorramabad. The present study is quantitative in terms of method, fundamental in purpose and descriptive-analytical. Data and information were collected using documentary and field methods and the data collection tool was observation and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study included two groups of experts and users. 14086  households were calculated from the total statistical population and 364 households were selected using Cochran's formula. Findings show that the factors affecting the sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture with an entrepreneurial approach are: 1- Providing economic opportunities and investment in urban and suburban agriculture; 2- Development of urban and suburban agricultural infrastructure; 3- Development of innovation and new methods and technologies in urban and suburban agriculture; 4- Empowerment and participation of urban and suburban farmers; 5- Development of culture and spirit of agricultural entrepreneurship in the region and for local farmers; and 6- Institutional development in the direction of entrepreneurship, urban and suburban agriculture. The development of innovation and new technologies, the creation of new ideas and the application of entrepreneurial methods are effective in the sustainable development of urban and suburban agriculture in the study area. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_82914_1439ebc0538826b197c2c50b8587361a.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 An Analysis of the Role of Local Residents’ Destination Image and Perceived Effects of Tourists on Rural Tourism Sustainable Development An Analysis of the Role of Local Residents’ Destination Image and Perceived Effects of Tourists on Rural Tourism Sustainable Development 446 463 82912 10.22059/jrur.2021.318566.1616 FA Mohammad Najjarzadeh Assistant Professor, Tourism Management Department, Tourism Faculty, Faculty of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Mohammad Reza Asadi Zarch MSc. Graduate, Tourism Management Department, Tourism Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Roholah Jahanian Bahmnamiri MSc. Graduate, Tourism Management Department, Tourism Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Journal Article 2021 02 09 This study aims to investigate the role of Destination image and the perceived effects of local residents and tourists in the tourism development of the rural tourism region of Babolsar. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and it is a descriptive-correlation study. The population of the study consists of tourists who have visited the villages of Babolsar (Azizak, Karfun, Arabkhail) at least once. The statistical sample of tourists consists of 265 tourists selected using the convenience sampling method, and the statistical sample of the local population consists of 210 residents of the Babolsar region, where the villages have been selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected by questionnaire with five Likert scales. The data were analyzed by SPSS and LISREL software. The results showed that the Destination image of local residents and tourists affects tourism development both directly and indirectly by the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural and environmental effects, but only the Destination image of tourists affects tourism development indirectly by the mediating role of perceived economic effect. This study aims to investigate the role of Destination image and the perceived effects of local residents and tourists in the tourism development of the rural tourism region of Babolsar. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and it is a descriptive-correlation study. The population of the study consists of tourists who have visited the villages of Babolsar (Azizak, Karfun, Arabkhail) at least once. The statistical sample of tourists consists of 265 tourists selected using the convenience sampling method, and the statistical sample of the local population consists of 210 residents of the Babolsar region, where the villages have been selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected by questionnaire with five Likert scales. The data were analyzed by SPSS and LISREL software. The results showed that the Destination image of local residents and tourists affects tourism development both directly and indirectly by the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural and environmental effects, but only the Destination image of tourists affects tourism development indirectly by the mediating role of perceived economic effect. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_82912_848cc9c6eb9331c994d8665028814f96.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 An Analysis of the Effects of Social Capital on the Sense of Spatial Belonging of Rural Households in Drought Conditions in Dorud County An Analysis of the Effects of Social Capital on the Sense of Spatial Belonging of Rural Households in Drought Conditions in Dorud County 464 481 83398 10.22059/jrur.2021.320835.1630 FA Moslem Savari Assistant professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran. Lial Barfizadeh MSc., Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Iran. Journal Article 2021 03 17 Drought is one of the natural disasters that is very common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. This phenomenon can occur in any region and affect humans and the environment; however, its effects in rural areas are much greater than in other areas due to the dependence of livelihood on rainfall. As a result, past droughts have severely reduced the sense of spatial belonging of rural households. Therefore, the factors that can affect this field are undeniably necessary. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the general purpose of studying the effects of social capital on the sense of spatial belonging of rural households in drought conditions. The statistical population of the study included all rural households - farmers of Dorud County. The sample size consisted of 375 heads of households selected for the study using the Krejcie and Morgan table. For collecting data, a questionnaire was designed. The validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS23 and Lisrel8.54 software. The results of grouping rural households showed that they are not in a good position in terms of spatial belonging and social capital. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimensions of social capital with a coefficient of explanation of 51% (γ = 0.71, t = 11.89) have a positive and significant effect on the sense of spatial belonging of rural households in drought conditions. Drought is one of the natural disasters that is very common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. This phenomenon can occur in any region and affect humans and the environment; however, its effects in rural areas are much greater than in other areas due to the dependence of livelihood on rainfall. As a result, past droughts have severely reduced the sense of spatial belonging of rural households. Therefore, the factors that can affect this field are undeniably necessary. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the general purpose of studying the effects of social capital on the sense of spatial belonging of rural households in drought conditions. The statistical population of the study included all rural households - farmers of Dorud County. The sample size consisted of 375 heads of households selected for the study using the Krejcie and Morgan table. For collecting data, a questionnaire was designed. The validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS23 and Lisrel8.54 software. The results of grouping rural households showed that they are not in a good position in terms of spatial belonging and social capital. In addition, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimensions of social capital with a coefficient of explanation of 51% (γ = 0.71, t = 11.89) have a positive and significant effect on the sense of spatial belonging of rural households in drought conditions. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_83398_057bd39fedbab39aafe8e3cb85f3dde5.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 An Analysis of Subjective Well-being among the Villagers of Kuhdasht County An Analysis of Subjective Well-being among the Villagers of Kuhdasht County 482 501 82911 10.22059/jrur.2021.317430.1606 FA Mohammad Reza Bakhshi Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Malihe Falaki Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Kobra Pirdadeh Beyranvand MSc. Graduated, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Journal Article 2021 01 17 The study and measurement of social welfare in order to monitor and reform social welfare policies and programs, especially in rural settlements facing many challenges and problems, is an undeniable necessity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of subjective well-being of households and determine the factors affecting it in rural settlements of Kuhdasht County. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on Inglehart’s and Easterlin’s theories and utilizing the questionnaire tool. Using the Cochran formula and stratified random sampling method, 375 rural householders were selected as the sample of the study. The results showed that the level of subjective well-being of 70% of the heads of households is moderate and lower, and most of the indicators of subjective well-being including "feeling of health", "happiness", "hope for the future" and "social trust" are undesirable. Statistical analysis indicated that the individual variables (gender, age), population variables (household size, number of persons employed in the family), and economic variables (type of household head job, land ownership status) are the most important factors causing differences in the level of welfare of households in rural settlements of Kuhdasht County. Therefore, improving social welfare in rural areas requires a review of past policies and adaptation of plans to the needs and expectations of rural communities. The study and measurement of social welfare in order to monitor and reform social welfare policies and programs, especially in rural settlements facing many challenges and problems, is an undeniable necessity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of subjective well-being of households and determine the factors affecting it in rural settlements of Kuhdasht County. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on Inglehart’s and Easterlin’s theories and utilizing the questionnaire tool. Using the Cochran formula and stratified random sampling method, 375 rural householders were selected as the sample of the study. The results showed that the level of subjective well-being of 70% of the heads of households is moderate and lower, and most of the indicators of subjective well-being including "feeling of health", "happiness", "hope for the future" and "social trust" are undesirable. Statistical analysis indicated that the individual variables (gender, age), population variables (household size, number of persons employed in the family), and economic variables (type of household head job, land ownership status) are the most important factors causing differences in the level of welfare of households in rural settlements of Kuhdasht County. Therefore, improving social welfare in rural areas requires a review of past policies and adaptation of plans to the needs and expectations of rural communities. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_82911_54b553471f3081dc76e276057c0cf5d3.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Strategies for Empowering Local Communities in the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages of Bazan District, Javanrood) Strategies for Empowering Local Communities in the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages of Bazan District, Javanrood) 502 519 83397 10.22059/jrur.2021.319589.1626 FA Fatemeh Manouchehri PhD Student, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Rahmatollah Bahrami Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Majid Parishan Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Reza Ghaderi Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 03 02 The purpose of this study is to determine strategies for empowering local communities in rural areas of Bazan, Javanrood County. The principal research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α <0.7). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and it is an applied-developmental study. The required information and data were collected using documentary and field surveys by distributing the questionnaire. There are relatively good strengths and opportunities for empowering local communities in Bazan rural district: "Creating the necessary grounds for the participation of villagers in marketing and sales of handicraft products" and "Supporting the economic strength of the villagers in the form of organizations and production cooperatives" are the most important strategies proposed to empower local communities in Bazan rural areas. Establishing necessary conditions for the villagers’ involvement in marketing and sales of handicraft products is proposed as one of the strategies for empowering local communities in the rural areas. Small rural industries are feasible and have a high employment relative to investment. It is estimated that with a certain amount of investment in this category of industries, it is possible to create much more jobs than in large industries. The purpose of this study is to determine strategies for empowering local communities in rural areas of Bazan, Javanrood County. The principal research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α <0.7). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and it is an applied-developmental study. The required information and data were collected using documentary and field surveys by distributing the questionnaire. There are relatively good strengths and opportunities for empowering local communities in Bazan rural district: "Creating the necessary grounds for the participation of villagers in marketing and sales of handicraft products" and "Supporting the economic strength of the villagers in the form of organizations and production cooperatives" are the most important strategies proposed to empower local communities in Bazan rural areas. Establishing necessary conditions for the villagers’ involvement in marketing and sales of handicraft products is proposed as one of the strategies for empowering local communities in the rural areas. Small rural industries are feasible and have a high employment relative to investment. It is estimated that with a certain amount of investment in this category of industries, it is possible to create much more jobs than in large industries. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_83397_f0a55984bb310cf14fc87168db1ba126.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Investigating Afghanistan's Rural Development Challenges and their Solutions Investigating Afghanistan's Rural Development Challenges and their Solutions 520 535 80724 10.22059/jrur.2021.314964.1585 FA Muhammad Asef Shaiq MSc., Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Khalil Kalantari Professor, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ali Asadi Professor, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ali Akbar Barati Assistant professor, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2020 12 08 Rural development is one of the main concerns of developing countries. The consequences of lack of development in rural areas such as widespread poverty, unemployment and migration have led to more attention to rural development. According to the latest report of the Statistics Center of Afghanistan (2020), out of the total population of this country, about 23.4 million people (71%), live in rural areas. At the same time, rural areas face various economic, social, cultural, managerial and environmental challenges. Therefore, identifying Afghanistan's rural development challenges is a prerequisite to developing policies, plans, and providing a flexible model for achieving sustainable rural development. In this regard, the main purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the major challenges of rural development in Afghanistan. The statistical population included 60 experts on agricultural and rural development. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and its method was face-to-face interview. For data analysis, coefficient of variation and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results of this study showed that several challenges including economic (such as lack of credits and investments in rural areas), social (such as women’s low participation in rural activities), environmental (such as improper exploitation of groundwater), physical (such as the weakness or lack of rural-urban network), and managerial (especially the dominance of unskilled laborers in rural economic activities) challenges, have influenced rural development in Afghanistan, respectively. Undoubtedly, any effort to eliminate them will play a significant role in achieving sustainable rural and consequently national development of this country. Rural development is one of the main concerns of developing countries. The consequences of lack of development in rural areas such as widespread poverty, unemployment and migration have led to more attention to rural development. According to the latest report of the Statistics Center of Afghanistan (2020), out of the total population of this country, about 23.4 million people (71%), live in rural areas. At the same time, rural areas face various economic, social, cultural, managerial and environmental challenges. Therefore, identifying Afghanistan's rural development challenges is a prerequisite to developing policies, plans, and providing a flexible model for achieving sustainable rural development. In this regard, the main purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the major challenges of rural development in Afghanistan. The statistical population included 60 experts on agricultural and rural development. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and its method was face-to-face interview. For data analysis, coefficient of variation and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results of this study showed that several challenges including economic (such as lack of credits and investments in rural areas), social (such as women’s low participation in rural activities), environmental (such as improper exploitation of groundwater), physical (such as the weakness or lack of rural-urban network), and managerial (especially the dominance of unskilled laborers in rural economic activities) challenges, have influenced rural development in Afghanistan, respectively. Undoubtedly, any effort to eliminate them will play a significant role in achieving sustainable rural and consequently national development of this country. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_80724_5a8f29896594115416955212c6f9d20f.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Context of Environmental Issues: Applying Grounded Theory (Case Study: Rural Areas of Tavalesh) An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Context of Environmental Issues: Applying Grounded Theory (Case Study: Rural Areas of Tavalesh) 536 551 83396 10.22059/jrur.2021.318572.1613 FA Sadegh Salehi Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. Sona Habibi PhD Student, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. Ahmad Rezaei Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. Ali Asghar Firozjayan Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. Journal Article 2021 02 06 The purpose of this study is to investigate the social and cultural contexts of environmental issues among western villages of Gilan province, rural areas of Tavalesh with a qualitative approach based on grounded theory. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 villagers as well as some experts in the spring of 2020 using targeted sampling. The validity and reliability of this study were evaluated based on control or validation by the participants. Data analysis was performed in three coding stages. In open coding, 10 concepts were identified and in axial coding, 31 major categories were extracted. Also, through selective coding of major categories, the core of the discovery and the final paradigm model were drawn and "Environmental degradation" was recognized as the main phenomenon. Causal conditions include infrastructure barriers, legal vacuum, participation rate, second home ownership, lack of foresight, and value density. Furthermore, the results show that the Intervention conditions included: transient tourism, conflicting settlements, credit vacuum, and illegal crossings. Overall, the findings showed that environmental degradation is a multifactorial phenomenon that convergence of a set of causal and intervening conditions in the social context of rural society has caused its occurrence. Revision of laws and equipping of infrastructure, development of ecotourism and promotion of public education as interactive strategies will have consequences such as reduction of occupation and destruction, optimal waste management, sustainable tourism and environmental protection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social and cultural contexts of environmental issues among western villages of Gilan province, rural areas of Tavalesh with a qualitative approach based on grounded theory. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 villagers as well as some experts in the spring of 2020 using targeted sampling. The validity and reliability of this study were evaluated based on control or validation by the participants. Data analysis was performed in three coding stages. In open coding, 10 concepts were identified and in axial coding, 31 major categories were extracted. Also, through selective coding of major categories, the core of the discovery and the final paradigm model were drawn and "Environmental degradation" was recognized as the main phenomenon. Causal conditions include infrastructure barriers, legal vacuum, participation rate, second home ownership, lack of foresight, and value density. Furthermore, the results show that the Intervention conditions included: transient tourism, conflicting settlements, credit vacuum, and illegal crossings. Overall, the findings showed that environmental degradation is a multifactorial phenomenon that convergence of a set of causal and intervening conditions in the social context of rural society has caused its occurrence. Revision of laws and equipping of infrastructure, development of ecotourism and promotion of public education as interactive strategies will have consequences such as reduction of occupation and destruction, optimal waste management, sustainable tourism and environmental protection. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_83396_460220814c49609ece8b3883cb28b5ac.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Survey of the Livability of Suburban Villages (Case study: Dorodfaraman Village, Kermanshah) Survey of the Livability of Suburban Villages (Case study: Dorodfaraman Village, Kermanshah) 552 571 83400 10.22059/jrur.2021.325227.1643 FA Mahvash Moradi MSc. Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Mohammad Akbarpour Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Journal Article 2021 06 07 The concept of livability is one of the new concepts in the field of rural planning that has been considered following the quality of life in rural areas. The basis of proper planning to increase the level of the livability of villages around the city is not enough to discuss the vulnerability of these areas and it is necessary to know the livability status of these villages. Because by correctly identifying the indicators of livability and the factors affecting it, the existing problems in these villages can be solved to some extent and their viability can be improved and the conditions for sustainable development can be provided. The purpose of this study is to investigate the viability of villages in the Dorodfaraman district, Kermanshah city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, which has been done using survey method and questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Shannon and Copras entropy model has also been used to rank the studied villages in terms of livability status. The statistical population of the study includes 20 villages inhabited by the Droudfaraman rural district, which was determined using Cochran's formula with a sample size of 459 people. The results show that the living conditions in the villages of Dorodfaraman rural district are at a low level and also the villages of this rural district were ranked in three levels of favorable, average and unfavorable, which have more favorable conditions than other villages. Dehpahn, Shahrakesanati Faraman, Bijaneh, Gakiyh, Mourian  and the rest do not have very favorable conditions. The concept of livability is one of the new concepts in the field of rural planning that has been considered following the quality of life in rural areas. The basis of proper planning to increase the level of the livability of villages around the city is not enough to discuss the vulnerability of these areas and it is necessary to know the livability status of these villages. Because by correctly identifying the indicators of livability and the factors affecting it, the existing problems in these villages can be solved to some extent and their viability can be improved and the conditions for sustainable development can be provided. The purpose of this study is to investigate the viability of villages in the Dorodfaraman district, Kermanshah city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, which has been done using survey method and questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Shannon and Copras entropy model has also been used to rank the studied villages in terms of livability status. The statistical population of the study includes 20 villages inhabited by the Droudfaraman rural district, which was determined using Cochran's formula with a sample size of 459 people. The results show that the living conditions in the villages of Dorodfaraman rural district are at a low level and also the villages of this rural district were ranked in three levels of favorable, average and unfavorable, which have more favorable conditions than other villages. Dehpahn, Shahrakesanati Faraman, Bijaneh, Gakiyh, Mourian  and the rest do not have very favorable conditions. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_83400_c6052713788d73ea86f7fc6cc9d701c5.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Identifying and Evaluating the Visual Organization Factors Affecting the Improvement of the Physical Appearance of Iranian Villages Identifying and Evaluating the Visual Organization Factors Affecting the Improvement of the Physical Appearance of Iranian Villages 572 589 82915 10.22059/jrur.2021.325171.1642 FA Faezeh Asadpour PhD Student, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Jamal-e-Din Mahdi Nejad Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Ali Sharghi Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Bahram Saleh Sedghpour Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 06 06 Today, the nature of the design and monitoring the visual aspects affecting the enrichment and formation of the rural environment and the villagers’ experiences of its physical appearance face shortcomings. It is necessary to identify the factors of the visual organization and study its effect on the physical appearance of the village to provide a more comprehensive description of this phenomenon. This research is exploratory in nature and descriptive survey in terms of the data collection method. The data required for the research were collected through documentary content analysis and the Delphi survey. The statistical population consists of 10 people in the Delphi section and 265 experts in the survey section who were interviewed after the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and Cronbach's alpha technique. To analyze the research data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression Analysis were used, the results of which showed that out of 53 evaluated indicators in four aspects of aesthetics-formal, activity-functional, cognitive-perceptual, and biological-natural, decorations and materials had the highest effect with an overall weight of 4.52, and the balance indicator with the score of 2.24 had the lowest impact on the visual organization of the village. Furthermore, the research findings showed a significant positive relationship between the stated factors and indicators. According to the regression analysis, 61% of the factors of the visual organization result in improving the physical appearance of the village. Among the four factors, the cognitive-perceptual factor with the impact factor of 0.378 had the most effect on the improvement of the physical appearance of the village.  Today, the nature of the design and monitoring the visual aspects affecting the enrichment and formation of the rural environment and the villagers’ experiences of its physical appearance face shortcomings. It is necessary to identify the factors of the visual organization and study its effect on the physical appearance of the village to provide a more comprehensive description of this phenomenon. This research is exploratory in nature and descriptive survey in terms of the data collection method. The data required for the research were collected through documentary content analysis and the Delphi survey. The statistical population consists of 10 people in the Delphi section and 265 experts in the survey section who were interviewed after the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and Cronbach's alpha technique. To analyze the research data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression Analysis were used, the results of which showed that out of 53 evaluated indicators in four aspects of aesthetics-formal, activity-functional, cognitive-perceptual, and biological-natural, decorations and materials had the highest effect with an overall weight of 4.52, and the balance indicator with the score of 2.24 had the lowest impact on the visual organization of the village. Furthermore, the research findings showed a significant positive relationship between the stated factors and indicators. According to the regression analysis, 61% of the factors of the visual organization result in improving the physical appearance of the village. Among the four factors, the cognitive-perceptual factor with the impact factor of 0.378 had the most effect on the improvement of the physical appearance of the village.  https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_82915_308acd52c0f2edf8bc9b6e366ce9725a.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Adaptation: Continuity Activity Pattern in Rural Housing Typology Changes in Eshkorat, Gilan Adaptation: Continuity Activity Pattern in Rural Housing Typology Changes in Eshkorat, Gilan 590 607 82913 10.22059/jrur.2021.318807.1617 FA Alireza Hadizadeh MA Student, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran. Abdolmajid Nourtaghani Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran. Journal Article 2021 02 10 The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of adaptation of the system of activities to changes in the configuration of native housing and rural engineering through classification of activities and measurement of syntactic data of houses. For this purpose, 382 houses from two types of rural housing in Eshkorat, Guilan were randomly selected according to the method based on purpose and considerations. Structured interviews, observation and recording of activities were used to analyze the activities. Also, chi-square, balloon and cluster analysis were used to find the differences, as well as the most important activity and its place. The results generally showed that the two types of housing have different configurations that have caused the classification of activities, their location and the relationship between them in these housings is different. However, despite the change in the spatial configuration, the system of activities has not changed and the residents have adapted to the desired spaces. It was found that residents adapt to spatial changes through the categorization of activities, choosing the location of similar features and multi-functional spaces without deleting activities, which is due to cultural and social laws. Residents' adaptability has enabled them to use all the spaces of the house and to coordinate with the residential environment to meet their needs, values and behaviors. The findings confirm the need to pay attention to adaptability in the syntactic analysis of residential environments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of adaptation of the system of activities to changes in the configuration of native housing and rural engineering through classification of activities and measurement of syntactic data of houses. For this purpose, 382 houses from two types of rural housing in Eshkorat, Guilan were randomly selected according to the method based on purpose and considerations. Structured interviews, observation and recording of activities were used to analyze the activities. Also, chi-square, balloon and cluster analysis were used to find the differences, as well as the most important activity and its place. The results generally showed that the two types of housing have different configurations that have caused the classification of activities, their location and the relationship between them in these housings is different. However, despite the change in the spatial configuration, the system of activities has not changed and the residents have adapted to the desired spaces. It was found that residents adapt to spatial changes through the categorization of activities, choosing the location of similar features and multi-functional spaces without deleting activities, which is due to cultural and social laws. Residents' adaptability has enabled them to use all the spaces of the house and to coordinate with the residential environment to meet their needs, values and behaviors. The findings confirm the need to pay attention to adaptability in the syntactic analysis of residential environments. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_82913_8e72a299e116c87581490b2e775b1e08.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Explaining Synomorphy in Behavioral Settings Based on Lifestyle in Native Rural Homes Based on a Reading of Regional Narrative Literature (Case Study: Khondasht Story by Nasser Vahdati) Explaining Synomorphy in Behavioral Settings Based on Lifestyle in Native Rural Homes Based on a Reading of Regional Narrative Literature (Case Study: Khondasht Story by Nasser Vahdati) 608 631 82910 10.22059/jrur.2021.314008.1579 FA Leila Beigom Hashemiyan PhD Student, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. Mehrdad Matin Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Armaghan Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. Journal Article 2020 11 20 The concept of behavioral settings, which is a branch of environmental psychology, means a stable behavioral pattern in place resulting from the interaction of the environment and human beings. There is entanglement between all components of the behavioral settings (body and behavioral patterns). This feature is called synomorphism. The present article examines the synomorphy components by reading the story of Khondasht written by Nasser Vahdati in the field of  Regional Novels as documents that contain a lot of information about lifestyle, climate, architecture, etc., and seeks to answer the following two questions: 1. Which synomorphy components have the greatest impact on the formation of behavioral settings in Native homes? 2. How do these factors affect components of behavioral settings? The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The descriptive part is based on the documentary method and the case study. The analytical part is based on the method of integrated content analysis (quantitative and qualitative). The results of the study indicate that based on the case study, the learned reactions and the appearance of the environment are the most important synomorphy factors in the formation of behavioral settings in the native home of the case study.  The concept of behavioral settings, which is a branch of environmental psychology, means a stable behavioral pattern in place resulting from the interaction of the environment and human beings. There is entanglement between all components of the behavioral settings (body and behavioral patterns). This feature is called synomorphism. The present article examines the synomorphy components by reading the story of Khondasht written by Nasser Vahdati in the field of  Regional Novels as documents that contain a lot of information about lifestyle, climate, architecture, etc., and seeks to answer the following two questions: 1. Which synomorphy components have the greatest impact on the formation of behavioral settings in Native homes? 2. How do these factors affect components of behavioral settings? The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. The descriptive part is based on the documentary method and the case study. The analytical part is based on the method of integrated content analysis (quantitative and qualitative). The results of the study indicate that based on the case study, the learned reactions and the appearance of the environment are the most important synomorphy factors in the formation of behavioral settings in the native home of the case study.  https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_82910_29d1bd027fe018e0ce6da6be39e99946.pdf

Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran; Journal of Rural Research 2008-7373 12 3 2021 11 22 Rural-Urban Partnership and Regional Sustainable Development; A Conceptual and Experimental Approach Rural-Urban Partnership and Regional Sustainable Development; A Conceptual and Experimental Approach 632 653 84489 10.22059/jrur.2021.329012.1667 FA Mohammad Reza Rezvani Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2021 08 17 Urban and rural areas interact with wide flows and linkages. These interactions involve a variety of geographies that often transcend local and regional administrative boundaries. In addition to the positive effects, these interactions, flows and links can also have negative effects. Urban and rural management are not always able to manage these interactions separately for sustainable urban and rural development. Rural-urban cooperation and in particular rural-urban partnership is an effective model for responding to the need to govern these interactions for the welfare and economic development of the region. The present article describes the concepts and dimensions of rural-urban partnership using a narrative review method and examines global experiences in this field as well as its effects on socio-economic development and regional sustainability. Findings show that urban and rural areas have different and often complementary assets. In fact, effective rural-urban partnerships using these assets can play an effective role in achieving economic development goals and increasing the production of public goods, as well as achieving economies of scale in the provision of public services, and increasing the capacity of partners to decide in areas with territorial impacts. In addition, partnerships can help develop new economic opportunities in urban and rural areas. Urban and rural areas interact with wide flows and linkages. These interactions involve a variety of geographies that often transcend local and regional administrative boundaries. In addition to the positive effects, these interactions, flows and links can also have negative effects. Urban and rural management are not always able to manage these interactions separately for sustainable urban and rural development. Rural-urban cooperation and in particular rural-urban partnership is an effective model for responding to the need to govern these interactions for the welfare and economic development of the region. The present article describes the concepts and dimensions of rural-urban partnership using a narrative review method and examines global experiences in this field as well as its effects on socio-economic development and regional sustainability. Findings show that urban and rural areas have different and often complementary assets. In fact, effective rural-urban partnerships using these assets can play an effective role in achieving economic development goals and increasing the production of public goods, as well as achieving economies of scale in the provision of public services, and increasing the capacity of partners to decide in areas with territorial impacts. In addition, partnerships can help develop new economic opportunities in urban and rural areas. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_84489_3031f2a7abff14f51a3c2a3929664506.pdf