Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Meta-summary of Family Farm Survival StrategiesMeta-summary of Family Farm Survival Strategies1902098717310.22059/jrur.2022.332851.1699FAMasoumehShafatiPhD in sociology, Researcher of Khouzestan Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Ahvaz, Iran.Mohammad JavadZahediProfessor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Payame Noor University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20211128In this article, in order to identify the strategies used by farming families to survive and maintain their family business and the factors that affect these strategies, the systematic review method and meta-summary strategy were used. Thus, after seven stages of screening the collected articles, 61 articles were selected according to the purpose of the research and in the data analysis stage, with the help of MAXQDA 2020 software, "attributive coding" and "holistic coding" were performed. Findings show that to maintain their family business, farming families generally use three strategies of "diversification" (market-oriented, economy-oriented, family-centered, individual-centered), "sustainability" (Social, economic, environmental) and "substitution" (contextual factors, communication factors, individual factors). Family farms play an important role in the field of agriculture and food security in the present and future of the world. Understanding the successful strategies of farmingfamilies in developed countries and identifying the factors influencing them can be an incentive for farming families and politicians, and ultimately along with benefiting from domestic experiences, lead to the revision of agricultural strategies and policies in favor of the survival and revitalization of family farms.In this article, in order to identify the strategies used by farming families to survive and maintain their family business and the factors that affect these strategies, the systematic review method and meta-summary strategy were used. Thus, after seven stages of screening the collected articles, 61 articles were selected according to the purpose of the research and in the data analysis stage, with the help of MAXQDA 2020 software, "attributive coding" and "holistic coding" were performed. Findings show that to maintain their family business, farming families generally use three strategies of "diversification" (market-oriented, economy-oriented, family-centered, individual-centered), "sustainability" (Social, economic, environmental) and "substitution" (contextual factors, communication factors, individual factors). Family farms play an important role in the field of agriculture and food security in the present and future of the world. Understanding the successful strategies of farmingfamilies in developed countries and identifying the factors influencing them can be an incentive for farming families and politicians, and ultimately along with benefiting from domestic experiences, lead to the revision of agricultural strategies and policies in favor of the survival and revitalization of family farms.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_87173_b5dd96ed8f716b888878e6690e335c24.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Investigating the Vulnerability of Rural Households’ Livelihood to Climate Change in Kermanshah ProvinceInvestigating the Vulnerability of Rural Households’ Livelihood to Climate Change in Kermanshah Province2102258291610.22059/jrur.2021.325393.1644FAAliAsadiProfessor, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Ali AkbarBaratiAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.HosnaAhmadiMSc., Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.JassemGholabifarMSc., Department of Agricultural Management and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20210611Climate change over the last century has led to significant changes in human life, challenging human livelihood by increasing production costs, risk and uncertainty. Among different communities, rural communities are highly sensitive to climate change due to their dependence on agriculture and consequently climate. This research is a survey research that was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of rural households to climate change. For this purpose, a sample of 212 households was selected from about 134,000 rural households in Kermanshah province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. To determine the degree of vulnerability, the household livelihood vulnerability index to climate change (LVI) was used. The results show that in all counties, rural households’ livelihood is highly sensitive to climate change. The highest sensitivity to climate change was observed in Javanrood (0.448), and the lowest was observed in Kangavar (0.4). Among the main components of the LVI index, the Livelihood strategy with a value of 0.565 has the highest sensitivity to climate change, and social networks and socio-demographic index with a value of 0.557 and 0.465, respectively, are in the next ranks. According to the results, the best ways to reduce livelihood sensitivity are to diversify income sources and reduce household dependence on agriculture through the development of non-agricultural job opportunities, expand support services such as insurance by providing various incentives including tax exemptions to insurers and increase household capacity to meet their basic needs by promoting the savings culture and providing support packages to increase their resilience to climate changes. Climate change over the last century has led to significant changes in human life, challenging human livelihood by increasing production costs, risk and uncertainty. Among different communities, rural communities are highly sensitive to climate change due to their dependence on agriculture and consequently climate. This research is a survey research that was conducted to investigate the vulnerability of rural households to climate change. For this purpose, a sample of 212 households was selected from about 134,000 rural households in Kermanshah province. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. To determine the degree of vulnerability, the household livelihood vulnerability index to climate change (LVI) was used. The results show that in all counties, rural households’ livelihood is highly sensitive to climate change. The highest sensitivity to climate change was observed in Javanrood (0.448), and the lowest was observed in Kangavar (0.4). Among the main components of the LVI index, the Livelihood strategy with a value of 0.565 has the highest sensitivity to climate change, and social networks and socio-demographic index with a value of 0.557 and 0.465, respectively, are in the next ranks. According to the results, the best ways to reduce livelihood sensitivity are to diversify income sources and reduce household dependence on agriculture through the development of non-agricultural job opportunities, expand support services such as insurance by providing various incentives including tax exemptions to insurers and increase household capacity to meet their basic needs by promoting the savings culture and providing support packages to increase their resilience to climate changes. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_82916_d616b36662d4186e437d0873f91126b8.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Explanation of the Farmers' Adaptation to Climate Change Behavior: Gender Analysis Using an Extended Model of Protection MotivationExplanation of the Farmers' Adaptation to Climate Change Behavior: Gender Analysis Using an Extended Model of Protection Motivation2262458536910.22059/jrur.2022.328698.1666FAAmenehSavari MombeniPhD Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Khuzestan Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Iran.MasoudYazdanpanahAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Khuzestan Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Iran.MoslemSavariAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Khuzestan Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Iran.Journal Article20210811In order to identify the perceptual and cognitive processes, considering both groups of men and women farmers is important to encourage the adaptation to climate change. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting the adaptive behavior of men and women farmers in Baghmalek county, located in Khuzestan province, a developed model of conservation motivation was used. The research population consisted of two groups of men and women farmers. The number of sample members was selected using Krejcie and Morgan table of 200 men and 150 women farmers. Random stratified cluster multistage sampling was used to select farmers. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by the faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education. In addition, to determine the degree of reliability, pre-test and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. The results of the structural equation model analysis showed that the variables of perceived knowledge, response cost and descriptive norm are variables affecting the intentions of men farmers in a positive and direct way and behavior in a positive and indirect way and these variables were finally able to predict 67 and 45% of the changes in the variables of intention and behavior of men farmers, respectively. Perceived severity variables of intensity, response cost, belief in climate change and habit are variables affecting the intentions of women farmers in a positive and direct way and behavior in a positive and indirect way. And these variables were able to predict 70 and 25% the changes in the variables of women farmers' intentions and behavior.In order to identify the perceptual and cognitive processes, considering both groups of men and women farmers is important to encourage the adaptation to climate change. In this study, to investigate the factors affecting the adaptive behavior of men and women farmers in Baghmalek county, located in Khuzestan province, a developed model of conservation motivation was used. The research population consisted of two groups of men and women farmers. The number of sample members was selected using Krejcie and Morgan table of 200 men and 150 women farmers. Random stratified cluster multistage sampling was used to select farmers. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by the faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education. In addition, to determine the degree of reliability, pre-test and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. The results of the structural equation model analysis showed that the variables of perceived knowledge, response cost and descriptive norm are variables affecting the intentions of men farmers in a positive and direct way and behavior in a positive and indirect way and these variables were finally able to predict 67 and 45% of the changes in the variables of intention and behavior of men farmers, respectively. Perceived severity variables of intensity, response cost, belief in climate change and habit are variables affecting the intentions of women farmers in a positive and direct way and behavior in a positive and indirect way. And these variables were able to predict 70 and 25% the changes in the variables of women farmers' intentions and behavior.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_85369_5f8b558d9cb2c2a10c54c5188f683369.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Analysis of the Conformity of Rural Planning Studies with the Challenges of Rural Areas in IranAnalysis of the Conformity of Rural Planning Studies with the Challenges of Rural Areas in Iran2462618717410.22059/jrur.2022.334728.1700FASaeidNasire ZarePhD Student, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.VahidRiahiAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20211129Rural areas are important in many respects and rural planning is one of the educational trends in geography that focuses on rural-related studies in particular. In connection with this issue and due to the importance of research, the purposeful choice of the subjects of study in this field can meet part of the needs of our rural community and on the other hand, help with policy-making factors and related decisions in formulating solutions to existing problems and issues. The research applied rural planning studies to the challenges and problems of development in rural areas. The analysis unit consisted of 150 master's theses in the Faculty of Geography of Kharazmi University. Ravar Matrix was used to prepare the self-interaction matrix and lattice density, degree centrality, inter-mediate centrality, eigenvector and clustering coefficient were used for network analysis. Ucinet was used for keyword integration and Gephi was used for graphs and grids. Afrakhteh and Riahi have been key and important professors in the group's scientific network, who also have more sci-entific connections with the group professors. The topic of sustainable development has been the main topic in the dissertations, which has received more attention, but the topic under discussion has received less attention to some of the main topics in its dimensions. Rural revitalization in the economic dimension; Sustainable conservation of resources, especially water, in the environmental dimension and the issue of rural migration in the social dimension are among the most important issues that rural studies should study more on a case-by-case basis.Rural areas are important in many respects and rural planning is one of the educational trends in geography that focuses on rural-related studies in particular. In connection with this issue and due to the importance of research, the purposeful choice of the subjects of study in this field can meet part of the needs of our rural community and on the other hand, help with policy-making factors and related decisions in formulating solutions to existing problems and issues. The research applied rural planning studies to the challenges and problems of development in rural areas. The analysis unit consisted of 150 master's theses in the Faculty of Geography of Kharazmi University. Ravar Matrix was used to prepare the self-interaction matrix and lattice density, degree centrality, inter-mediate centrality, eigenvector and clustering coefficient were used for network analysis. Ucinet was used for keyword integration and Gephi was used for graphs and grids. Afrakhteh and Riahi have been key and important professors in the group's scientific network, who also have more sci-entific connections with the group professors. The topic of sustainable development has been the main topic in the dissertations, which has received more attention, but the topic under discussion has received less attention to some of the main topics in its dimensions. Rural revitalization in the economic dimension; Sustainable conservation of resources, especially water, in the environmental dimension and the issue of rural migration in the social dimension are among the most important issues that rural studies should study more on a case-by-case basis.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_87174_3cfbbb79d0364656a289ddd2ac042977.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Assessment of Rural Deteriorated Textures Using Environmental Quality Components (Case Study: The Tehran Metropolitan Fringe)Assessment of Rural Deteriorated Textures Using Environmental Quality Components (Case Study: The Tehran Metropolitan Fringe)2622838766510.22059/jrur.2022.327869.1659FALeylaDayyaniPhD, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20210727The purpose of this study is to introduce and apply the new and efficient CODAS method to priori-tize and assess rural deteriorated textures based on the main criteria of environmental quality. The research method of this article is descriptive-applied and the style of data collection is library and field data collection, where using a questionnaire, objective data from 260 rural households and 15 local managers on the Tehran metropolitan fringe, and subjective data from 15 scientific experts were collected, described and analyzed. The results of the present study based on six main compo-nents of environmental quality (in order of importance including tolerance capacity/risk reduction, vitality and belonging, environmental health, access and diversity of services, security and human scale on foot, permeability) and fifteen villages show that the village of Yahar, compared to other villages, had more unfavorable conditions in terms of environmental quality using the CODAS method. Then, respectively, the villages of Kabirabad, Mashhad Firoozkooh, Hasanabad Baqraf, HesarKouchak, Quinak Rakhshani, Atashan, Jafarabad Baqraf, Mazdaran, Zavareh Bid, Vastar, Hesarmehtar, Ramin, Qala Boland, and Salehabad Sharqi are located. Also in this research, CODAS has been evaluated as a suitable and very accurate method for prioritizing deteriorated rural settle-ments based on the main components of environmental quality.The purpose of this study is to introduce and apply the new and efficient CODAS method to priori-tize and assess rural deteriorated textures based on the main criteria of environmental quality. The research method of this article is descriptive-applied and the style of data collection is library and field data collection, where using a questionnaire, objective data from 260 rural households and 15 local managers on the Tehran metropolitan fringe, and subjective data from 15 scientific experts were collected, described and analyzed. The results of the present study based on six main compo-nents of environmental quality (in order of importance including tolerance capacity/risk reduction, vitality and belonging, environmental health, access and diversity of services, security and human scale on foot, permeability) and fifteen villages show that the village of Yahar, compared to other villages, had more unfavorable conditions in terms of environmental quality using the CODAS method. Then, respectively, the villages of Kabirabad, Mashhad Firoozkooh, Hasanabad Baqraf, HesarKouchak, Quinak Rakhshani, Atashan, Jafarabad Baqraf, Mazdaran, Zavareh Bid, Vastar, Hesarmehtar, Ramin, Qala Boland, and Salehabad Sharqi are located. Also in this research, CODAS has been evaluated as a suitable and very accurate method for prioritizing deteriorated rural settle-ments based on the main components of environmental quality.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_87665_dee3ec2406634bbcdc0dc110a2947cd5.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Futures Studies of Rural-Urban Linkage Benefits for Sustainable Food Security (Case Study: Rural Settlements in Southeast of Tehran Province)Futures Studies of Rural-Urban Linkage Benefits for Sustainable Food Security (Case Study: Rural Settlements in Southeast of Tehran Province)2842978766810.22059/jrur.2022.337923.1716FANaserShafieisabetAssociate Professor, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.NeginsadatMirvahediPhD, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20220124This study aims to analyze the future status of rural-urban linkage benefits for sustainable food security in rural settlements in the study area. In this applied and descriptive-analytical research, the necessary information was collected in two ways: library and questionnaire. Micmac software and scenario wizard were used to analyze the data. Findings indicate that 52 factors were identified as essential benefits affecting the sustainable food security status of the study area. The status of dispersion of rural-urban linkage variables in the sustainable food security of the studied villages indicates their unsustainable status. Final scores were obtained and ranking of key factors was performed. The crucial final factors are urban and rural specialist workforce, agricultural services and production support, formal and informal urban institutions interacting with rural institutions, and the agricultural sector targeted institutionalism. Also, the formation and expansion of conversion and complementary industries, social networks for product offering and information exchange, businesses, microcredit, branding, and marketing became apparent. Based on these factors, four scenarios for the future status of rural-urban linkage benefits in food security of the study area were presented.This study aims to analyze the future status of rural-urban linkage benefits for sustainable food security in rural settlements in the study area. In this applied and descriptive-analytical research, the necessary information was collected in two ways: library and questionnaire. Micmac software and scenario wizard were used to analyze the data. Findings indicate that 52 factors were identified as essential benefits affecting the sustainable food security status of the study area. The status of dispersion of rural-urban linkage variables in the sustainable food security of the studied villages indicates their unsustainable status. Final scores were obtained and ranking of key factors was performed. The crucial final factors are urban and rural specialist workforce, agricultural services and production support, formal and informal urban institutions interacting with rural institutions, and the agricultural sector targeted institutionalism. Also, the formation and expansion of conversion and complementary industries, social networks for product offering and information exchange, businesses, microcredit, branding, and marketing became apparent. Based on these factors, four scenarios for the future status of rural-urban linkage benefits in food security of the study area were presented.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_87668_5f68bc07719b46ab430a1fc6f9839367.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823The Status and Determinants of Food Security among Rural Households in Bahar County, Hamadan ProvinceThe Status and Determinants of Food Security among Rural Households in Bahar County, Hamadan Province2983138589410.22059/jrur.2022.328467.1684FANasrinBayanatiMSc. Graduated, Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.YaserMohammadiAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.MousaAazamiAssociated professor, Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.Journal Article20211001Food security is a challenge of the coming decades and the research necessity of today’s world. This study aimed to identify the status and factors affecting the food security of rural households in Bahar County. The statistical population of the study included all rural households’ heads in Bahar County (N = 1100) in which the number of 388 ones was estimated as a statistical sample using the Morgan table and selected through stratified sampling according to both criteria of population and geographical area. The standard questionnaire of Cornell was used to assess food security. The results showed that 51.8% of the study population were in secure conditions and 48.2% were in insecure food conditions. About 9.3% of rural households experienced food insecurity with severe hunger, and most of them lived in the western villages of Bahar County. The results also showed that food security has a significant, positive correlation with economic and personal factors such as education level, agricultural and non-agricultural income, and agricultural and horticultural area under cultivation, while showing negative correlation with geographical and social factors such as distance from the village to city and household size. The results of multiple regression also showed that income from agricultural activities was the strongest predictor of food security among rural households in Bahar County, followed by income from non-agricultural activities, the number of employed people among a household and the number of dependents respectively. As a result, income diversification can be a suitable mechanism for improving the food security of rural households.Food security is a challenge of the coming decades and the research necessity of today’s world. This study aimed to identify the status and factors affecting the food security of rural households in Bahar County. The statistical population of the study included all rural households’ heads in Bahar County (N = 1100) in which the number of 388 ones was estimated as a statistical sample using the Morgan table and selected through stratified sampling according to both criteria of population and geographical area. The standard questionnaire of Cornell was used to assess food security. The results showed that 51.8% of the study population were in secure conditions and 48.2% were in insecure food conditions. About 9.3% of rural households experienced food insecurity with severe hunger, and most of them lived in the western villages of Bahar County. The results also showed that food security has a significant, positive correlation with economic and personal factors such as education level, agricultural and non-agricultural income, and agricultural and horticultural area under cultivation, while showing negative correlation with geographical and social factors such as distance from the village to city and household size. The results of multiple regression also showed that income from agricultural activities was the strongest predictor of food security among rural households in Bahar County, followed by income from non-agricultural activities, the number of employed people among a household and the number of dependents respectively. As a result, income diversification can be a suitable mechanism for improving the food security of rural households.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_85894_b855cb4d66252dabe853b701035b4a8c.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Identification of Drivers and Scenarios Affecting the Integrated Management of Davarzan Watershed VillagesIdentification of Drivers and Scenarios Affecting the Integrated Management of Davarzan Watershed Villages3143318717510.22059/jrur.2022.336545.1707FALidaAlizadeh DolatabadiPhD Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.HamidShayanProfessor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.TahereSadeghlooAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.MaryamGhasemiAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Seyed RezaHosseinzadehAssociate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20211230Integrated watershed management can be considered a prerequisite for sustainable management and improving the lifestyle and livelihood of local people. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. To do so, a questionnaire was used, which was completed by experts and executives (including faculty members and natural re-sources staff, active NGOs and local communities). Its members were selected by the snowball sampling method. The MICMAC model was used to identify challenging drivers. Based on the re-sults, indicators such as low average income and capital of users, Lack of low-interest lending facil-ities of banks, credit institutions and the Fund for Supporting the Development of Diversity of Liv-ing and the weak reliance of the government on the private sector in delegating powers to this sector for reasons such as bankruptcy or negligence of investors, etc. are the most important drivers in-volved in the field of integrated Davarzan watershed villages management. Wizard scenario soft-ware was used to explain the possible scenarios. The results of this section showed that out of a total of 24 existing situations, the tenth scenario was considered the most desirable scenario.Integrated watershed management can be considered a prerequisite for sustainable management and improving the lifestyle and livelihood of local people. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of method. To do so, a questionnaire was used, which was completed by experts and executives (including faculty members and natural re-sources staff, active NGOs and local communities). Its members were selected by the snowball sampling method. The MICMAC model was used to identify challenging drivers. Based on the re-sults, indicators such as low average income and capital of users, Lack of low-interest lending facil-ities of banks, credit institutions and the Fund for Supporting the Development of Diversity of Liv-ing and the weak reliance of the government on the private sector in delegating powers to this sector for reasons such as bankruptcy or negligence of investors, etc. are the most important drivers in-volved in the field of integrated Davarzan watershed villages management. Wizard scenario soft-ware was used to explain the possible scenarios. The results of this section showed that out of a total of 24 existing situations, the tenth scenario was considered the most desirable scenario.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_87175_8447eb77c69de0317111403081d65a89.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Assessing the Sustainable Livelihood Levels of Rural Communities (Case Study: Oramanat Tourist Area)Assessing the Sustainable Livelihood Levels of Rural Communities (Case Study: Oramanat Tourist Area)3323478628610.22059/jrur.2022.333541.1695FASahraMohammadimehrPhD Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.SaeidKarimiAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.Sayad MahdiHosseniMSc. Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.Journal Article20211107Rural tourism is one of the most important ways to reduce poverty in rural communities in order to achieve sustainable rural development. The present study examines the levels of sustainable livelihoods of rural communities in Oramanat (four cities of Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Thalas Babajani). The research method is descriptive-correlational and in terms of purpose, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the study was 17763 people (N = 177663) of which 280 people were selected as a sample using a stratified random sampling method with an appropriate assignment to the sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of questions related to farmers' livelihood assets. The Sustainable Living Framework was provided by the Department for International Development. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education and the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of Kermanshah Province and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS23 software. Findings showed that the highest level of capital is physical, financial, and social capital and the lowest is human capital. "Renting a house, selling handicrafts, and selling local food" were the main occupations related to tourism. The results showed the positive and significant effect of tourism on the livelihood capital of rural households. Finally, setting up a local tourism office, providing rural infrastructure and equipment for tourists, and paying attention to the initiatives of local people are the general suggestions of the present study. Rural tourism is one of the most important ways to reduce poverty in rural communities in order to achieve sustainable rural development. The present study examines the levels of sustainable livelihoods of rural communities in Oramanat (four cities of Paveh, Javanrood, Ravansar and Thalas Babajani). The research method is descriptive-correlational and in terms of purpose, it is of applied type. The statistical population of the study was 17763 people (N = 177663) of which 280 people were selected as a sample using a stratified random sampling method with an appropriate assignment to the sample. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of questions related to farmers' livelihood assets. The Sustainable Living Framework was provided by the Department for International Development. The validity of the questionnaire was examined by faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education and the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of Kermanshah Province and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS23 software. Findings showed that the highest level of capital is physical, financial, and social capital and the lowest is human capital. "Renting a house, selling handicrafts, and selling local food" were the main occupations related to tourism. The results showed the positive and significant effect of tourism on the livelihood capital of rural households. Finally, setting up a local tourism office, providing rural infrastructure and equipment for tourists, and paying attention to the initiatives of local people are the general suggestions of the present study. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_86286_53e6ee0eb84dd1132dc46de868c54d2a.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313220220823Studying Cultural Effects on Changes of Vernacular Houses' Pattern in Toularood Bala Village of Talesh CityStudying Cultural Effects on Changes of Vernacular Houses' Pattern in Toularood Bala Village of Talesh City3483618766710.22059/jrur.2022.335555.1704FASaharBashirzadehPhD Student, Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.JamalledinSoheiliAssociate Professor, Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.FarshadMafakherAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.Journal Article20211215Patterns of vernacular houses will soon be diminished due to new construction methods and laws. This matter emphasizes the importance of studying and documenting vernacular housing. To answer the question of this research on changing pattern of vernacular rural houses, one particular pattern which holds vernacular characteristics and is located in the foothills of Tularoud Bala village in Talesh city has purposefully been selected as the case study. This selected pattern was the most popular model of construction in the village, that is also known to be an advanced model of the original one which its architecture has undergone some physical changes few years after it was first constructed. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been utilized in this research. Utilizing quantitative analysis which is provided by A-graph software, the output is extracted as quantitative data in the form of numerical lists. This data is usable by comparing results obtained from comparative analysis and inferential-logical reasoning along with information obtained from interviews with residents. Comparing data collected from different stages of change will then aid with the findings of this research. By examining spatial configuration data using the space syntax method through analysis of A-graph software, it appears that veranda in these houses with a shallow depth in a spatial configuration as well as high values of connection and control and considering its integration by connecting to other spaces is the first and most probable space to adapt changes in the architecture of the original vernacular houses.Patterns of vernacular houses will soon be diminished due to new construction methods and laws. This matter emphasizes the importance of studying and documenting vernacular housing. To answer the question of this research on changing pattern of vernacular rural houses, one particular pattern which holds vernacular characteristics and is located in the foothills of Tularoud Bala village in Talesh city has purposefully been selected as the case study. This selected pattern was the most popular model of construction in the village, that is also known to be an advanced model of the original one which its architecture has undergone some physical changes few years after it was first constructed. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been utilized in this research. Utilizing quantitative analysis which is provided by A-graph software, the output is extracted as quantitative data in the form of numerical lists. This data is usable by comparing results obtained from comparative analysis and inferential-logical reasoning along with information obtained from interviews with residents. Comparing data collected from different stages of change will then aid with the findings of this research. By examining spatial configuration data using the space syntax method through analysis of A-graph software, it appears that veranda in these houses with a shallow depth in a spatial configuration as well as high values of connection and control and considering its integration by connecting to other spaces is the first and most probable space to adapt changes in the architecture of the original vernacular houses.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_87667_fad2a08802dd9d514278889958b19d2e.pdf