Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220Identification of the Effective Components in Spatial Planning of Value Chain Governance of Eco-lodges (Case Study: Iran Territorial Region 9)Identification of the Effective Components in Spatial Planning of Value Chain Governance of Eco-lodges (Case Study: Iran Territorial Region 9)5505758989710.22059/jrur.2022.343433.1744FASorayaAziziPhD Student, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Abdolreza RoknoddinEftekhariProfessor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.MehdiPourtaheriProfessor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-6388-8823HosseinSadeghiAssociate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20220521Spatial planning of eco-lodge value chain governance allows us to understand how the eco-lodge life cycle is affected by the results of the communication networks and the degree of coordination and trust between the links (vertical and horizontal) in the chain helps to form clusters. Hence, close interactions between value chain links, support markets, empowering environment, vertical-horizontal communication and the final market in the dimensions of partnership, integration, efficiency and effectiveness, etc. cause sustainable spatial development. This research has been done using a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with a total of 189 ecotourism resorts in the 9th region of the country (North, Razavi and South Khorasan)). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally 26 villages and 38 ecotourism resorts were determined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. Findings based on the Gabriel test showed that participation indicators with an overall average of 2.98 and efficiency with an average of 2.95 are more important than other indicators of spatial planning governance of the value chain of eco-lodges. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that all spatial planning indicators of ecotourism eco-lodge value chain governance are in an unfavorable situation and the results of gray relationship analysis, in this case, showed that the studied villages in terms of spatial planning of ecotourism resort value chain governance in the region are not equal.Spatial planning of eco-lodge value chain governance allows us to understand how the eco-lodge life cycle is affected by the results of the communication networks and the degree of coordination and trust between the links (vertical and horizontal) in the chain helps to form clusters. Hence, close interactions between value chain links, support markets, empowering environment, vertical-horizontal communication and the final market in the dimensions of partnership, integration, efficiency and effectiveness, etc. cause sustainable spatial development. This research has been done using a descriptive-survey method, which is based on a survey of experts, stakeholders and tourists in the value chain. The statistical population of the study (including 128 villages with a total of 189 ecotourism resorts in the 9th region of the country (North, Razavi and South Khorasan)). According to the personal estimation method, 20% of the volume of the statistical population was used as a basis, which finally 26 villages and 38 ecotourism resorts were determined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and GIS software. Findings based on the Gabriel test showed that participation indicators with an overall average of 2.98 and efficiency with an average of 2.95 are more important than other indicators of spatial planning governance of the value chain of eco-lodges. Also, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that all spatial planning indicators of ecotourism eco-lodge value chain governance are in an unfavorable situation and the results of gray relationship analysis, in this case, showed that the studied villages in terms of spatial planning of ecotourism resort value chain governance in the region are not equal.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_89897_b6c3d305224ee5b2a4ffd3c826923ad4.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220The New World: Lived Experience of Agricultural Workers about the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis (Case Study: Chardavol Township)The New World: Lived Experience of Agricultural Workers about the Covid-19 Pandemic Crisis (Case Study: Chardavol Township)5765978989810.22059/jrur.2022.344215.1749FAMasomehJamshidiAssistant Professor, Department of Entrepreneurship and Rural Development, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.AlirezaJamshidiAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Journal Article20220609The purpose of this study is to examine the lived experiences of agricultural workers in the Chardavol Township about the new world. The present study is a qualitative research that has been done using an interpretive paradigm and interpretive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers active in the agricultural sector in Zanjire Sofla village in Chardavol Township in Ilam province. 14 participants were selected by purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect information from participants and Van Mannen's (1990) method was used to analyze the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that a main theme entitled "New World" and 7 sub-themes including new lifestyle, a distinct consumption pattern, the integration and synergy of tensions, understanding the cross-sectional remedial shock, the symmetry of old and new vulnerabilities, socio-protective isolation and low government presence and the tendency to counter-value measures and the experience of the new sin is experienced by the participants. The purpose of this study is to examine the lived experiences of agricultural workers in the Chardavol Township about the new world. The present study is a qualitative research that has been done using an interpretive paradigm and interpretive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers active in the agricultural sector in Zanjire Sofla village in Chardavol Township in Ilam province. 14 participants were selected by purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect information from participants and Van Mannen's (1990) method was used to analyze the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that a main theme entitled "New World" and 7 sub-themes including new lifestyle, a distinct consumption pattern, the integration and synergy of tensions, understanding the cross-sectional remedial shock, the symmetry of old and new vulnerabilities, socio-protective isolation and low government presence and the tendency to counter-value measures and the experience of the new sin is experienced by the participants. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_89898_4b6eb75e8ed354204af087cda6635171.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220Analyzing the Future Uncertainties of Social Resilience of Rural Communities by Exploring the Existing Realities in the Framework of Scenario Planning (Case Study: Fahlian Village)Analyzing the Future Uncertainties of Social Resilience of Rural Communities by Exploring the Existing Realities in the Framework of Scenario Planning (Case Study: Fahlian Village)5986178767110.22059/jrur.2022.340735.1729FAAliShamsoddiniAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran.0000-0001-9757-4331Mohammad RezaAmiri FahlyianiPhD, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.0000-0002-5497-3997Journal Article20220320The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of method, it is exploratory and based on the future research approach and has been conducted in the period of October 2021. The present study, by implementing the resilience framework, develops a community approach to optimize containment programs and mitigation policies using effective indicators in rural social resilience with a case study of Fahlian village with a future approach. It provides research on the prevalence of epidemics. 35 key variables were identified by the Delphi method. Then these variables were prioritized based on the degree of importance and uncertainty using Micmac software and the most critical factors were identified and the wizard scripting software was used to write possible scenarios. The statistical population of this study is 31 experts in the field of rural issues. The results showed that the variables of diet, income, poor health facilities, lifestyle, ability to compensate, inflation and poverty in the village of Fahlian are the most important variables of social resilience in dealing with the spread of the disease. Infectious diseases and coronas were identified and then the main social resilience scenarios were defined by Wizard Scenario software, which was a favorable and promising situation. The most important proposal for the resilience of this village in the face of infectious diseases is to help the authorities to attract health facilities and also attract specialized doctors to address the medical issues of Fahlian village and Nurabad city.The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of method, it is exploratory and based on the future research approach and has been conducted in the period of October 2021. The present study, by implementing the resilience framework, develops a community approach to optimize containment programs and mitigation policies using effective indicators in rural social resilience with a case study of Fahlian village with a future approach. It provides research on the prevalence of epidemics. 35 key variables were identified by the Delphi method. Then these variables were prioritized based on the degree of importance and uncertainty using Micmac software and the most critical factors were identified and the wizard scripting software was used to write possible scenarios. The statistical population of this study is 31 experts in the field of rural issues. The results showed that the variables of diet, income, poor health facilities, lifestyle, ability to compensate, inflation and poverty in the village of Fahlian are the most important variables of social resilience in dealing with the spread of the disease. Infectious diseases and coronas were identified and then the main social resilience scenarios were defined by Wizard Scenario software, which was a favorable and promising situation. The most important proposal for the resilience of this village in the face of infectious diseases is to help the authorities to attract health facilities and also attract specialized doctors to address the medical issues of Fahlian village and Nurabad city.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_87671_af8370971ad8f7eb19e92d3ceecec960.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220Analysis of the Resilience of Rural Households' Livelihoods (Case Study: Bash Qala Rural District, Urmia County)Analysis of the Resilience of Rural Households' Livelihoods (Case Study: Bash Qala Rural District, Urmia County)6186318989510.22059/jrur.2022.339446.1726FAArastooYari HesarAssociate Professor, Department of Urban and Rural Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.0009-0006-2639-5305AyoubAmani KalarijaniPhD Student, Department of Urban and Rural Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.Journal Article20220224The objective of this study is to investigate spatial relationships analysis of the concepts of life quality, social capital, and rural entrepreneurship in Dezful County, which was done through the descriptive and analytical methodology and data collection by field and survey methods. To pursue the issue, 147 target villages were selected based on the Cochran formula from 238 in-habited rural areas in Dezful County. The principal research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire containing 250 manifest variables extracted from 23 latent variables in triple concepts. The statistical population consists of 30,032 household heads in the target villages, and questionnaires were randomly distributed among 379 of them based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method. The statistical population consists of 30,032 heads of households in the villages of this county. Ques-tionnaires were randomly distributed based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method among 379 family heads in the target villages in eleven rural districts of this county. In this research, the analysis of pairwise and general relationships between concepts was done through structural equation modeling (SEM) and investigating the situation of the Dezful's villages in relationships between structures utilizing gray relationship analysis (GRA) and fuzzy analysis. The results showed that the paired relationships of the concepts had a significance level lower than the assumed error rate of 0.05 evaluated as direct and positive. The highest and lowest relation-ships of the constructs belong to the relationship between life quality and social capital and the linkage of life quality and rural entrepreneurship with path coefficients of 0.949 and 0.875. Based on the layers combination of GRA and fuzzy analysis, the nearly two-thirds situation of the target villages is inappropriate in the general relationships of research concepts.The objective of this study is to investigate spatial relationships analysis of the concepts of life quality, social capital, and rural entrepreneurship in Dezful County, which was done through the descriptive and analytical methodology and data collection by field and survey methods. To pursue the issue, 147 target villages were selected based on the Cochran formula from 238 in-habited rural areas in Dezful County. The principal research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire containing 250 manifest variables extracted from 23 latent variables in triple concepts. The statistical population consists of 30,032 household heads in the target villages, and questionnaires were randomly distributed among 379 of them based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method. The statistical population consists of 30,032 heads of households in the villages of this county. Ques-tionnaires were randomly distributed based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method among 379 family heads in the target villages in eleven rural districts of this county. In this research, the analysis of pairwise and general relationships between concepts was done through structural equation modeling (SEM) and investigating the situation of the Dezful's villages in relationships between structures utilizing gray relationship analysis (GRA) and fuzzy analysis. The results showed that the paired relationships of the concepts had a significance level lower than the assumed error rate of 0.05 evaluated as direct and positive. The highest and lowest relation-ships of the constructs belong to the relationship between life quality and social capital and the linkage of life quality and rural entrepreneurship with path coefficients of 0.949 and 0.875. Based on the layers combination of GRA and fuzzy analysis, the nearly two-thirds situation of the target villages is inappropriate in the general relationships of research concepts.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_89895_9e6f6d9ebd3f937308999d77a0c41889.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220An Analysis of the Factors Driving the Diversification of Economic Activities of the Villages of Masal CountyAn Analysis of the Factors Driving the Diversification of Economic Activities of the Villages of Masal County6326498989410.22059/jrur.2022.338039.1717FANasrinFarajidarkhanehPhD Candidate, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.NasrollahMolaeiHashjinProfessor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.0000-0002-5716-7077Mohammad BasetGhoreishiAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.EisaPourramzanAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.0000-0002-2637-8517Journal Article20220128Diversification of rural economic activities as a basic and parallel approach to rural development goals can help to develop and advance employment in rural areas. Objective: In this study, this issue and an analysis of the factors promoting the diversification of economic activities in the villages of Masal city have been studied. This research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is 68 villagers and experts of economic institutions of Masal city and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire whose items were prepared and arranged with the expert opinions of university professors. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and showed that 23 promoting factors are involved in diversifying economic activities in rural areas of Masal city. The results of the Friedman test showed that the index (existence of several fields for attracting tourism) with an average rank of 20.09, has the most importance and the index (literacy level of rural youth, especially girls) with an average rank of 5.53, has the least importance among the factors. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the development of a comprehensive plan to diversify the rural economy of Masal city by identifying and including all the capacities of the region is one of the items that should be a priority in the work of the city officials.Diversification of rural economic activities as a basic and parallel approach to rural development goals can help to develop and advance employment in rural areas. Objective: In this study, this issue and an analysis of the factors promoting the diversification of economic activities in the villages of Masal city have been studied. This research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is 68 villagers and experts of economic institutions of Masal city and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire whose items were prepared and arranged with the expert opinions of university professors. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and showed that 23 promoting factors are involved in diversifying economic activities in rural areas of Masal city. The results of the Friedman test showed that the index (existence of several fields for attracting tourism) with an average rank of 20.09, has the most importance and the index (literacy level of rural youth, especially girls) with an average rank of 5.53, has the least importance among the factors. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the development of a comprehensive plan to diversify the rural economy of Masal city by identifying and including all the capacities of the region is one of the items that should be a priority in the work of the city officials.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_89894_69d2a2f93033785c10cbe17f84917b7a.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220The Use of Foresight in the Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Agricultural Sector of the Karkheh-Olia BasinThe Use of Foresight in the Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Agricultural Sector of the Karkheh-Olia Basin6506698989910.22059/jrur.2022.346569.1762FAFatemehSepahvandPhD Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University (BASU), Hamedan, Iran.0000-0002-6289-8579KarimNaderi MahdeiAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University (BASU), Hamedan, Iran.SaeedGholamrezaiAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University (LU), Lorestan, Iran.MasodBijaniAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20220802Water scarcity, especially in the agricultural sector, is one of the most important issues in Iran, and in the future, the occurrence of various challenges in the state of water resources is inevitable. Based on this, it is necessary to make a decision and a comprehensive study for the future. This is applied, single-section, and normative research, and the foresight approach has been used for the sustainable management of underground water resources. The statistical population of this research was all experts from institutions related to water resources management in Lorestan province. At first, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and then the CIA technique was used. 8 driving components were identified and in order of priority, they are the development of infrastructure to attract investments and the development of knowledge and awareness of the users of the region's problems (impact score 26), valuing water and removing subsidies related to water in the agricultural sector (score 21), development of non-agricultural businesses in rural communities (impact score 28) and strengthening the relationship of water-related institutions (impact score 29). The final results of this research showed that it is necessary to realize the sustainability of underground water resources in the Karkheh-Olia basin and at the same time to pay attention to several different areas and this variety can be obtained from the different nature of the drivers.Water scarcity, especially in the agricultural sector, is one of the most important issues in Iran, and in the future, the occurrence of various challenges in the state of water resources is inevitable. Based on this, it is necessary to make a decision and a comprehensive study for the future. This is applied, single-section, and normative research, and the foresight approach has been used for the sustainable management of underground water resources. The statistical population of this research was all experts from institutions related to water resources management in Lorestan province. At first, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and then the CIA technique was used. 8 driving components were identified and in order of priority, they are the development of infrastructure to attract investments and the development of knowledge and awareness of the users of the region's problems (impact score 26), valuing water and removing subsidies related to water in the agricultural sector (score 21), development of non-agricultural businesses in rural communities (impact score 28) and strengthening the relationship of water-related institutions (impact score 29). The final results of this research showed that it is necessary to realize the sustainability of underground water resources in the Karkheh-Olia basin and at the same time to pay attention to several different areas and this variety can be obtained from the different nature of the drivers.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_89899_d52320f8a2e2aea8ee5be9c48b7cd587.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220Spatial Relationships Analysis between the Concepts of Life Quality, Social Capital and Rural Entrepreneurship (Case Study: Dezful County)Spatial Relationships Analysis between the Concepts of Life Quality, Social Capital and Rural Entrepreneurship (Case Study: Dezful County)6706999051710.22059/jrur.2022.346758.1763FAHamidBarghiAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.0000-0001-7855-7130YousefGhanbariAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.0000-0003-0726-1089MortezaAbiyatPhD Student, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.0000-0002-1649-9673MostefaAbiyatPhD Student, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran.0000-0002-8040-6291Journal Article20220804The objective of this study is to investigate spatial relationships analysis of the concepts of life quality, social capital, and rural entrepreneurship in Dezful County, which was done through the descriptive and analytical methodology and data collection by field and survey methods. To pursue the issue, 147 target villages were selected based on the Cochran formula from 238 in-habited rural areas in Dezful County. The principal research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire containing 250 manifest variables extracted from 23 latent variables in triple concepts. The statistical population consists of 30,032 household heads in the target villages, and questionnaires were randomly distributed among 379 of them based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method. The statistical population consists of 30,032 heads of households in the villages of this county. Ques-tionnaires were randomly distributed based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method among 379 family heads in the target villages in eleven rural districts of this county. In this research, the analysis of pairwise and general relationships between concepts was done through structural equation modeling (SEM) and investigating the situation of the Dezful's villages in relationships between structures utilizing gray relationship analysis (GRA) and fuzzy analysis. The results showed that the paired relationships of the concepts had a significance level lower than the assumed error rate of 0.05 evaluated as direct and positive. The highest and lowest relation-ships of the constructs belong to the relationship between life quality and social capital and the linkage of life quality and rural entrepreneurship with path coefficients of 0.949 and 0.875. Based on the layers combination of GRA and fuzzy analysis, the nearly two-thirds situation of the target villages is inappropriate in the general relationships of research concepts.The objective of this study is to investigate spatial relationships analysis of the concepts of life quality, social capital, and rural entrepreneurship in Dezful County, which was done through the descriptive and analytical methodology and data collection by field and survey methods. To pursue the issue, 147 target villages were selected based on the Cochran formula from 238 in-habited rural areas in Dezful County. The principal research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire containing 250 manifest variables extracted from 23 latent variables in triple concepts. The statistical population consists of 30,032 household heads in the target villages, and questionnaires were randomly distributed among 379 of them based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method. The statistical population consists of 30,032 heads of households in the villages of this county. Ques-tionnaires were randomly distributed based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method among 379 family heads in the target villages in eleven rural districts of this county. In this research, the analysis of pairwise and general relationships between concepts was done through structural equation modeling (SEM) and investigating the situation of the Dezful's villages in relationships between structures utilizing gray relationship analysis (GRA) and fuzzy analysis. The results showed that the paired relationships of the concepts had a significance level lower than the assumed error rate of 0.05 evaluated as direct and positive. The highest and lowest relation-ships of the constructs belong to the relationship between life quality and social capital and the linkage of life quality and rural entrepreneurship with path coefficients of 0.949 and 0.875. Based on the layers combination of GRA and fuzzy analysis, the nearly two-thirds situation of the target villages is inappropriate in the general relationships of research concepts.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_90517_4ba3dcec447cb39460a176c95534f3ac.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220Geography of Happiness: A Spatial Analysis of Happiness Affected by Socio-Economic Factors at the Level of Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages of Torbat-Haydarieh Township)Geography of Happiness: A Spatial Analysis of Happiness Affected by Socio-Economic Factors at the Level of Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages of Torbat-Haydarieh Township)7007158891510.22059/jrur.2022.343590.1747FAKhadijeSadeghiPhD, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Sistan and Balochestan, Zahedan, Iran.0000-0002-7628-2601AliHajinejadAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.0000-0001-8327-9438JavadBazafshanAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Sistan and Balochestan , Iran.0000-0002-5985-7047MajidYasouriProfessor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.0000-0002-8800-6196Journal Article20220524Happiness is a person's judgment and evaluation of satisfaction with their quality of life. Studies have shown that there are spatial differences in the Happiness of people between places and regions. Therefore, this study has investigated the state of Happiness and its spatial dependence in rural areas of Torbat-e Heydarieh. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and method.Data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews from selected samples consisting of 380 households from the statistical population of rural households in Torbat-e Heydarieh (N = 23105) using Cochran's formula and quota sampling method. Descriptive statistics, Fordyce Happiness Questionnaire, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data and GIS was used to analyze the vigor status of the studied villages in Torbat-e Heydariyeh. The test results and comparison of the means of Happiness obtained from the Fordyce questionnaire indicate that the Happiness of the villages was classified into three categories: low (average scores 320-355), medium (356-365) and high (366-385). The results of multiple regression also showed that out of 18 independent variables related to Happiness, 4 variables were income with a correlation coefficient of (0.399), social capital (0.383), the distance of 5 km from the nearest city (0.599) and distance of 10 to 15 km. It had the highest correlation with the city with a coefficient of (0.452) with the Happiness of rural households. Also, the study of the Happiness map of the studied villages confirms the spatial dependence of Happiness due to the cluster Happiness of the villages.Happiness is a person's judgment and evaluation of satisfaction with their quality of life. Studies have shown that there are spatial differences in the Happiness of people between places and regions. Therefore, this study has investigated the state of Happiness and its spatial dependence in rural areas of Torbat-e Heydarieh. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and method.Data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews from selected samples consisting of 380 households from the statistical population of rural households in Torbat-e Heydarieh (N = 23105) using Cochran's formula and quota sampling method. Descriptive statistics, Fordyce Happiness Questionnaire, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data and GIS was used to analyze the vigor status of the studied villages in Torbat-e Heydariyeh. The test results and comparison of the means of Happiness obtained from the Fordyce questionnaire indicate that the Happiness of the villages was classified into three categories: low (average scores 320-355), medium (356-365) and high (366-385). The results of multiple regression also showed that out of 18 independent variables related to Happiness, 4 variables were income with a correlation coefficient of (0.399), social capital (0.383), the distance of 5 km from the nearest city (0.599) and distance of 10 to 15 km. It had the highest correlation with the city with a coefficient of (0.452) with the Happiness of rural households. Also, the study of the Happiness map of the studied villages confirms the spatial dependence of Happiness due to the cluster Happiness of the villages.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_88915_29fa621db36879b089c2b866876699c4.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220Analyzing Why Ago-processing Industries are not Developed in Kamyaran County: Application of the Grounded Theory MethodAnalyzing Why Ago-processing Industries are not Developed in Kamyaran County: Application of the Grounded Theory Method7167338932010.22059/jrur.2022.341924.1734FAYaserMohammadiAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.0000-0002-8752-7619MehranAziziPhD Student, Department of Agricultural Education and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.Journal Article20220420Agriculture is key for the independence and development of any country. One of the strategies for agricultural development is to create agro-processing industries in order to prevent crop waste and create added value. However, some obstacles have caused these industries to not get the expected level of development, so studies are needed to identify and manage these barriers. This study aimed to analyze the reasons for the non-developmentof agro-processing industries by inductive reasoning in Kamyaran County. The research paradigm was qualitative and the grounded theory method was used to collect and analyze data. Data collection was done through field observations and in-depth interviews by 14 experts of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, farmers and investors of Kamyaran County. Purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation rule were used for sampling and sample size determination respectively. After three coding steps, the collected data were coded and analyzed in the form of 25 concepts and 10 major categories. The results showed that the reasons for the non-development of agro-processing industries in Kamyaran county can be found in the following cases: Inadequate cultivation patterns and high diversity in horticultural products, weak support from government and stakeholder organizations, managerial and motivational problems, bureaucracy and paperwork in the licensing process, economic problems related to the construction and maintenance of conversion industries, technological, structural and planning problems, poor marketing management, risk aversion and unwillingness to invest, weak social participation and lack of raw materials.Agriculture is key for the independence and development of any country. One of the strategies for agricultural development is to create agro-processing industries in order to prevent crop waste and create added value. However, some obstacles have caused these industries to not get the expected level of development, so studies are needed to identify and manage these barriers. This study aimed to analyze the reasons for the non-developmentof agro-processing industries by inductive reasoning in Kamyaran County. The research paradigm was qualitative and the grounded theory method was used to collect and analyze data. Data collection was done through field observations and in-depth interviews by 14 experts of the Agricultural Jihad Organization, farmers and investors of Kamyaran County. Purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation rule were used for sampling and sample size determination respectively. After three coding steps, the collected data were coded and analyzed in the form of 25 concepts and 10 major categories. The results showed that the reasons for the non-development of agro-processing industries in Kamyaran county can be found in the following cases: Inadequate cultivation patterns and high diversity in horticultural products, weak support from government and stakeholder organizations, managerial and motivational problems, bureaucracy and paperwork in the licensing process, economic problems related to the construction and maintenance of conversion industries, technological, structural and planning problems, poor marketing management, risk aversion and unwillingness to invest, weak social participation and lack of raw materials.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_89320_f85326eab04adbaebf71d74a66956819.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737313420230220Effects of the Organizing of Livestock and Forest Residents Exit out of the Forest on Rural Communities: A Thematic AnalysisEffects of the Organizing of Livestock and Forest Residents Exit out of the Forest on Rural Communities: A Thematic Analysis7347498891410.22059/jrur.2022.342833.1743FAYadollahRajablooMSc., Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and National Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.AminMohammadi OstadkelayehAssistant Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and National Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.0000-0002-7108-5676NaserBayatAssociate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Command and General Staff, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran.BaharehBehmaneshAssistant Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Agriculture and National Resources, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Iran.Journal Article20220510One of the most important programs of the government in order to preserve the forest areas of the country has been the implementation of the plan to remove livestock from the forest and organize the forest dwellers. It has been especially helpful for the residents of forest villages. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the organizing of livestock and forest residents' exit out of the forest on rural communities in the Ramyan region in Golestan province. Data collection continued until theoretical data saturation and 23 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. In order to achieve the main objective of the research, a three-step content analysis process by King et al (2018) was used to study the effects of implementing the reorganization plan. Finally, MAXQDA20 software was used for the drawing of a schematic network. Based on codes obtained from the interviews with the villagers involved in the livestock moving out plan by MAXQDA20 software, 4 organizing themes including the economic (6 sub-themes), social (6 sub-themes), institutions-management (5 Sub-themes) and physical (4 sub-themes) were analyzed. The results showed that the plan for the organiz-ing of livestock and forest residents' exit out of the forest on rural communities in the Ramyan region was unsuccessful from the viewpoint of the beneficiaries and the plan needs support and guidance toward economic self-sufficiency and recovery of their social culture.One of the most important programs of the government in order to preserve the forest areas of the country has been the implementation of the plan to remove livestock from the forest and organize the forest dwellers. It has been especially helpful for the residents of forest villages. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the organizing of livestock and forest residents' exit out of the forest on rural communities in the Ramyan region in Golestan province. Data collection continued until theoretical data saturation and 23 semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. In order to achieve the main objective of the research, a three-step content analysis process by King et al (2018) was used to study the effects of implementing the reorganization plan. Finally, MAXQDA20 software was used for the drawing of a schematic network. Based on codes obtained from the interviews with the villagers involved in the livestock moving out plan by MAXQDA20 software, 4 organizing themes including the economic (6 sub-themes), social (6 sub-themes), institutions-management (5 Sub-themes) and physical (4 sub-themes) were analyzed. The results showed that the plan for the organiz-ing of livestock and forest residents' exit out of the forest on rural communities in the Ramyan region was unsuccessful from the viewpoint of the beneficiaries and the plan needs support and guidance toward economic self-sufficiency and recovery of their social culture.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_88914_878c29165589486e13459ca00015b28a.pdf