Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241107the role of development in change of social relations(the case study of rurals...)the role of development in change of social relations(the case study of rurals...)1189998210.22059/jrur.2024.104708.522FARaminMoradiDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8935-1891TaghiAzad ArmakiDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9276-2149Seyyed ZiaHashemiDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-9805-268xJournal Article20240524A B S T R A C T
During the construction of the Karun-3 dam, all or most of the 70 villages along the dam were flooded, and their residents were forced to relocate. The destination of a large number of these immigrants was Izeh city and its surrounding villages. This research examined the changes made in the lives of the villagers on the edge of the Karun-3 Dam. The approach used in conducting qualitative research was phenomenology. The research sample of 35 people and the research data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and research themes were extracted using the thematic analysis method. The findings of the research showed that after the relocation of the villagers, all forms of previous economic, social, cultural, and political relations underwent fundamental changes. Forming relationships based on money, the new form of neighborhood, improving the living conditions of women and youth, changing the pattern of employment and the colorful presence of bureaucracy and power in life, and weakening the foundations of patriarchy were among the changes that occurred in the lives of these communities. Also, the findings showed that the weakness or lack of long-term institutional support led to spatial fragmentation, the deterioration of spiritual heritage, and the social marginalization of the residents of these villages.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Karun-3 Dam is one of the dams whose operation was the beginning of extensive environmental and especially social changes that are objective and visible. The destruction of local settlements, roads, and fertile lands, the destruction of trees and plant species, the burial of cultural heritage, places of pilgrimage, rural cemeteries, etc., are some of the significant effects after the construction of this dam. However, the most important and mostly hidden part of the changes is related to the lives of more than 15,000 residents of the Karun River, who were either forced to migrate from their place of silence after the operation of the dam or were trapped in the siege of its huge lake. In this research, the life of a group of people who lived on the banks of the Karun River before the construction of the Karun-3 Dam was studied, and after the relocation, various aspects of their lives were changed.
Methodology
The research method was used to conduct the research. The semi-structured interview data collection tool was selected according to the research method. The thematic analysis method was chosen to analyze the data. A total of 35 people were selected for the interviews. With the number of interviews reaching 32, almost no new data was observed in the interviews. To be sure, the number of interviews continued to 35. Of these, 27 were men and 8 were women.
Results and discussion
This study showed that there have been changes in four areas: economic, social, cultural, and political. The lives of many people in the local community had a direct relationship with the land. Many of them could not easily be rehired. The use of the collective mode has been changed to personal and part-time. The changes in local communities are such that the content and function of the family are very different from the previous ones. Also, the informal support network was destroyed. Many people had to be covered by funding organizations. Women's capacity for employment was lost. Many common
natural resources have disappeared. In addition, the acquired knowledge and skills remain unused in people's lives. Much of the population was economically marginalized. It means that it was not possible to engage in economic activities. Also, patriarchy as a value system collapsed.
Conclusion
Our goal in this research was not to evaluate the social impact of the Karun-3 Dam project and its like. Also, we were not ready to sit on the moral or technical judgment of those development projects that make the lives of a group of people "upside down" like this. We only wanted to give a narrative of what happened to these people, and it seems that it does not attract much attention to anyone. We wanted to give a voice in a narrative form to the people whose voices do not find an echo in the din of ambitious projects. Generally, it is assumed that development projects, such as the Karun-3 dam, have such huge benefits that if 20 villages are buried under water and their residents wander around the surrounding cities, there should not be much concern. It is believed that these projects follow the rule of "the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people." We do not dispute these assumptions and ideas. However, the question remains, what should be done with these people? Do we even know what happened to them? At least, it can be suggested that before carrying out such projects, detailed knowledge of these communities should be obtained, and their fate should be considered after the implementation of these projects. Moreover, especially effective and efficient institutions to support these people, as in this research, they needed all kinds of economic, psychological, social, and other support and counseling.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Azad Aramaki and Hashemi designed the concepts and research design. Moradi collected the data. Azad Aramaki and Moradi analyzed and interpreted the data. Azad Aramaki wrote the article. Azad Aramaki and Moradi participated in the discussion and conclusions. Azad Aramaki and Hashemi provided administrative support.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paperA B S T R A C T
During the construction of the Karun-3 dam, all or most of the 70 villages along the dam were flooded, and their residents were forced to relocate. The destination of a large number of these immigrants was Izeh city and its surrounding villages. This research examined the changes made in the lives of the villagers on the edge of the Karun-3 Dam. The approach used in conducting qualitative research was phenomenology. The research sample of 35 people and the research data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and research themes were extracted using the thematic analysis method. The findings of the research showed that after the relocation of the villagers, all forms of previous economic, social, cultural, and political relations underwent fundamental changes. Forming relationships based on money, the new form of neighborhood, improving the living conditions of women and youth, changing the pattern of employment and the colorful presence of bureaucracy and power in life, and weakening the foundations of patriarchy were among the changes that occurred in the lives of these communities. Also, the findings showed that the weakness or lack of long-term institutional support led to spatial fragmentation, the deterioration of spiritual heritage, and the social marginalization of the residents of these villages.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Karun-3 Dam is one of the dams whose operation was the beginning of extensive environmental and especially social changes that are objective and visible. The destruction of local settlements, roads, and fertile lands, the destruction of trees and plant species, the burial of cultural heritage, places of pilgrimage, rural cemeteries, etc., are some of the significant effects after the construction of this dam. However, the most important and mostly hidden part of the changes is related to the lives of more than 15,000 residents of the Karun River, who were either forced to migrate from their place of silence after the operation of the dam or were trapped in the siege of its huge lake. In this research, the life of a group of people who lived on the banks of the Karun River before the construction of the Karun-3 Dam was studied, and after the relocation, various aspects of their lives were changed.
Methodology
The research method was used to conduct the research. The semi-structured interview data collection tool was selected according to the research method. The thematic analysis method was chosen to analyze the data. A total of 35 people were selected for the interviews. With the number of interviews reaching 32, almost no new data was observed in the interviews. To be sure, the number of interviews continued to 35. Of these, 27 were men and 8 were women.
Results and discussion
This study showed that there have been changes in four areas: economic, social, cultural, and political. The lives of many people in the local community had a direct relationship with the land. Many of them could not easily be rehired. The use of the collective mode has been changed to personal and part-time. The changes in local communities are such that the content and function of the family are very different from the previous ones. Also, the informal support network was destroyed. Many people had to be covered by funding organizations. Women's capacity for employment was lost. Many common
natural resources have disappeared. In addition, the acquired knowledge and skills remain unused in people's lives. Much of the population was economically marginalized. It means that it was not possible to engage in economic activities. Also, patriarchy as a value system collapsed.
Conclusion
Our goal in this research was not to evaluate the social impact of the Karun-3 Dam project and its like. Also, we were not ready to sit on the moral or technical judgment of those development projects that make the lives of a group of people "upside down" like this. We only wanted to give a narrative of what happened to these people, and it seems that it does not attract much attention to anyone. We wanted to give a voice in a narrative form to the people whose voices do not find an echo in the din of ambitious projects. Generally, it is assumed that development projects, such as the Karun-3 dam, have such huge benefits that if 20 villages are buried under water and their residents wander around the surrounding cities, there should not be much concern. It is believed that these projects follow the rule of "the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people." We do not dispute these assumptions and ideas. However, the question remains, what should be done with these people? Do we even know what happened to them? At least, it can be suggested that before carrying out such projects, detailed knowledge of these communities should be obtained, and their fate should be considered after the implementation of these projects. Moreover, especially effective and efficient institutions to support these people, as in this research, they needed all kinds of economic, psychological, social, and other support and counseling.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Azad Aramaki and Hashemi designed the concepts and research design. Moradi collected the data. Azad Aramaki and Moradi analyzed and interpreted the data. Azad Aramaki wrote the article. Azad Aramaki and Moradi participated in the discussion and conclusions. Azad Aramaki and Hashemi provided administrative support.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paperhttps://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_99982_1448a4031347cdb293610b8b42d4bd4f.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241107Challenges and obstacles to using the capacity of rural-urban linkages for the economic reconstruction of rural areasChallenges and obstacles to using the capacity of rural-urban linkages for the economic reconstruction of rural areas19339998410.22059/jrur.2024.367293.1878FANaserShafieisabetDepartment of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3444-6652SogandKhaksarDepartment of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240524A B S T R A C T
The city and the village, as two human settlements, have been connected with each other for a long time. Considering the fact that the type, intensity, weakness, and quality of rural-urban linkages have always undergone transformation and have many open and hidden capacities and potentials for economic reconstruction, the present study aims to identify the challenges and obstacles to exploiting the capacity of rural linkages. Urban and economic reconstruction of the rural area in Iran, as one of the developing countries, was carried out in a qualitative way. Qualitative data were collected through eight group discussions and 30 in-depth individual interviews. This number of samples was selected in a targeted way from among the 97 managers and experts in the field under study (the statistical population) who had more detailed information about the current situation and were selected according to their activity levels, experience, and scientific status. The method of selecting the participants was purposeful sampling with the greatest variety, and with the aim of identifying the experts, the snowball method was used and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The information was analyzed by the method of the base context or thematic with MAXQDA2020 software. The findings revealed that one of the most important challenges of using the capacity of rural-urban links for the economic reconstruction of the rural area is the low level of access and quality of roads between the city and the village, and the low rate of urban participation and investment in rural activities.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Since 1976, this discourse has been advanced that utilising all the capacity of rural-urban linkages is in line with the goals of sustainable development; also, it provides the basis for improving the construction and economic reconstruction of the rural area (Forster et al., 2015). Based on this discourse, the success of development programmes depends on the proper use of the capacities and potentials of rural centres in the direction of the progress and reconstruction of the rural economy and within the framework of regional policies (Sharifi et al., 2021). At the level of space, there are various flows, such as the flow of people, goods, money, information, and waste, which have internal linkages with the level of the household and the local economy and overlap with each other. These flows are the concepts that have been analyzed in the theory of rural-urban linkages about spatial flows. In the framework of the process of economic reconstruction in the rural area, in the form of diversification of rural economic activities, such as diversification within the activities of the agricultural sector (agricultural, horticultural, livestock, aquaculture, etc.), and non-agricultural (transformation and complementary industries), and with flexibility and The expansion of handicrafts and workshops has led to the creation of new economic organisations and investments in rural areas, and new sectors have added to the current businesses.
Methodology
The present research was conducted using a qualitative method between October 1402 and May 1402. The statistical population investigated in this study includes all stakeholders and experts related to the management and planning affairs of Qom province and university professors who have researched the field of rural-urban linkages in Iran. Consultations with experts were identified.
Results and discussion
Most of the participants in this research stated that in Iran, due to the diversity of geographical and climatic conditions as well as differences in environmental capabilities, the economic activities of the villages are not the same, and often the economic and social characteristics of the villages of each province are different from those of another province. Previously, the structure of the rural economy of Iran, like many developing countries, was based on agriculture and animal husbandry, and industrial, mining, and service activities have expanded in the rural area only during the last few decades. According to the findings of the research and according to the statements of the interviewees, the challenges and obstacles of economic reconstruction affected by the capacity of urban and rural linkages in three agricultural sectors (improving the condition of transformation and complementary industries, exploitation systems to develop the production of agricultural products for domestic and foreign markets, diversification in the production of agricultural products), the industry sector (investment in small manufacturing industries and handicrafts, the development of new industrial production skills), and the service sector (marketing services for the production and commercial exchanges, creating local economic advantages "forward and backward linkages " between producers and These findings are in line with the studies of Trant and Brinkman (1992, Cabinet Office (2000, Countryside Agency (2003), and SEDD (2005).
The current research was conducted using a qualitative method to identify the challenges and obstacles of using the capacity of rural-urban linkages for the economic reconstruction of rural space from the perspective of stakeholders and experts. The summary of the participants in the present study shows that according to the current state of urban-rural linkages in developing countries such as Iran, this statement will have different scenarios in the future, but in general, if the current situation in the rural areas of the developing countries continues, They will not have a suitable development situation in such a way that nothing will happen in the reconstruction of the village economy and the sustainable livelihood of the villagers, and there is a possibility of further evacuation of rural areas from human capital, and even the number of rural areas without inhabitants will increase.
Conclusion
The available resources of the village, which mostly relies on cultivated land, will face more erosion in the direction of overexploitation and raw sales towards urban areas and lack of updating of the cultivation flow, and in many rural areas of Iran, climate change is also A very threatening element will act. If there is a change in communication policies between the city and the countryside (such as the theory of the growth pole and hierarchy) and better strategies that have been experienced in developed countries and have positive results, such as regional development strategies (RDS), we can hope for the reconstruction of the rural economy in developing countries.
Funding
This doctoral thesis has been financially supported by the Presidential Research Fund in the form of a research project with the same title.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
A B S T R A C T
The city and the village, as two human settlements, have been connected with each other for a long time. Considering the fact that the type, intensity, weakness, and quality of rural-urban linkages have always undergone transformation and have many open and hidden capacities and potentials for economic reconstruction, the present study aims to identify the challenges and obstacles to exploiting the capacity of rural linkages. Urban and economic reconstruction of the rural area in Iran, as one of the developing countries, was carried out in a qualitative way. Qualitative data were collected through eight group discussions and 30 in-depth individual interviews. This number of samples was selected in a targeted way from among the 97 managers and experts in the field under study (the statistical population) who had more detailed information about the current situation and were selected according to their activity levels, experience, and scientific status. The method of selecting the participants was purposeful sampling with the greatest variety, and with the aim of identifying the experts, the snowball method was used and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. The information was analyzed by the method of the base context or thematic with MAXQDA2020 software. The findings revealed that one of the most important challenges of using the capacity of rural-urban links for the economic reconstruction of the rural area is the low level of access and quality of roads between the city and the village, and the low rate of urban participation and investment in rural activities.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Since 1976, this discourse has been advanced that utilising all the capacity of rural-urban linkages is in line with the goals of sustainable development; also, it provides the basis for improving the construction and economic reconstruction of the rural area (Forster et al., 2015). Based on this discourse, the success of development programmes depends on the proper use of the capacities and potentials of rural centres in the direction of the progress and reconstruction of the rural economy and within the framework of regional policies (Sharifi et al., 2021). At the level of space, there are various flows, such as the flow of people, goods, money, information, and waste, which have internal linkages with the level of the household and the local economy and overlap with each other. These flows are the concepts that have been analyzed in the theory of rural-urban linkages about spatial flows. In the framework of the process of economic reconstruction in the rural area, in the form of diversification of rural economic activities, such as diversification within the activities of the agricultural sector (agricultural, horticultural, livestock, aquaculture, etc.), and non-agricultural (transformation and complementary industries), and with flexibility and The expansion of handicrafts and workshops has led to the creation of new economic organisations and investments in rural areas, and new sectors have added to the current businesses.
Methodology
The present research was conducted using a qualitative method between October 1402 and May 1402. The statistical population investigated in this study includes all stakeholders and experts related to the management and planning affairs of Qom province and university professors who have researched the field of rural-urban linkages in Iran. Consultations with experts were identified.
Results and discussion
Most of the participants in this research stated that in Iran, due to the diversity of geographical and climatic conditions as well as differences in environmental capabilities, the economic activities of the villages are not the same, and often the economic and social characteristics of the villages of each province are different from those of another province. Previously, the structure of the rural economy of Iran, like many developing countries, was based on agriculture and animal husbandry, and industrial, mining, and service activities have expanded in the rural area only during the last few decades. According to the findings of the research and according to the statements of the interviewees, the challenges and obstacles of economic reconstruction affected by the capacity of urban and rural linkages in three agricultural sectors (improving the condition of transformation and complementary industries, exploitation systems to develop the production of agricultural products for domestic and foreign markets, diversification in the production of agricultural products), the industry sector (investment in small manufacturing industries and handicrafts, the development of new industrial production skills), and the service sector (marketing services for the production and commercial exchanges, creating local economic advantages "forward and backward linkages " between producers and These findings are in line with the studies of Trant and Brinkman (1992, Cabinet Office (2000, Countryside Agency (2003), and SEDD (2005).
The current research was conducted using a qualitative method to identify the challenges and obstacles of using the capacity of rural-urban linkages for the economic reconstruction of rural space from the perspective of stakeholders and experts. The summary of the participants in the present study shows that according to the current state of urban-rural linkages in developing countries such as Iran, this statement will have different scenarios in the future, but in general, if the current situation in the rural areas of the developing countries continues, They will not have a suitable development situation in such a way that nothing will happen in the reconstruction of the village economy and the sustainable livelihood of the villagers, and there is a possibility of further evacuation of rural areas from human capital, and even the number of rural areas without inhabitants will increase.
Conclusion
The available resources of the village, which mostly relies on cultivated land, will face more erosion in the direction of overexploitation and raw sales towards urban areas and lack of updating of the cultivation flow, and in many rural areas of Iran, climate change is also A very threatening element will act. If there is a change in communication policies between the city and the countryside (such as the theory of the growth pole and hierarchy) and better strategies that have been experienced in developed countries and have positive results, such as regional development strategies (RDS), we can hope for the reconstruction of the rural economy in developing countries.
Funding
This doctoral thesis has been financially supported by the Presidential Research Fund in the form of a research project with the same title.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_99984_5d5761926807491536627ee274fadad1.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241108Assessing the sustainability of agricultural farming systems in Rurals of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provincesAssessing the sustainability of agricultural farming systems in Rurals of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces35519999210.22059/jrur.2024.368800.1889FANasimHosseinzadeh SoureshjaniDepartment of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran0009-0003-3014-3213YousefGhanbariDepartment of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran0000-0003-0726-1089HamidBarghiDepartment of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-7855-7130Journal Article20240525A B S T R A C T
One of the main issues in the development of the agricultural field is the pattern of agricultural systems. Considering the ever-increasing population growth, the need for food is increasing. Special attention should be paid to one of the fundamental issues of agricultural systems as providing food and agricultural self-sufficiency. For this reason, this research aims to measure the sustainability of agricultural systems in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. The research's statistical population comprises small farmers and rural production cooperatives in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. Considering the wideness of the statistical population, the sample size of the research using the Cochran formula was a total of 750 farmers. To compare the two agricultural systems, the sample size in the smallholder and production cooperative agricultural systems was determined to be 380 and 370. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, and the data gained was analyzed using SPSS 22 software and the VIKOR model. The research results showed that 7 cooperatives are stable, 10 are semi-stable, and 4 are unstable. Also, the agricultural system of smallholders for Farrukhshahr and Saman cities are stable; Sudjan, Sheikh Shaban, Ben, Dastana, Boldaji, Faradonbeh, Heydari, and Aloni, are semi-stable, and Nafch, Shamsabad, Avergan, Gandoman, Konrak, Imam Qais, Deh Nu, Behesht Abad, Gahro, Tishniz and Junghan are completely unstable.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Due to the process of globalization, people's role in determining their destiny is felt more, especially in the economic aspect of life these days. In such a way, one of the main economic parts is related to the agricultural part, and the agricultural system is its main core. Considering the need to stabilize agricultural production systems in the current era, it is necessary to examine the current state of agricultural systems and their compliance with sustainability criteria to plan for sustainable agricultural development. Of course, this matter is more important in Iran country. Therefore, it can be said that sustainability does not mean that there should be no transformation but that the agricultural system should be transformed in the form of a geographical phenomenon according to the spatial, economic, and social conditions.
Methodology
The study is one of the combined research, which is a cross-sectional research based on the objective, applied research, descriptive data collection method, and survey research. The statistical population includes 64416 small farmers and 10435 rural production cooperative operators in the form of 21 companies. The sample size halted using Cochran's formula. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The research questionnaire is designed in 3 parts. The first part of the questions is related to the economic index, the second part is the social index questions, and the third is the environmental one. The questions are prepared on a 5-point Likert scale (very high, high, medium, low, very low). At first, to measure the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 30 experts, university professors, and doctoral students whose expertise was in the field of rural geography and agriculture ش used, and the validity of the research tool was evaluated, the necessary corrections were made if needed. Also, after designing and finalizing the questionnaire, Bartlett and KMO methods were used to determine its validity, which is construct validity. Finally, the supervisor confirmed the questionnaire's validity after deep study and correction by the student. Cronbach's alpha method, which was performed by SPSS software, was also used to measure the reliability of reflective structures. The data was collected using library and field methods. VIKOR model was used in SPSS software for stability analysis, and the entropy weighting method was used to identify effective indicators in system stability.
Results and discussion
To analyze the sustainability of agricultural systems, the VIKOR model has been used using three main indicators (economic, social, and environmental). This model has been developed as a multi-criteria decision-making method to solve the problem of discrete decision-making with inconsistent criteria (different measurement units) and conflicts. This method is focused on ranking and choosing from a set of alternatives and determining compatible solutions for the problem with conflicting criteria, which can help decision-makers reach the final decision. A compatible solution is a solvable solution that is the closest solution to the ideal situation, and the meaning of compatibility is a solution that is obtained based on mutual agreement. This study used the Shannon entropy method to weight the indicators. In the VIKOR model, the closer QI value to zero has a higher level of stability, and the closer one to 1 has a lower level of stability.
According to the findings of the VIKOR model, the level of sustainability of agricultural systems in the studied area using three economic, social, and environmental indicators is very different, so in both exploitation systems, there are cases with situations of stability. The results of the research showed that in cooperative production systems, 7 cooperatives (Goldera Farrokhshahr, Omman Samani, Ghadir e Dastna, Deh Sahra, Fadak, Sudejan, and Kousar) are stable, 10 cooperatives (Goharbaran e Nafch, Sadat e Sheikh Shaban, Refah e Beldaji, Pishgam, Shohada Gandoman, Firouz e Dehnu, Dasht e Door e Imam Qais, Choghakhor e Avergan, Zayandeh Rood e Jonoobu and Goldasht e Jonghan) are semi-stable and 4 cooperatives are unstable (Dasht e Ardel, Vahdat e Tishniz, Veladat e Ghahro and Gol Ara Shamsabad). Also, the agricultural system of smallholder in the city of Farrukhshahr and Saman is stable, Sudjan, Sheikh Shaban, Ben, Dastena, Boldaji, Faradonbeh, Heydari and Aloni, semi-stable, and Nafch, Shamsabad, Avergan, Gandoman, Konrak, Imam Qais, De Nou, Behesht Abad, Gahro, Tishniz and Jooneghan are completely unstable.
Conclusion
According to the research results, exploitation systems in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces are not in favorable and stable conditions, and this unsustainability is more in peasant exploitation, which is the main form of exploitation in the province. These results emphasize the fact that the operations of the province need quick and calculated management and guidance in order to achieve stability and keep the village and rural economy stable. The best solution to these farms' problems is to pay attention to the production cooperative. In fact, to solve the problem of sustainability in the exploitation of peasants and cooperatives, first, the government should fully support the cooperatives and their members and have several educational and promotional programs to familiarize the villagers and guarantee the work of these cooperatives so that the cooperatives reach the benefits. Therefore, cooperatives can be a powerful arm in the field of production, services, information and marketing, and sales for rural farmers and can assume a decisive role in economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.A B S T R A C T
One of the main issues in the development of the agricultural field is the pattern of agricultural systems. Considering the ever-increasing population growth, the need for food is increasing. Special attention should be paid to one of the fundamental issues of agricultural systems as providing food and agricultural self-sufficiency. For this reason, this research aims to measure the sustainability of agricultural systems in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. The research's statistical population comprises small farmers and rural production cooperatives in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. Considering the wideness of the statistical population, the sample size of the research using the Cochran formula was a total of 750 farmers. To compare the two agricultural systems, the sample size in the smallholder and production cooperative agricultural systems was determined to be 380 and 370. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, and the data gained was analyzed using SPSS 22 software and the VIKOR model. The research results showed that 7 cooperatives are stable, 10 are semi-stable, and 4 are unstable. Also, the agricultural system of smallholders for Farrukhshahr and Saman cities are stable; Sudjan, Sheikh Shaban, Ben, Dastana, Boldaji, Faradonbeh, Heydari, and Aloni, are semi-stable, and Nafch, Shamsabad, Avergan, Gandoman, Konrak, Imam Qais, Deh Nu, Behesht Abad, Gahro, Tishniz and Junghan are completely unstable.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Due to the process of globalization, people's role in determining their destiny is felt more, especially in the economic aspect of life these days. In such a way, one of the main economic parts is related to the agricultural part, and the agricultural system is its main core. Considering the need to stabilize agricultural production systems in the current era, it is necessary to examine the current state of agricultural systems and their compliance with sustainability criteria to plan for sustainable agricultural development. Of course, this matter is more important in Iran country. Therefore, it can be said that sustainability does not mean that there should be no transformation but that the agricultural system should be transformed in the form of a geographical phenomenon according to the spatial, economic, and social conditions.
Methodology
The study is one of the combined research, which is a cross-sectional research based on the objective, applied research, descriptive data collection method, and survey research. The statistical population includes 64416 small farmers and 10435 rural production cooperative operators in the form of 21 companies. The sample size halted using Cochran's formula. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The research questionnaire is designed in 3 parts. The first part of the questions is related to the economic index, the second part is the social index questions, and the third is the environmental one. The questions are prepared on a 5-point Likert scale (very high, high, medium, low, very low). At first, to measure the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 30 experts, university professors, and doctoral students whose expertise was in the field of rural geography and agriculture ش used, and the validity of the research tool was evaluated, the necessary corrections were made if needed. Also, after designing and finalizing the questionnaire, Bartlett and KMO methods were used to determine its validity, which is construct validity. Finally, the supervisor confirmed the questionnaire's validity after deep study and correction by the student. Cronbach's alpha method, which was performed by SPSS software, was also used to measure the reliability of reflective structures. The data was collected using library and field methods. VIKOR model was used in SPSS software for stability analysis, and the entropy weighting method was used to identify effective indicators in system stability.
Results and discussion
To analyze the sustainability of agricultural systems, the VIKOR model has been used using three main indicators (economic, social, and environmental). This model has been developed as a multi-criteria decision-making method to solve the problem of discrete decision-making with inconsistent criteria (different measurement units) and conflicts. This method is focused on ranking and choosing from a set of alternatives and determining compatible solutions for the problem with conflicting criteria, which can help decision-makers reach the final decision. A compatible solution is a solvable solution that is the closest solution to the ideal situation, and the meaning of compatibility is a solution that is obtained based on mutual agreement. This study used the Shannon entropy method to weight the indicators. In the VIKOR model, the closer QI value to zero has a higher level of stability, and the closer one to 1 has a lower level of stability.
According to the findings of the VIKOR model, the level of sustainability of agricultural systems in the studied area using three economic, social, and environmental indicators is very different, so in both exploitation systems, there are cases with situations of stability. The results of the research showed that in cooperative production systems, 7 cooperatives (Goldera Farrokhshahr, Omman Samani, Ghadir e Dastna, Deh Sahra, Fadak, Sudejan, and Kousar) are stable, 10 cooperatives (Goharbaran e Nafch, Sadat e Sheikh Shaban, Refah e Beldaji, Pishgam, Shohada Gandoman, Firouz e Dehnu, Dasht e Door e Imam Qais, Choghakhor e Avergan, Zayandeh Rood e Jonoobu and Goldasht e Jonghan) are semi-stable and 4 cooperatives are unstable (Dasht e Ardel, Vahdat e Tishniz, Veladat e Ghahro and Gol Ara Shamsabad). Also, the agricultural system of smallholder in the city of Farrukhshahr and Saman is stable, Sudjan, Sheikh Shaban, Ben, Dastena, Boldaji, Faradonbeh, Heydari and Aloni, semi-stable, and Nafch, Shamsabad, Avergan, Gandoman, Konrak, Imam Qais, De Nou, Behesht Abad, Gahro, Tishniz and Jooneghan are completely unstable.
Conclusion
According to the research results, exploitation systems in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces are not in favorable and stable conditions, and this unsustainability is more in peasant exploitation, which is the main form of exploitation in the province. These results emphasize the fact that the operations of the province need quick and calculated management and guidance in order to achieve stability and keep the village and rural economy stable. The best solution to these farms' problems is to pay attention to the production cooperative. In fact, to solve the problem of sustainability in the exploitation of peasants and cooperatives, first, the government should fully support the cooperatives and their members and have several educational and promotional programs to familiarize the villagers and guarantee the work of these cooperatives so that the cooperatives reach the benefits. Therefore, cooperatives can be a powerful arm in the field of production, services, information and marketing, and sales for rural farmers and can assume a decisive role in economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_99992_569f41bcad1ac690cf4663f39a853256.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241108Production Ecological Footprint Spatial Analysis in the Agricultural Sector (Case Study: Rural Settlements of Birjand County)Production Ecological Footprint Spatial Analysis in the Agricultural Sector (Case Study: Rural Settlements of Birjand County)536810000010.22059/jrur.2024.369275.1894FAMohammadHajipourDepartment of Geography, Faculty of literature and humanities, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0001-5168-0753MeysamBahraminejadDepartment of Geography, Faculty of literature and humanities, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0003-1659-9436MahmoodFalsoleymanDepartment of Geography, Faculty of literature and humanities, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranJournal Article20240525A B S T R A C T
Sustainable development primarily focuses on social and economic approaches, posing the possibility of environmental resources diminishing due to unstable human activities. The ecological environment of rural areas defines the basis of human well-being in these regions. Neglecting the ecological dimension in various aspects of rural development may lead to numerous problems in approaches aiming for economic progress. Considering the importance of sustainable development in rural areas, this study aimed to measure and analyze the sustainability level of rural areas in Birjand County's agricultural sector using the ecological footprint index. The data for this research was obtained through questionnaires and interviews with 220 rural farmers in 2023. The results of this study, concerning 30 studied villages in 6 districts and three types of rural areas (mountainous, foothill, and plain), were presented in the agricultural sector. The findings indicated that the average ecological footprint per capita in the agricultural sector was 2.33 hectares, and the average biocapacity was 80.44 hectares, indicating the absence of ecological pressure in the agricultural sector of this county. The ecological footprint per capita in agricultural areas of mountainous villages was lower compared to foothill and plain villages. This research revealed no significant relationship between the distance of a village from the population center and its ecological footprint in the agricultural sector in Birjand County.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Throughout the world, agricultural lands are excessively utilized beyond their capacity to meet the needs of urban populations. The primary production in rural habitats lies within the agricultural sector, which faces the most significant production pressure due to the increasing urbanization trend. As Earth's population grows, along with an associated rise in consumption and production, aligning agricultural development with environmental conservation appears as an enduring challenge. The expansion of agricultural lands represents a complex land-use change phenomenon, exerting substantial pressure on natural resources. The imbalance between development and sustainable growth in any region leads to regional and spatial disparities, hindering national development. Additionally, urban area sustainability is interlinked with rural area sustainability, highlighting the necessity for studies investigating the sustainability level of rural areas. Given the significance of sustainable development in rural regions and the influential factors in the agricultural sector, this research aims to analyze the impact of agricultural production in rural settlements of Birjand County on the region's ecosystem sustainability using the ecological footprint index.
Methodology
This research utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire for data collection. Sampling was conducted at two levels: rural settlements with a population of over 20 households in Birjand County and at the household level. As a result, 220 producers from 30 villages in Birjand County were studied. The ecological footprint of agricultural production was calculated using a Location-Based approach that considers sustainability on a small scale. To estimate the ecological footprint of agricultural production activities in rural spaces under study, the ecological footprint of water, gasoline, diesel fuel consumption, and generated waste for each agricultural operator was initially calculated. Then, the total agricultural land and related storage areas for tools and product maintenance of each operator were added as ecological footprints of production. To estimate the biocapacity of the studied villages, the areas of pasturelands, total agricultural lands, and residential areas in each village were summed up in hectares.
Results and discussion
The average ecological footprint per agricultural operator in Birjand County is 2.33 hectares. The highest ecological footprint in the agricultural sector per operator, amounting to 4.71 hectares, is observed in the Fasharoud district. This indicates that an agricultural operator in the villages of the Fasharoud district requires 4.71 hectares of land to meet their basic agricultural production needs. The lowest ecological footprint for agricultural production per operator is related to the Baqeran district. As expected, operators in villages located in plain areas have higher ecological footprints in agricultural sectors compared to other villages. These respective values for villages in plain areas, foothill typology villages, and mountainous villages are 2.99 hectares, 2.80 hectares, and 1.47 hectares, respectively. The average biocapacity estimated for each rural household in the studied region (Birjand County) is 80.44 hectares, indicating that none of the studied villages face ecological pressure from the agricultural perspective.
Available land and the lack of utilization of new technologies in irrigation, planting, harvesting, and the cultivation of low-water-consuming crops have contributed to the ecological sustainability of the agricultural sector in this county. The environmental consequences typical of conventional agricultural systems are not readily observable in this region. Environmental impacts in agriculture heavily rely on the nature of production operations. Mountainous villages, despite having fewer households, possess lower biocapacity and lack the ability to withstand high ecological pressures. Foothill villages, given their placement of pastures and agricultural lands in lower areas and their lower population compared to plain villages, have registered the highest biocapacity.
Conclusion
Considering recent droughts, policies aimed at increasing agricultural production levels should be meticulously planned, particularly concerning irrigation methods, especially for mountainous regions. Given the fragile natural and economic conditions in Birjand County, adherence to sustainable development principles and the implementation of a systematic and scientific plan are among the essential prerequisites in this region, particularly during this critical period. Conducting scientific research and being informed about the current situation can significantly assist planners at various levels. This study attempted to gather raw data based on the present conditions in the area and provide decision-makers with appropriate analyses through data processing.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.A B S T R A C T
Sustainable development primarily focuses on social and economic approaches, posing the possibility of environmental resources diminishing due to unstable human activities. The ecological environment of rural areas defines the basis of human well-being in these regions. Neglecting the ecological dimension in various aspects of rural development may lead to numerous problems in approaches aiming for economic progress. Considering the importance of sustainable development in rural areas, this study aimed to measure and analyze the sustainability level of rural areas in Birjand County's agricultural sector using the ecological footprint index. The data for this research was obtained through questionnaires and interviews with 220 rural farmers in 2023. The results of this study, concerning 30 studied villages in 6 districts and three types of rural areas (mountainous, foothill, and plain), were presented in the agricultural sector. The findings indicated that the average ecological footprint per capita in the agricultural sector was 2.33 hectares, and the average biocapacity was 80.44 hectares, indicating the absence of ecological pressure in the agricultural sector of this county. The ecological footprint per capita in agricultural areas of mountainous villages was lower compared to foothill and plain villages. This research revealed no significant relationship between the distance of a village from the population center and its ecological footprint in the agricultural sector in Birjand County.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Throughout the world, agricultural lands are excessively utilized beyond their capacity to meet the needs of urban populations. The primary production in rural habitats lies within the agricultural sector, which faces the most significant production pressure due to the increasing urbanization trend. As Earth's population grows, along with an associated rise in consumption and production, aligning agricultural development with environmental conservation appears as an enduring challenge. The expansion of agricultural lands represents a complex land-use change phenomenon, exerting substantial pressure on natural resources. The imbalance between development and sustainable growth in any region leads to regional and spatial disparities, hindering national development. Additionally, urban area sustainability is interlinked with rural area sustainability, highlighting the necessity for studies investigating the sustainability level of rural areas. Given the significance of sustainable development in rural regions and the influential factors in the agricultural sector, this research aims to analyze the impact of agricultural production in rural settlements of Birjand County on the region's ecosystem sustainability using the ecological footprint index.
Methodology
This research utilized a researcher-developed questionnaire for data collection. Sampling was conducted at two levels: rural settlements with a population of over 20 households in Birjand County and at the household level. As a result, 220 producers from 30 villages in Birjand County were studied. The ecological footprint of agricultural production was calculated using a Location-Based approach that considers sustainability on a small scale. To estimate the ecological footprint of agricultural production activities in rural spaces under study, the ecological footprint of water, gasoline, diesel fuel consumption, and generated waste for each agricultural operator was initially calculated. Then, the total agricultural land and related storage areas for tools and product maintenance of each operator were added as ecological footprints of production. To estimate the biocapacity of the studied villages, the areas of pasturelands, total agricultural lands, and residential areas in each village were summed up in hectares.
Results and discussion
The average ecological footprint per agricultural operator in Birjand County is 2.33 hectares. The highest ecological footprint in the agricultural sector per operator, amounting to 4.71 hectares, is observed in the Fasharoud district. This indicates that an agricultural operator in the villages of the Fasharoud district requires 4.71 hectares of land to meet their basic agricultural production needs. The lowest ecological footprint for agricultural production per operator is related to the Baqeran district. As expected, operators in villages located in plain areas have higher ecological footprints in agricultural sectors compared to other villages. These respective values for villages in plain areas, foothill typology villages, and mountainous villages are 2.99 hectares, 2.80 hectares, and 1.47 hectares, respectively. The average biocapacity estimated for each rural household in the studied region (Birjand County) is 80.44 hectares, indicating that none of the studied villages face ecological pressure from the agricultural perspective.
Available land and the lack of utilization of new technologies in irrigation, planting, harvesting, and the cultivation of low-water-consuming crops have contributed to the ecological sustainability of the agricultural sector in this county. The environmental consequences typical of conventional agricultural systems are not readily observable in this region. Environmental impacts in agriculture heavily rely on the nature of production operations. Mountainous villages, despite having fewer households, possess lower biocapacity and lack the ability to withstand high ecological pressures. Foothill villages, given their placement of pastures and agricultural lands in lower areas and their lower population compared to plain villages, have registered the highest biocapacity.
Conclusion
Considering recent droughts, policies aimed at increasing agricultural production levels should be meticulously planned, particularly concerning irrigation methods, especially for mountainous regions. Given the fragile natural and economic conditions in Birjand County, adherence to sustainable development principles and the implementation of a systematic and scientific plan are among the essential prerequisites in this region, particularly during this critical period. Conducting scientific research and being informed about the current situation can significantly assist planners at various levels. This study attempted to gather raw data based on the present conditions in the area and provide decision-makers with appropriate analyses through data processing.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100000_14ee22eaba297944c96afdbe5b16c65b.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241108Future research on the implications of transferring water from the deep wells of Taybad to the Sangan Khaf ore should concentrate on the effects on the rural areas surrounding Taybad cityFuture research on the implications of transferring water from the deep wells of Taybad to the Sangan Khaf ore should concentrate on the effects on the rural areas surrounding Taybad city698610005210.22059/jrur.2024.369453.1896FAZakeyehAftabiDepartment of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-1863-2773MoradKaviani RadDepartment of Political Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8329-8444FatemehNemati GozganiDepartment of Rural Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0009-0009-5343-1078Journal Article20240525A B S T R A C T
The growth of industry, the extraction of finite resources, and climate change have disrupted the balance of the biosphere. This disruption continues despite the increasing allocation of water to the industrial sector and, in some regions, the diversion of agricultural water resources for industrial purposes. The ongoing challenges to food security pose a significant threat to rural livelihoods. The low-rainfall city of Taibad, located in the eastern part of the country, has been engaged in transferring water from existing deep wells to the Sangan Khaf ore site. This article examines the future implications of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the surrounding rural areas. The necessary data were collected through both library research and field methods and analyzed using Micmac, Scenario Wizard, Vensim software, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The research findings indicated that, out of eighteen potential situations related to five scenarios with strong compatibility, the situations highlighting the consequences of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad—currently on the brink of crisis—are the most likely to occur. These situations are significant. Consequently, the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore was identified as the most appropriate course of action, given the critical state of water resources in Taibad and the insufficient replenishment of the city's aquifers
A B S T R A C T
The growth of industry, the extraction of finite resources, and climate change have disrupted the balance of the biosphere. This disruption continues despite the increasing allocation of water to the industrial sector and, in some regions, the diversion of agricultural water resources for industrial purposes. The ongoing challenges to food security pose a significant threat to rural livelihoods. The low-rainfall city of Taibad, located in the eastern part of the country, has been engaged in transferring water from existing deep wells to the Sangan Khaf ore site. This article examines the future implications of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the surrounding rural areas. The necessary data were collected through both library research and field methods and analyzed using Micmac, Scenario Wizard, Vensim software, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The research findings indicated that, out of eighteen potential situations related to five scenarios with strong compatibility, the situations highlighting the consequences of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad—currently on the brink of crisis—are the most likely to occur. These situations are significant. Consequently, the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore was identified as the most appropriate course of action, given the critical state of water resources in Taibad and the insufficient replenishment of the city's aquifers.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Water transfer initiatives are being implemented in various parts of the world to address challenges related to water resources. In recent years, the water resources of the arid city of Taybad, primarily sourced from deep wells, have been redirected to the Sangan Khaf mining area. As a result, the residents of Taybad's villages, who depend on agriculture and animal husbandry, have faced unemployment and have migrated to Taybad city or larger urban centers such as Mashhad, Karaj, and northern cities in Iran, becoming entangled in the complexities of urban settlement. Furthermore, the indiscriminate extraction of water from deep wells in Taybad has resulted in several environmental issues, including a decline in underground aquifer levels, land subsidence, and a water crisis in the region. This article will explore the potential future consequences of transferring water from Taybad's deep wells to the Sangan Khaf mining area, with a particular emphasis on the impact on the rural communities surrounding Taybad, based on the most probable scenarios.
Methodology
The present research is applied in nature. The required data was collected by library and survey methods and analyzed with a quantitative-qualitative combined approach and structural analysis and using Micmac, Scenario Wizar software and AHP Model. In the upcoming research, first by referring to library sources, the most important consequences of the transfer of Tabiad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and through interviews with experts, who were selected by purposeful sampling and continued until information saturation. Their accuracy was checked. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire was adjusted in the form of an impact analysis matrix, and in the Micmac software, the degree of connection of the variables with the relevant field was identified by the experts, and eight variables were identified as the key variables of the research. A total of 32 modes were considered for eight key variables. Based on the key variables and its various modes, a cross-sectional questionnaire was designed and made available to the research statistical community. Completed questionnaires were entered in the Scenario wizard software through the Ensemble command. Future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of Taibad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and scenarios with strong compatibility were analyzed. Suitable solutions were formulated with the most probable scenario.
Results and discussion
In this research, firstly, with library studies, background checks and interviews with research experts, the consequences of the transfer of water from deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad were identified and using Micmac software, eight variables were identified: decrease in the water level of underground aquifers, subsidence land, the depopulation of Taybad villages, the intensification of social tension over water, the threat of food security, the aggravation of the economic inequality of resident, the spread of desertification and the decrease of trust of the residents of Taybad villages in the deep wells of Taybad city. In the words, the output of this software identified the eight key drivers influencing the transfer of deep wells of Taybad to khaf ore in the rural areas of Taybad. The way the variables are distributed in the scatter plane shows the instability of the system. With the perspectives of the future research, for the key drivers, different states from three to five assumptions and a total of 30 possible states were designed and entered into the scenario wizard software, and the table of possible scenario is the output of this software.
Conclusion
The results of the research showed that the probability of negative events (situation on the threshold of crisis and crisis) is more than positive events (optimal and semi-optimal situation). In such a way that 61.1% of the situations on the scenario page are in a critical state and on the verge of crisis. The output of the scenario wizard software showed that the scenario "the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khafav ore on the rural areas of Taybad is on the brink of crisis", was recognized as the most likely scenario. The important issue in discussing the future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad is that those involved in the (influential) field can have a suitable solution for the most probable possible scenario. In other words, brokers should have a better understanding of the current situation and take appropriate solutions based on it. Therefore, solutions should be provided to actors that are somehow compatible with the situation on the verge of crisis and move the situation towards a more favorable state. In this regard, "stopping the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to Khaf ore due to the criticality of water resources in Taibad city and the weakness in feeding the aquifers of this city", according to the experts, it was considered the most suitable solution. Therefore, the sustainable management of current and future resource allocation should be taken into consideration at the national and international scale (Taibad city). The findings of the upcoming research can be used for awareness and planning by the organizations and brokers involved.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Water transfer initiatives are being implemented in various parts of the world to address challenges related to water resources. In recent years, the water resources of the arid city of Taybad, primarily sourced from deep wells, have been redirected to the Sangan Khaf mining area. As a result, the residents of Taybad's villages, who depend on agriculture and animal husbandry, have faced unemployment and have migrated to Taybad city or larger urban centers such as Mashhad, Karaj, and northern cities in Iran, becoming entangled in the complexities of urban settlement. Furthermore, the indiscriminate extraction of water from deep wells in Taybad has resulted in several environmental issues, including a decline in underground aquifer levels, land subsidence, and a water crisis in the region. This article will explore the potential future consequences of transferring water from Taybad's deep wells to the Sangan Khaf mining area, with a particular emphasis on the impact on the rural communities surrounding Taybad, based on the most probable scenarios.
Methodology
The present research is applied in nature. The required data was collected by library and survey methods and analyzed with a quantitative-qualitative combined approach and structural analysis and using Micmac, Scenario Wizar software and AHP Model. In the upcoming research, first by referring to library sources, the most important consequences of the transfer of Tabiad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and through interviews with experts, who were selected by purposeful sampling and continued until information saturation. Their accuracy was checked. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire was adjusted in the form of an impact analysis matrix, and in the Micmac software, the degree of connection of the variables with the relevant field was identified by the experts, and eight variables were identified as the key variables of the research. A total of 32 modes were considered for eight key variables. Based on the key variables and its various modes, a cross-sectional questionnaire was designed and made available to the research statistical community. Completed questionnaires were entered in the Scenario wizard software through the Ensemble command. Future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of Taibad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and scenarios with strong compatibility were analyzed. Suitable solutions were formulated with the most probable scenario.
Results and discussion
In this research, firstly, with library studies, background checks and interviews with research experts, the consequences of the transfer of water from deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad were identified and using Micmac software, eight variables were identified: decrease in the water level of underground aquifers, subsidence land, the depopulation of Taybad villages, the intensification of social tension over water, the threat of food security, the aggravation of the economic inequality of resident, the spread of desertification and the decrease of trust of the residents of Taybad villages in the deep wells of Taybad city. In the words, the output of this software identified the eight key drivers influencing the transfer of deep wells of Taybad to khaf ore in the rural areas of Taybad. The way the variables are distributed in the scatter plane shows the instability of the system. With the perspectives of the future research, for the key drivers, different states from three to five assumptions and a total of 30 possible states were designed and entered into the scenario wizard software, and the table of possible scenario is the output of this software.
Conclusion
The results of the research showed that the probability of negative events (situation on the threshold of crisis and crisis) is more than positive events (optimal and semi-optimal situation). In such a way that 61.1% of the situations on the scenario page are in a critical state and on the verge of crisis. The output of the scenario wizard software showed that the scenario "the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khafav ore on the rural areas of Taybad is on the brink of crisis", was recognized as the most likely scenario. The important issue in discussing the future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad is that those involved in the (influential) field can have a suitable solution for the most probable possible scenario. In other words, brokers should have a better understanding of the current situation and take appropriate solutions based on it. Therefore, solutions should be provided to actors that are somehow compatible with the situation on the verge of crisis and move the situation towards a more favorable state. In this regard, "stopping the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to Khaf ore due to the criticality of water resources in Taibad city and the weakness in feeding the aquifers of this city", according to the experts, it was considered the most suitable solution. Therefore, the sustainable management of current and future resource allocation should be taken into consideration at the national and international scale (Taibad city). The findings of the upcoming research can be used for awareness and planning by the organizations and brokers involved.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.A B S T R A C T
The growth of industry, the extraction of finite resources, and climate change have disrupted the balance of the biosphere. This disruption continues despite the increasing allocation of water to the industrial sector and, in some regions, the diversion of agricultural water resources for industrial purposes. The ongoing challenges to food security pose a significant threat to rural livelihoods. The low-rainfall city of Taibad, located in the eastern part of the country, has been engaged in transferring water from existing deep wells to the Sangan Khaf ore site. This article examines the future implications of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the surrounding rural areas. The necessary data were collected through both library research and field methods and analyzed using Micmac, Scenario Wizard, Vensim software, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The research findings indicated that, out of eighteen potential situations related to five scenarios with strong compatibility, the situations highlighting the consequences of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad—currently on the brink of crisis—are the most likely to occur. These situations are significant. Consequently, the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore was identified as the most appropriate course of action, given the critical state of water resources in Taibad and the insufficient replenishment of the city's aquifers
A B S T R A C T
The growth of industry, the extraction of finite resources, and climate change have disrupted the balance of the biosphere. This disruption continues despite the increasing allocation of water to the industrial sector and, in some regions, the diversion of agricultural water resources for industrial purposes. The ongoing challenges to food security pose a significant threat to rural livelihoods. The low-rainfall city of Taibad, located in the eastern part of the country, has been engaged in transferring water from existing deep wells to the Sangan Khaf ore site. This article examines the future implications of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the surrounding rural areas. The necessary data were collected through both library research and field methods and analyzed using Micmac, Scenario Wizard, Vensim software, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. The research findings indicated that, out of eighteen potential situations related to five scenarios with strong compatibility, the situations highlighting the consequences of transferring water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad—currently on the brink of crisis—are the most likely to occur. These situations are significant. Consequently, the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to the Sangan Khaf ore was identified as the most appropriate course of action, given the critical state of water resources in Taibad and the insufficient replenishment of the city's aquifers.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Water transfer initiatives are being implemented in various parts of the world to address challenges related to water resources. In recent years, the water resources of the arid city of Taybad, primarily sourced from deep wells, have been redirected to the Sangan Khaf mining area. As a result, the residents of Taybad's villages, who depend on agriculture and animal husbandry, have faced unemployment and have migrated to Taybad city or larger urban centers such as Mashhad, Karaj, and northern cities in Iran, becoming entangled in the complexities of urban settlement. Furthermore, the indiscriminate extraction of water from deep wells in Taybad has resulted in several environmental issues, including a decline in underground aquifer levels, land subsidence, and a water crisis in the region. This article will explore the potential future consequences of transferring water from Taybad's deep wells to the Sangan Khaf mining area, with a particular emphasis on the impact on the rural communities surrounding Taybad, based on the most probable scenarios.
Methodology
The present research is applied in nature. The required data was collected by library and survey methods and analyzed with a quantitative-qualitative combined approach and structural analysis and using Micmac, Scenario Wizar software and AHP Model. In the upcoming research, first by referring to library sources, the most important consequences of the transfer of Tabiad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and through interviews with experts, who were selected by purposeful sampling and continued until information saturation. Their accuracy was checked. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire was adjusted in the form of an impact analysis matrix, and in the Micmac software, the degree of connection of the variables with the relevant field was identified by the experts, and eight variables were identified as the key variables of the research. A total of 32 modes were considered for eight key variables. Based on the key variables and its various modes, a cross-sectional questionnaire was designed and made available to the research statistical community. Completed questionnaires were entered in the Scenario wizard software through the Ensemble command. Future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of Taibad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and scenarios with strong compatibility were analyzed. Suitable solutions were formulated with the most probable scenario.
Results and discussion
In this research, firstly, with library studies, background checks and interviews with research experts, the consequences of the transfer of water from deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad were identified and using Micmac software, eight variables were identified: decrease in the water level of underground aquifers, subsidence land, the depopulation of Taybad villages, the intensification of social tension over water, the threat of food security, the aggravation of the economic inequality of resident, the spread of desertification and the decrease of trust of the residents of Taybad villages in the deep wells of Taybad city. In the words, the output of this software identified the eight key drivers influencing the transfer of deep wells of Taybad to khaf ore in the rural areas of Taybad. The way the variables are distributed in the scatter plane shows the instability of the system. With the perspectives of the future research, for the key drivers, different states from three to five assumptions and a total of 30 possible states were designed and entered into the scenario wizard software, and the table of possible scenario is the output of this software.
Conclusion
The results of the research showed that the probability of negative events (situation on the threshold of crisis and crisis) is more than positive events (optimal and semi-optimal situation). In such a way that 61.1% of the situations on the scenario page are in a critical state and on the verge of crisis. The output of the scenario wizard software showed that the scenario "the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khafav ore on the rural areas of Taybad is on the brink of crisis", was recognized as the most likely scenario. The important issue in discussing the future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad is that those involved in the (influential) field can have a suitable solution for the most probable possible scenario. In other words, brokers should have a better understanding of the current situation and take appropriate solutions based on it. Therefore, solutions should be provided to actors that are somehow compatible with the situation on the verge of crisis and move the situation towards a more favorable state. In this regard, "stopping the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to Khaf ore due to the criticality of water resources in Taibad city and the weakness in feeding the aquifers of this city", according to the experts, it was considered the most suitable solution. Therefore, the sustainable management of current and future resource allocation should be taken into consideration at the national and international scale (Taibad city). The findings of the upcoming research can be used for awareness and planning by the organizations and brokers involved.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Water transfer initiatives are being implemented in various parts of the world to address challenges related to water resources. In recent years, the water resources of the arid city of Taybad, primarily sourced from deep wells, have been redirected to the Sangan Khaf mining area. As a result, the residents of Taybad's villages, who depend on agriculture and animal husbandry, have faced unemployment and have migrated to Taybad city or larger urban centers such as Mashhad, Karaj, and northern cities in Iran, becoming entangled in the complexities of urban settlement. Furthermore, the indiscriminate extraction of water from deep wells in Taybad has resulted in several environmental issues, including a decline in underground aquifer levels, land subsidence, and a water crisis in the region. This article will explore the potential future consequences of transferring water from Taybad's deep wells to the Sangan Khaf mining area, with a particular emphasis on the impact on the rural communities surrounding Taybad, based on the most probable scenarios.
Methodology
The present research is applied in nature. The required data was collected by library and survey methods and analyzed with a quantitative-qualitative combined approach and structural analysis and using Micmac, Scenario Wizar software and AHP Model. In the upcoming research, first by referring to library sources, the most important consequences of the transfer of Tabiad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and through interviews with experts, who were selected by purposeful sampling and continued until information saturation. Their accuracy was checked. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire was adjusted in the form of an impact analysis matrix, and in the Micmac software, the degree of connection of the variables with the relevant field was identified by the experts, and eight variables were identified as the key variables of the research. A total of 32 modes were considered for eight key variables. Based on the key variables and its various modes, a cross-sectional questionnaire was designed and made available to the research statistical community. Completed questionnaires were entered in the Scenario wizard software through the Ensemble command. Future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of Taibad deep wells to Sangan Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taibad city were identified and scenarios with strong compatibility were analyzed. Suitable solutions were formulated with the most probable scenario.
Results and discussion
In this research, firstly, with library studies, background checks and interviews with research experts, the consequences of the transfer of water from deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad were identified and using Micmac software, eight variables were identified: decrease in the water level of underground aquifers, subsidence land, the depopulation of Taybad villages, the intensification of social tension over water, the threat of food security, the aggravation of the economic inequality of resident, the spread of desertification and the decrease of trust of the residents of Taybad villages in the deep wells of Taybad city. In the words, the output of this software identified the eight key drivers influencing the transfer of deep wells of Taybad to khaf ore in the rural areas of Taybad. The way the variables are distributed in the scatter plane shows the instability of the system. With the perspectives of the future research, for the key drivers, different states from three to five assumptions and a total of 30 possible states were designed and entered into the scenario wizard software, and the table of possible scenario is the output of this software.
Conclusion
The results of the research showed that the probability of negative events (situation on the threshold of crisis and crisis) is more than positive events (optimal and semi-optimal situation). In such a way that 61.1% of the situations on the scenario page are in a critical state and on the verge of crisis. The output of the scenario wizard software showed that the scenario "the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khafav ore on the rural areas of Taybad is on the brink of crisis", was recognized as the most likely scenario. The important issue in discussing the future scenarios of the consequences of the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taybad to Khaf ore on the rural areas of Taybad is that those involved in the (influential) field can have a suitable solution for the most probable possible scenario. In other words, brokers should have a better understanding of the current situation and take appropriate solutions based on it. Therefore, solutions should be provided to actors that are somehow compatible with the situation on the verge of crisis and move the situation towards a more favorable state. In this regard, "stopping the transfer of water from the deep wells of Taibad to Khaf ore due to the criticality of water resources in Taibad city and the weakness in feeding the aquifers of this city", according to the experts, it was considered the most suitable solution. Therefore, the sustainable management of current and future resource allocation should be taken into consideration at the national and international scale (Taibad city). The findings of the upcoming research can be used for awareness and planning by the organizations and brokers involved.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100052_3de74f78d82c374f9edd8dc7f3b126ed.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241109Analyzing the regularities of the formation and expansion of informal settlements in rural areas with an emphasis on the privacy of metropolises: the case study of villages within the privacy of Tehran metropolisAnalyzing the regularities of the formation and expansion of informal settlements in rural areas with an emphasis on the privacy of metropolises: the case study of villages within the privacy of Tehran metropolis8710710005310.22059/jrur.2025.373143.1922FASajadSalehi-PhD student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran0009-0009-7815-3780HoseeinFarahani,Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran0000-0002-7039-4100JamshidEinaliDepartment of Geography- University of Zanjan0000-0001-8587-8389MahdiCheraghiDepartment of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran0000-0001-8537-835xJournal Article20240526Analyzing the regularities of the formation and expansion of informal settlements in rural areas with an emphasis on the privacy of metropolises: the case study of villages within the privacy of Tehran metropolis
A B S T R A C T
In recent decades, the population dynamics of human settlements located in the privacy of metropolises have been significantly influenced by the processes and trends governing these metropolises. Among these, the settlement of populations in rural areas within this space, manifested in various forms such as informal settlements, poses major challenges in these domains. This issue, due to the nature of the phenomenon, the methods of organization and management, as well as its novelty for local and rural management and the lack of necessary experience in this area, requires attention at various levels of research, legal, regulatory, policy-making, planning, management, and execution. This research aims to analyze the governing regulations, including an exploration of the dimensions, components, and various institutional, economic, and spatial factors affecting the process of formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of metropolises, with an emphasis on Tehran. The research methodology is qualitative, utilizing various research techniques such as content analysis, coding, and classification based on 26 interviews conducted using MAXQDA software until theoretical saturation regarding the categorization of opinions is reached. Based on the findings, 39 main categories were identified under 5 themes as Geographical-Environmental-Biological Push and Pull Factors, Social-Economic Motivations, and Triggers, Lack of Implementation of Plans and Programs, Gaps and Inefficiencies in Laws, Regulations and Standards, Inability and Weakness of Management-Executive Structures, which were emphasized as the most significant factors influencing the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of Tehran.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
During the last few decades, the process of population expansion of human settlements located in the privacy of the metropolises has been greatly influenced by the processes and trends governing the metropolises. Meanwhile, settling the population in rural areas in this space in various forms, including informal settlements and poor areas, is one of the major challenges in these areas. Due to the nature of this phenomenon, the organization and management methods, as well as many other dimensions and the novelty for local and rural management, and the lack of necessary experience in this field, attention is needed in various research, legal-policy-making, planning, and managerial-executive levels. The purpose of this research is to analyze the ruling laws, including the analysis of dimensions, components, and various institutional, economic, and spatial factors on the process of formation and expansion of informal settlements within the boundaries of villages located in the privacy of metropolises, with an emphasis on Tehran city.
Methodology
This exploratory research is descriptive-analytical in nature. The research methodology is qualitatively based on ethnographic content analysis. Data collected includes textual data produced through semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted with 26 participants relevant to the subject matter. The study population consists of experts, university professors, professional community experts (consulting engineers), managers, and experts from relevant institutions related to informal housing at national and regional levels. Various research techniques, such as content analysis, coding, and classification using MAXQDA software, were used to identify factors affecting informal settlement formation and expansion. The study area is also made up of villages located in the privacy of Tehran.
Results and discussion
Based on the findings of the research, 39 main categories were identified in the form of 5 main themes, including "geographical-environmental-biological deterrents and attractors," "social-economic motivations and incentives," "lack of implementation of plans and programs," "gaps and inefficiencies in laws, regulations, and rules," and "inadequacy and weakness of management-executive structures" as the most critical factors affecting the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of Tehran metropolis at macro and regional/local levels, they were identified and emphasized as follows.
Effective factors in the formation and growth of informal settlements in rural areas:
Existence of natural disasters and manufactured crises;
Migration and population changes at national, regional, and local levels;
Change in settlement patterns and employment in the country due to climate crises;
Unequal distribution of power, wealth, and income;
Poverty resulting from sanctions, shocks, and macroeconomic and social deficiencies;
Disparity between urban areas and villages;
Monosectoral nature and lack of rural economic capacity;
Rising costs of formal construction projects and lack of affordable housing supply for low-income individuals;
Lack of access to formal credit systems for low-income individuals;
Inefficiency of housing markets in response to the needs of low-income groups;
Centralization in national development plans;
Lack of clear and effective rural development policies at development-prone areas;
Lack of alignment between housing supply policies with low-income conditions;
Absence of a plan for population settlement and land management activities;
Lack of national, regional, and local policies for preventing informal rural settlement expansion;
Absence of national, regional, and local policies for organizing population activities;
Lack of spatial strategies and political will in government decision-making to address the issue;
Gaps in laws and regulations controlling population management in urban surroundings;
Loss and inefficiency of urban development regulations in providing housing for low-income individuals;
Presence of suitable geographical conditions for growth and expansion in the privacy;
Existence of employment opportunities in the mother city, especially in the informal sector;
Saturation of population capacity in metropolises and satellite cities;
Cultural-economic affinity of migrants with the resident population in rural areas;
Existence of industrial, commercial, and production centers in the urban area and the need for workforce;
Lower land, housing, and rent prices compared to the mother city;
Proximity of villages to the mother city and access to services and facilities in the city;
Presence of speculation in the informal land and housing market;
Income generation perspective on construction activities in rural areas;
Existence of political-administrative and functional spatial disparities in the population housing system;
Marginalization of low-income individuals in housing provision plans;
Multiplicity of laws and regulations with different executors within the area;
Neglecting construction activities due to political-security implications;
Ambiguity in property ownership within privacy of city;
Failure to implement approved local, urban, and regional plans;
Inadequacy of responsible agencies in prevention and organization;
Weakness of sectoral and local plans to meet the shelter needs of low-income individuals;
Increased control over construction activities within city limits and inadequate control in villages;
Weakness and inadequacy in monitoring and controlling construction activities within privacy of city.
Conclusion
Rather than regional structures, national changes and policies influence informal settlements in peri-urban areas around Tehran more. Centralizing political, administrative, and service centers has predisposed Tehran to population concentration. Limited land, infrastructure, services, employment opportunities, income opportunities, and access to conventional living services have attracted migrants from other parts of Iran, pushing some residents from official urban areas towards surrounding villages.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
Analyzing the regularities of the formation and expansion of informal settlements in rural areas with an emphasis on the privacy of metropolises: the case study of villages within the privacy of Tehran metropolis
A B S T R A C T
In recent decades, the population dynamics of human settlements located in the privacy of metropolises have been significantly influenced by the processes and trends governing these metropolises. Among these, the settlement of populations in rural areas within this space, manifested in various forms such as informal settlements, poses major challenges in these domains. This issue, due to the nature of the phenomenon, the methods of organization and management, as well as its novelty for local and rural management and the lack of necessary experience in this area, requires attention at various levels of research, legal, regulatory, policy-making, planning, management, and execution. This research aims to analyze the governing regulations, including an exploration of the dimensions, components, and various institutional, economic, and spatial factors affecting the process of formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of metropolises, with an emphasis on Tehran. The research methodology is qualitative, utilizing various research techniques such as content analysis, coding, and classification based on 26 interviews conducted using MAXQDA software until theoretical saturation regarding the categorization of opinions is reached. Based on the findings, 39 main categories were identified under 5 themes as Geographical-Environmental-Biological Push and Pull Factors, Social-Economic Motivations, and Triggers, Lack of Implementation of Plans and Programs, Gaps and Inefficiencies in Laws, Regulations and Standards, Inability and Weakness of Management-Executive Structures, which were emphasized as the most significant factors influencing the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of Tehran.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
During the last few decades, the process of population expansion of human settlements located in the privacy of the metropolises has been greatly influenced by the processes and trends governing the metropolises. Meanwhile, settling the population in rural areas in this space in various forms, including informal settlements and poor areas, is one of the major challenges in these areas. Due to the nature of this phenomenon, the organization and management methods, as well as many other dimensions and the novelty for local and rural management, and the lack of necessary experience in this field, attention is needed in various research, legal-policy-making, planning, and managerial-executive levels. The purpose of this research is to analyze the ruling laws, including the analysis of dimensions, components, and various institutional, economic, and spatial factors on the process of formation and expansion of informal settlements within the boundaries of villages located in the privacy of metropolises, with an emphasis on Tehran city.
Methodology
This exploratory research is descriptive-analytical in nature. The research methodology is qualitatively based on ethnographic content analysis. Data collected includes textual data produced through semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted with 26 participants relevant to the subject matter. The study population consists of experts, university professors, professional community experts (consulting engineers), managers, and experts from relevant institutions related to informal housing at national and regional levels. Various research techniques, such as content analysis, coding, and classification using MAXQDA software, were used to identify factors affecting informal settlement formation and expansion. The study area is also made up of villages located in the privacy of Tehran.
Results and discussion
Based on the findings of the research, 39 main categories were identified in the form of 5 main themes, including "geographical-environmental-biological deterrents and attractors," "social-economic motivations and incentives," "lack of implementation of plans and programs," "gaps and inefficiencies in laws, regulations, and rules," and "inadequacy and weakness of management-executive structures" as the most critical factors affecting the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the villages located in the privacy of Tehran metropolis at macro and regional/local levels, they were identified and emphasized as follows.
Effective factors in the formation and growth of informal settlements in rural areas:
Existence of natural disasters and manufactured crises;
Migration and population changes at national, regional, and local levels;
Change in settlement patterns and employment in the country due to climate crises;
Unequal distribution of power, wealth, and income;
Poverty resulting from sanctions, shocks, and macroeconomic and social deficiencies;
Disparity between urban areas and villages;
Monosectoral nature and lack of rural economic capacity;
Rising costs of formal construction projects and lack of affordable housing supply for low-income individuals;
Lack of access to formal credit systems for low-income individuals;
Inefficiency of housing markets in response to the needs of low-income groups;
Centralization in national development plans;
Lack of clear and effective rural development policies at development-prone areas;
Lack of alignment between housing supply policies with low-income conditions;
Absence of a plan for population settlement and land management activities;
Lack of national, regional, and local policies for preventing informal rural settlement expansion;
Absence of national, regional, and local policies for organizing population activities;
Lack of spatial strategies and political will in government decision-making to address the issue;
Gaps in laws and regulations controlling population management in urban surroundings;
Loss and inefficiency of urban development regulations in providing housing for low-income individuals;
Presence of suitable geographical conditions for growth and expansion in the privacy;
Existence of employment opportunities in the mother city, especially in the informal sector;
Saturation of population capacity in metropolises and satellite cities;
Cultural-economic affinity of migrants with the resident population in rural areas;
Existence of industrial, commercial, and production centers in the urban area and the need for workforce;
Lower land, housing, and rent prices compared to the mother city;
Proximity of villages to the mother city and access to services and facilities in the city;
Presence of speculation in the informal land and housing market;
Income generation perspective on construction activities in rural areas;
Existence of political-administrative and functional spatial disparities in the population housing system;
Marginalization of low-income individuals in housing provision plans;
Multiplicity of laws and regulations with different executors within the area;
Neglecting construction activities due to political-security implications;
Ambiguity in property ownership within privacy of city;
Failure to implement approved local, urban, and regional plans;
Inadequacy of responsible agencies in prevention and organization;
Weakness of sectoral and local plans to meet the shelter needs of low-income individuals;
Increased control over construction activities within city limits and inadequate control in villages;
Weakness and inadequacy in monitoring and controlling construction activities within privacy of city.
Conclusion
Rather than regional structures, national changes and policies influence informal settlements in peri-urban areas around Tehran more. Centralizing political, administrative, and service centers has predisposed Tehran to population concentration. Limited land, infrastructure, services, employment opportunities, income opportunities, and access to conventional living services have attracted migrants from other parts of Iran, pushing some residents from official urban areas towards surrounding villages.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100053_3e88b8a07fa57531aae70ee3cce4a1ba.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241109Social Capital Dynamic of Local Stakeholder Network in Rural Co-Management: the case study of Gachsaran countySocial Capital Dynamic of Local Stakeholder Network in Rural Co-Management: the case study of Gachsaran county10912510005410.22059/jrur.2025.373794.1924FAMehdiGhorbaniDepartment of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-6891-8369Seyed AmirhosseinGarakaniDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0009-0000-9868-1585LeilaAvazpourDepartment of Natural Resources Policy, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran0009-0001-2896-291XMaryamYazdanparastSocial Business Institute, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0009-0005-2782-2041SajadAmiriCentre of Rural Development Studies, Natural Disasters Research Institute, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240526A B S T R A C T
The experience of many developing countries shows that the implementation of projects with participatory approaches and the acceptance of the active role of local communities in development programs will deprive external elements of the responsibility for creating changes in the environment, and the implementation of reforms will depend on the activities of internal elements. Considering that the existence of high social capital among individuals will lead to their greater participation and the success of participatory projects, in this study, the structural characteristics of social capital in line with participatory rural management among the members of micro-development funds in the villages of Chaharbisheh Oliya and Khairabad Khalife in Gachsaran county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province before and after the implementation of the development plan and the progress of rural systems have been analyzed. The statistical population in this study is the heads of rural development microgroups, which includes 123 people who were selected using the full network method. In this study, the level of trust and collaboration relationships in the network of stakeholders is based on a network analysis questionnaire and based on direct observation and interviews with all actors, as well as considering the measurement of all macro-level indicators of the network, such as density, concentration, reciprocity, transitivity, and the geodesic distance in the stage before and after the implementation of the project. After the implementation of the project, the number of these indicators increased and reached a desirable level. It can be stated that the implementation of this project has increased the level of trust, participation, and social capital, which will affect the widespread participation of villagers, increase social welfare, and achieve sustainable rural development.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Social capital refers to “resources embedded in social relations.” It is known for its potential role in joint management. It is becoming increasingly popular because it may reduce the expenses of working, enhance information transition, improve social movement, and encourage collaboration by shared standards. Numerous have examined the effects of social capital, focusing on community empowerment. The distribution of social resources among different communities has different characteristics. Therefore, in order to reduce conceptual complexities and homogenize the interests of residents, especially in rural communities, increased research on joint management of social capital and empowerment has been emphasized. According to the mentioned definitions and based on the research objectives, the study of social capital and its examples, including trust and collaboration in the empowerment of rural society, is a key principle in rural development.
Methodology
Gachsaran county is located in Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad province, Iran, with a population of 12400 people. In this city, most people are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and their annual income depends on these sectors. Given economic issues in this region, the "Progress and Development of Rural Systems" project was established in this area. This project aimed to institutionalize and build capacity among rural people, which enables their empowerment and collaboration, as well as the empowerment of rural communities, to improve their livelihood and living standards. In fact, micro-credit funds have been created with the approach of micro-financing based on the production value chain and support sustainable employment in this field. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was employed as a research method in this study because gauging social capital is crucial and challenging and is a crucial approach for assessing it. This method allows researchers to investigate structured connections among players inside a system that either facilitates or hinders human behavior. In this research, the highest-level indexes of the social network have been studied, which are introduced as follows as Density, Centralization, Reciprocity, Transitivity, and Geodesic Distance. The sample size for this research is comprised of all members of microcredit funds in 2 villages (totaling 123 members). In this research, the "full network method" was used.
Results and discussion
The Density index in all studied areas increased after the empowerment project was implemented. In addition, on average, the Reciprocity and Transitivity index increased in trust and collaboration networks in the studied villages. Thus, it could be un
derstood that social capital and empowerment in local communities are both required and complementary. The results showed that after implementing the plan, the Centralization decreased, and power was divided among the activists. The Geodesic Distance between the two bonds of trust and participation indicates the relatively favorable speed of trust, participation, unity, and unity among people, which has continued to decrease after the implementation of the project. As a result, any action aimed at building the capacity of the local community, increasing social capital, and promoting trust and collaboration among local communities will ultimately lead to maintaining and strengthening the social structures of that community. Therefore, this community develops into a region that serves as the foundation for long-term rural development. These results can be applied to other research and interference areas, such as community development studies, participatory research, and social intervention.
Based on the results of the Density index in the investigated networks, this rate is medium to high, and in terms of trust, cooperation, and social capital, the continuity between the networks rises by the same amount. Accordingly, between the studied links, dense networks can be useful to enhance and develop the members' social capital. Based on the results of the concentration index, the implementation of the project has effectively reduced the concentration and division of power in the network. Gašević et al. (2019) noted that the lower the concentration level in the network of relationships, the higher the level of power-sharing in the network, and the more stakeholders will be influential in decision-making in rural management. According to the results of the index of reciprocity and transitivity of ties in the study's second phase compared to the phase before the project in the studied villages, the number of ties has increased. Strengthening bonds of trust and cooperation creates a stable network in which people's spirit of trust, cooperation, and cooperation is institutionalized. Also, this leads to increased social capital, and participatory planning in rural development will be associated with less cost and time. The Geodesic Distance between the two bonds of trust and participation indicates the relatively favorable speed of trust, participation, unity, and unity among people, which has continued to decrease after the implementation of the project, which indicates the high circulation of trust and participation among people. Considering the importance of the time and speed of coordinating people in the discussion of collaborative management, strengthening the bond of trust and especially participation in order to increase the speed of circulation of this bond among people and then reduce the time of coordination and unity among the members of micro funds in line with the implementation community-oriented management is essential.
Conclusion
In order to develop sustainable rural development, obstacles and challenges need to be recognized. Conscious knowledge and use of social capital is an opportunity to build capacity for participation in rural development. In general, in order to succeed in rural development, strengthening social capital through trust and participation and thereby increasing social cohesion is needed. The formation of micro funds and rural development groups are among the strategies to increase trust and participation among individuals and increase social capital. Social capital in the form of local organizations reduces poverty and increases the community's welfare, which is the basis for achieving
sustainable rural development.
Funding
This project has been carried out with the financial support of the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This article is a part of the progress and development plan of the rural system of Gachsaran city, which has been funded A B S T R A C T
The experience of many developing countries shows that the implementation of projects with participatory approaches and the acceptance of the active role of local communities in development programs will deprive external elements of the responsibility for creating changes in the environment, and the implementation of reforms will depend on the activities of internal elements. Considering that the existence of high social capital among individuals will lead to their greater participation and the success of participatory projects, in this study, the structural characteristics of social capital in line with participatory rural management among the members of micro-development funds in the villages of Chaharbisheh Oliya and Khairabad Khalife in Gachsaran county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province before and after the implementation of the development plan and the progress of rural systems have been analyzed. The statistical population in this study is the heads of rural development microgroups, which includes 123 people who were selected using the full network method. In this study, the level of trust and collaboration relationships in the network of stakeholders is based on a network analysis questionnaire and based on direct observation and interviews with all actors, as well as considering the measurement of all macro-level indicators of the network, such as density, concentration, reciprocity, transitivity, and the geodesic distance in the stage before and after the implementation of the project. After the implementation of the project, the number of these indicators increased and reached a desirable level. It can be stated that the implementation of this project has increased the level of trust, participation, and social capital, which will affect the widespread participation of villagers, increase social welfare, and achieve sustainable rural development.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Social capital refers to “resources embedded in social relations.” It is known for its potential role in joint management. It is becoming increasingly popular because it may reduce the expenses of working, enhance information transition, improve social movement, and encourage collaboration by shared standards. Numerous have examined the effects of social capital, focusing on community empowerment. The distribution of social resources among different communities has different characteristics. Therefore, in order to reduce conceptual complexities and homogenize the interests of residents, especially in rural communities, increased research on joint management of social capital and empowerment has been emphasized. According to the mentioned definitions and based on the research objectives, the study of social capital and its examples, including trust and collaboration in the empowerment of rural society, is a key principle in rural development.
Methodology
Gachsaran county is located in Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad province, Iran, with a population of 12400 people. In this city, most people are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and their annual income depends on these sectors. Given economic issues in this region, the "Progress and Development of Rural Systems" project was established in this area. This project aimed to institutionalize and build capacity among rural people, which enables their empowerment and collaboration, as well as the empowerment of rural communities, to improve their livelihood and living standards. In fact, micro-credit funds have been created with the approach of micro-financing based on the production value chain and support sustainable employment in this field. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was employed as a research method in this study because gauging social capital is crucial and challenging and is a crucial approach for assessing it. This method allows researchers to investigate structured connections among players inside a system that either facilitates or hinders human behavior. In this research, the highest-level indexes of the social network have been studied, which are introduced as follows as Density, Centralization, Reciprocity, Transitivity, and Geodesic Distance. The sample size for this research is comprised of all members of microcredit funds in 2 villages (totaling 123 members). In this research, the "full network method" was used.
Results and discussion
The Density index in all studied areas increased after the empowerment project was implemented. In addition, on average, the Reciprocity and Transitivity index increased in trust and collaboration networks in the studied villages. Thus, it could be un
derstood that social capital and empowerment in local communities are both required and complementary. The results showed that after implementing the plan, the Centralization decreased, and power was divided among the activists. The Geodesic Distance between the two bonds of trust and participation indicates the relatively favorable speed of trust, participation, unity, and unity among people, which has continued to decrease after the implementation of the project. As a result, any action aimed at building the capacity of the local community, increasing social capital, and promoting trust and collaboration among local communities will ultimately lead to maintaining and strengthening the social structures of that community. Therefore, this community develops into a region that serves as the foundation for long-term rural development. These results can be applied to other research and interference areas, such as community development studies, participatory research, and social intervention.
Based on the results of the Density index in the investigated networks, this rate is medium to high, and in terms of trust, cooperation, and social capital, the continuity between the networks rises by the same amount. Accordingly, between the studied links, dense networks can be useful to enhance and develop the members' social capital. Based on the results of the concentration index, the implementation of the project has effectively reduced the concentration and division of power in the network. Gašević et al. (2019) noted that the lower the concentration level in the network of relationships, the higher the level of power-sharing in the network, and the more stakeholders will be influential in decision-making in rural management. According to the results of the index of reciprocity and transitivity of ties in the study's second phase compared to the phase before the project in the studied villages, the number of ties has increased. Strengthening bonds of trust and cooperation creates a stable network in which people's spirit of trust, cooperation, and cooperation is institutionalized. Also, this leads to increased social capital, and participatory planning in rural development will be associated with less cost and time. The Geodesic Distance between the two bonds of trust and participation indicates the relatively favorable speed of trust, participation, unity, and unity among people, which has continued to decrease after the implementation of the project, which indicates the high circulation of trust and participation among people. Considering the importance of the time and speed of coordinating people in the discussion of collaborative management, strengthening the bond of trust and especially participation in order to increase the speed of circulation of this bond among people and then reduce the time of coordination and unity among the members of micro funds in line with the implementation community-oriented management is essential.
Conclusion
In order to develop sustainable rural development, obstacles and challenges need to be recognized. Conscious knowledge and use of social capital is an opportunity to build capacity for participation in rural development. In general, in order to succeed in rural development, strengthening social capital through trust and participation and thereby increasing social cohesion is needed. The formation of micro funds and rural development groups are among the strategies to increase trust and participation among individuals and increase social capital. Social capital in the form of local organizations reduces poverty and increases the community's welfare, which is the basis for achieving
sustainable rural development.
Funding
This project has been carried out with the financial support of the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This article is a part of the progress and development plan of the rural system of Gachsaran city, which has been funded https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100054_74559ea27870b992ed5352a9d988e382.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241109Analyzing land use changes in rural settlements in the metropolitan area of Tehran: the case study of Shahriar countyAnalyzing land use changes in rural settlements in the metropolitan area of Tehran: the case study of Shahriar county12714810005610.22059/jrur.2024.368942.1892FASomayehAziziDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1731-528XFarhadAzizpourDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0204-8270VahidRiahiDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6970-0625Journal Article20240526A B S T R A C T
One of the most active phenomena on earth is land use change. The following article tries to investigate and understand the change of land use in the rural settlements of Shahriar district during a period of 10 years (2011-2021) with the approach of pragmatism (a combination of objectivism and subjectivism) and field studies based on participatory methods and with an explanatory-exploratory approach and also to know the internal and external factors that are effective in creating such a change. In line with the intended goal, the processing of satellite images shows that residential constructions have increased significantly in this area. So that in 2011, residential lands occupied 9502.65 hectares (23%) of the total area of the County. In 2016 and 2021, respectively, 10358.14 hectares (26%) and 11093.90 hectares (27%) of land belong to residential use. So, it is clear that residential lands have experienced an upward trend during the studied period (2011-2021). The area of agricultural land has decreased from 5531.88 hectares (13%) in 2011 to 4347.91 hectares (10%) in 2016. Of course, this downward trend continues until the year 2021. In addition to all these, the use of other lands has decreased in the period of 2011-2021. The results of the field research showed that weak organizational interactions, spatial proximity to the metropolis, crisis in water resources management, the growth of land speculation and low productivity of the agricultural sector as internal factors and the development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system. Oil-based economy, development of industrial economy, metropolitan creep, demographic backwardness of Tehran metropolis and low institutional capacity as external factors are effective on land use change in the region. In this regard, suggestions have been made to prevent or slow down the current process
Extended Abstract
Introduction
ne of the most active phenomena on earth is land use change. The rural settlements of Shahryar County are not exempted from this rule and it is one of the manifestations that due to the proximity and physical-spatial dependence with the metropolis of Tehran, the significant increase in the share of the population of the rural areas of the city due to its immigrating properties, numerous industrial units and huge floods were built. Sazah has undergone many changes in land use, especially agricultural land. Based on the importance of this issue, the following article tries to investigate and understand the change of land use in rural settlements of Shahriar district during a period of 10 years (2011-2021) and also to know the internal and external factors affecting such a change. In line with the aforementioned goals, the current research tries to answer the following key questions:
1) During the last decade, what changes have been made in the land use of rural settlements in Shahryar district?
2) What are the most important internal and external factors affecting land use change in Shahryar County?
Methodology
In this study, a set of library and documentation methods and field studies based on collaborative methods have been used. The research methodology is of a mixed type in order to achieve the goals and answer its questions. Remote sensing techniques and satellite images using ENVI and Arc GIS software have been used to investigate land use change in the villages of the study area during a 10-year period (2011-2021). In line with the second question of the research, "Determining the internal and external factors affecting land use change in the villages of Shahryar" to collect data, semi-structured interview technique was used in the form of snowball sampling and the interview was conducted among experts.
Results and discussion
Quantitative section: According to the obtained results, residential lands have experienced an upward trend during the studied period (2011-2021). The trend of garden land use is increasing with an average rate of 14%, 16% and 17% in the years 2011, 2016 and 2021, respectively. The area of agricultural land has decreased from 13% in 2011 to 10% in 2016. Of course, this downward trend continues until the year 2021, so that in this period of time, agricultural land has reached 10%. In fact, agricultural use has decreased over a decade.
Qualitative section: A) Internal factors: weak organizational interactions, spatial proximity to the metropolis, crisis in water resources management, growth of land speculation, low productivity of the agricultural sector.
B) External factors: development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, oil-based economy, development of industrial economy, metropolitan creep, demographic backwardness of Tehran metropolis, low institutional capacity.
With an integrated look at the internal factors, we can see that there is a significant relationship between these factors. Among the weak factors of organizational interaction is a factor that by influencing other factors has provided a platform for land use change in the villages of Shahriar County. The discovery of the mechanism of the influence of factors on each other shows that among the external factors, low institutional capacity is the basis for the development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, the boom in the oil economy, the development of the industrial economy, and the unbridled influx of the population of Tehran metropolis. In the meantime, the desire to invest in the industrial sector and the development of the industrial economy has led to high immigration in the region.
Conclusion
In general, the results of land area changes in the studied area indicate the intensification of land use changes, including the expansion of man-made lands, the reduction and loss of barren and untouched lands (other uses). Institutions and organizations alone cannot slow down the process of land use changes, therefore, it is suggested that the government prevent the consequences of land use change by clarifying and involving local residents in the decision-making process. Also, the support of the government and banks to the farmers of the region can at least provide the basis for slowing down the process of excessive changes in land use.
Funding
The present article was carried out with the material and moral support of "Tehran City Planning and Studies Center" in the research format of the first author's student doctoral dissertation.
Authors’ Contribution
First author: preparation and preparation of samples, data collection, calculations, statistical analysis of data, analysis and interpretation of information and results, drafting of the article.
The second author will design the research, supervise the research, check and control the results, and correct, revise, and finalize the article.
Third author: participation in research design, research supervision, study and revision of the article.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.A B S T R A C T
One of the most active phenomena on earth is land use change. The following article tries to investigate and understand the change of land use in the rural settlements of Shahriar district during a period of 10 years (2011-2021) with the approach of pragmatism (a combination of objectivism and subjectivism) and field studies based on participatory methods and with an explanatory-exploratory approach and also to know the internal and external factors that are effective in creating such a change. In line with the intended goal, the processing of satellite images shows that residential constructions have increased significantly in this area. So that in 2011, residential lands occupied 9502.65 hectares (23%) of the total area of the County. In 2016 and 2021, respectively, 10358.14 hectares (26%) and 11093.90 hectares (27%) of land belong to residential use. So, it is clear that residential lands have experienced an upward trend during the studied period (2011-2021). The area of agricultural land has decreased from 5531.88 hectares (13%) in 2011 to 4347.91 hectares (10%) in 2016. Of course, this downward trend continues until the year 2021. In addition to all these, the use of other lands has decreased in the period of 2011-2021. The results of the field research showed that weak organizational interactions, spatial proximity to the metropolis, crisis in water resources management, the growth of land speculation and low productivity of the agricultural sector as internal factors and the development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system. Oil-based economy, development of industrial economy, metropolitan creep, demographic backwardness of Tehran metropolis and low institutional capacity as external factors are effective on land use change in the region. In this regard, suggestions have been made to prevent or slow down the current process
Extended Abstract
Introduction
ne of the most active phenomena on earth is land use change. The rural settlements of Shahryar County are not exempted from this rule and it is one of the manifestations that due to the proximity and physical-spatial dependence with the metropolis of Tehran, the significant increase in the share of the population of the rural areas of the city due to its immigrating properties, numerous industrial units and huge floods were built. Sazah has undergone many changes in land use, especially agricultural land. Based on the importance of this issue, the following article tries to investigate and understand the change of land use in rural settlements of Shahriar district during a period of 10 years (2011-2021) and also to know the internal and external factors affecting such a change. In line with the aforementioned goals, the current research tries to answer the following key questions:
1) During the last decade, what changes have been made in the land use of rural settlements in Shahryar district?
2) What are the most important internal and external factors affecting land use change in Shahryar County?
Methodology
In this study, a set of library and documentation methods and field studies based on collaborative methods have been used. The research methodology is of a mixed type in order to achieve the goals and answer its questions. Remote sensing techniques and satellite images using ENVI and Arc GIS software have been used to investigate land use change in the villages of the study area during a 10-year period (2011-2021). In line with the second question of the research, "Determining the internal and external factors affecting land use change in the villages of Shahryar" to collect data, semi-structured interview technique was used in the form of snowball sampling and the interview was conducted among experts.
Results and discussion
Quantitative section: According to the obtained results, residential lands have experienced an upward trend during the studied period (2011-2021). The trend of garden land use is increasing with an average rate of 14%, 16% and 17% in the years 2011, 2016 and 2021, respectively. The area of agricultural land has decreased from 13% in 2011 to 10% in 2016. Of course, this downward trend continues until the year 2021, so that in this period of time, agricultural land has reached 10%. In fact, agricultural use has decreased over a decade.
Qualitative section: A) Internal factors: weak organizational interactions, spatial proximity to the metropolis, crisis in water resources management, growth of land speculation, low productivity of the agricultural sector.
B) External factors: development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, oil-based economy, development of industrial economy, metropolitan creep, demographic backwardness of Tehran metropolis, low institutional capacity.
With an integrated look at the internal factors, we can see that there is a significant relationship between these factors. Among the weak factors of organizational interaction is a factor that by influencing other factors has provided a platform for land use change in the villages of Shahriar County. The discovery of the mechanism of the influence of factors on each other shows that among the external factors, low institutional capacity is the basis for the development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, the boom in the oil economy, the development of the industrial economy, and the unbridled influx of the population of Tehran metropolis. In the meantime, the desire to invest in the industrial sector and the development of the industrial economy has led to high immigration in the region.
Conclusion
In general, the results of land area changes in the studied area indicate the intensification of land use changes, including the expansion of man-made lands, the reduction and loss of barren and untouched lands (other uses). Institutions and organizations alone cannot slow down the process of land use changes, therefore, it is suggested that the government prevent the consequences of land use change by clarifying and involving local residents in the decision-making process. Also, the support of the government and banks to the farmers of the region can at least provide the basis for slowing down the process of excessive changes in land use.
Funding
The present article was carried out with the material and moral support of "Tehran City Planning and Studies Center" in the research format of the first author's student doctoral dissertation.
Authors’ Contribution
First author: preparation and preparation of samples, data collection, calculations, statistical analysis of data, analysis and interpretation of information and results, drafting of the article.
The second author will design the research, supervise the research, check and control the results, and correct, revise, and finalize the article.
Third author: participation in research design, research supervision, study and revision of the article.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100056_520b85931c398fb2b990311002b2a902.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241109Designing and Validating the Model of Blended Learning Based on the CEPA Program, Local Communities of the International Wetlands of Sistan and BaluchistanDesigning and Validating the Model of Blended Learning Based on the CEPA Program, Local Communities of the International Wetlands of Sistan and Baluchistan14916610006510.22059/jrur.2025.375627.1938FASamanehDalirboostansaraiDepartment of Environmental Education, Faculty of Farhangian University, Chabahar, Iran0000-0003-1125-3997MahdiehRezaeeDepartment of Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1125-3997MaryamLarijaniDepartment of Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1125-3997SeyedmohammadShobeyriDepartment of Environmental Education, Faculty of Education, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1125-3997Journal Article20240526A B S T R A C TThe CEPA program is part of the Ramsar Convention. This research was carried out with the aim of designing and validating the model of blended learning for local communities in the CEPA program of the international wetlands of Guatr wetland, Hamon International Wetlands Complex in Sistan and Baluchistan The current research was an applied and exploratory mixed method. Q method was used to extract key components. In the qualitative part, after evaluating and summarizing the discourse space, a questionnaire with 4 categories and 51 Q phrases was designed by ten experts from among 110 propositions. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was administered to 19 specialists of the CEPA program. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained with Cronbach's alpha (0.93). The model was validated using SPSS and AMOS software. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to test the model. The results of the factor analysis showed that the model of blended learning in local communities includes 4 main components as "communication and interaction," "education and information," "participation and cooperation," and "sustainable, practical action," and 36 key micro-components. According to the results, the micro-component of empowering local communities with the highest impact was placed as the first priority for the protection of wetlands in the region. Also, the relationship of the main components with each other is such that the communication and interactions that exist between local communities cause the growth of participation and cooperation between them. Protection of wetlands is provided Extended AbstractIntroductionThe Ramsar Convention (1971) uses a strategic plan called CEPA to protect and wisely use wetlands. The implementation of this program requires public participation. Since many stakeholders have little information and even lack the necessary information in the field of biodiversity and wetlands, planners and decision-makers must increase their awareness. Therefore, in line with the importance of wetlands and their protection, with the presence of different countries, in the Ramsar Convention, the law for the protection and protection of biological diversity (NBASPs) and in line with that, the program of communication, education, participation, and awareness raising (CEPA) was approved. This program started in December 1998 in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program, the World Environment Facility, and the World Conservation Union. The components of the CEPA program are communication, which is related to the exchange of information, which is based on the creation of conversation and dialogue between the departments and stakeholders; education, developing knowledge, clarifying values; developing concerns about the environment and biodiversity, expanding attention and skills, and increasing responsibility in relation to the environment and biodiversity are pursued in this department; participation, this section helps different people to understand the issue and place it as a part of people's life concerns. In this section, it is possible for different people, groups, and organizations with different knowledge to share their information and practical action; at this stage, it is necessary to take action to change the state of biodiversity. This process is followed and implemented in this department because raising awareness alone is not enough and needs to change behavior and active response. The purpose of this research was to design a blended learning model based on the CEPA program for the local communities of the international wetlands of Goater and Khorbahu bays on the coast of Makran and Hamon wetlands in Sistan region and then to validate this educational model.MethodologyThe current research method is mixed, and the data collection is a descriptive survey. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The nature of the research was exploratory, and Q method was used. According to the Q method, the statistical population includes local communities and a statistical sample based on the targeted method of 19 people who are experts in the field of the CEPA program, working in the wetlands office of the country's environmental organization, the environmental department of Sistan and Baluchistan province, Zabul city, Chabahar city, and the Konark city was chosen. First, 4 main components were obtained from the integration of the IBM hybrid learning model and the CEPA program. Then, out of 110 statements extracted from different sources, 51Q statements were made available to experts in the form of an online questionnaire. Scoring was done, and 36 priority components were identified. Second-order factor analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Validation of collected data was done using SPSS and AMOS software. Cronbach's alpha method (0.93) was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionIn order to answer the first research question, the first category of communication and interaction, the second category of education and information, the third category of participation and cooperation, and the fourth category of sustainable, practical action were named as the main components of the model. The participants selected 36 key components and then prioritized them. In order to answer the second question of the research, in general, the micro-component of "empowerment of local communities" was placed as the first priority of the model of blended learning of local communities. To answer the third question of the research, validation of the blended learning model of local communities was done, and the fit of the whole model was acceptable. ConclusionThe results showed that from the perspective of the participants, the first step to protect the international wetlands of Sistan and Baluchistan is to empower local communities. Choosing the sub-component "Identifying threats" as the priority in the education and information component is in line with Yavari et al.'s research(2017). According to the results, it is necessary to improve the social welfare of local communities in order to create partnership and cooperation that leads to sustainable, practical action, which is consistent with the research results of Hoshiar et al. (2020) and Haman (2018). The results of the validation of the local communities blended learning model showed that from the participant's point of view, in the local communities blended learning model, first attention should be paid to the provision of education and information on wetlands protection. Also, the relationship between the main components is such that the first focus of the CEPA program should be on creating connections and interactions between local communities. The current research seeks to provide a suitable platform for implementing the CEPA program in the region, and its findings are useful for educating stakeholders involved in the protection of other international wetlands of the country specified in each region's CEPA program. Based on the results of the research, the following practical suggestions are presented:- Awareness raising and education of local communities should be done using different blended learning methods.-Local communities should participate directly, educational trainers should be selected, and the CEPA experts should use their experiences.-Ecosystem-based management should be used for wetland management and protection. This approach is one tool for achieving sustainable development.-When implementing the CEPA program, attention should be paid to the key micro-components extracted from the blended learning model of local communities, and practical actions should be planned according to the priority cases.- In order to continue the sustainable and continuous practical action, periodic brainstorming meetings should be held. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.A B S T R A C TThe CEPA program is part of the Ramsar Convention. This research was carried out with the aim of designing and validating the model of blended learning for local communities in the CEPA program of the international wetlands of Guatr wetland, Hamon International Wetlands Complex in Sistan and Baluchistan The current research was an applied and exploratory mixed method. Q method was used to extract key components. In the qualitative part, after evaluating and summarizing the discourse space, a questionnaire with 4 categories and 51 Q phrases was designed by ten experts from among 110 propositions. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire was administered to 19 specialists of the CEPA program. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained with Cronbach's alpha (0.93). The model was validated using SPSS and AMOS software. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to test the model. The results of the factor analysis showed that the model of blended learning in local communities includes 4 main components as "communication and interaction," "education and information," "participation and cooperation," and "sustainable, practical action," and 36 key micro-components. According to the results, the micro-component of empowering local communities with the highest impact was placed as the first priority for the protection of wetlands in the region. Also, the relationship of the main components with each other is such that the communication and interactions that exist between local communities cause the growth of participation and cooperation between them. Protection of wetlands is provided Extended AbstractIntroductionThe Ramsar Convention (1971) uses a strategic plan called CEPA to protect and wisely use wetlands. The implementation of this program requires public participation. Since many stakeholders have little information and even lack the necessary information in the field of biodiversity and wetlands, planners and decision-makers must increase their awareness. Therefore, in line with the importance of wetlands and their protection, with the presence of different countries, in the Ramsar Convention, the law for the protection and protection of biological diversity (NBASPs) and in line with that, the program of communication, education, participation, and awareness raising (CEPA) was approved. This program started in December 1998 in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program, the World Environment Facility, and the World Conservation Union. The components of the CEPA program are communication, which is related to the exchange of information, which is based on the creation of conversation and dialogue between the departments and stakeholders; education, developing knowledge, clarifying values; developing concerns about the environment and biodiversity, expanding attention and skills, and increasing responsibility in relation to the environment and biodiversity are pursued in this department; participation, this section helps different people to understand the issue and place it as a part of people's life concerns. In this section, it is possible for different people, groups, and organizations with different knowledge to share their information and practical action; at this stage, it is necessary to take action to change the state of biodiversity. This process is followed and implemented in this department because raising awareness alone is not enough and needs to change behavior and active response. The purpose of this research was to design a blended learning model based on the CEPA program for the local communities of the international wetlands of Goater and Khorbahu bays on the coast of Makran and Hamon wetlands in Sistan region and then to validate this educational model.MethodologyThe current research method is mixed, and the data collection is a descriptive survey. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The nature of the research was exploratory, and Q method was used. According to the Q method, the statistical population includes local communities and a statistical sample based on the targeted method of 19 people who are experts in the field of the CEPA program, working in the wetlands office of the country's environmental organization, the environmental department of Sistan and Baluchistan province, Zabul city, Chabahar city, and the Konark city was chosen. First, 4 main components were obtained from the integration of the IBM hybrid learning model and the CEPA program. Then, out of 110 statements extracted from different sources, 51Q statements were made available to experts in the form of an online questionnaire. Scoring was done, and 36 priority components were identified. Second-order factor analysis was used to analyze the collected data. Validation of collected data was done using SPSS and AMOS software. Cronbach's alpha method (0.93) was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionIn order to answer the first research question, the first category of communication and interaction, the second category of education and information, the third category of participation and cooperation, and the fourth category of sustainable, practical action were named as the main components of the model. The participants selected 36 key components and then prioritized them. In order to answer the second question of the research, in general, the micro-component of "empowerment of local communities" was placed as the first priority of the model of blended learning of local communities. To answer the third question of the research, validation of the blended learning model of local communities was done, and the fit of the whole model was acceptable. ConclusionThe results showed that from the perspective of the participants, the first step to protect the international wetlands of Sistan and Baluchistan is to empower local communities. Choosing the sub-component "Identifying threats" as the priority in the education and information component is in line with Yavari et al.'s research(2017). According to the results, it is necessary to improve the social welfare of local communities in order to create partnership and cooperation that leads to sustainable, practical action, which is consistent with the research results of Hoshiar et al. (2020) and Haman (2018). The results of the validation of the local communities blended learning model showed that from the participant's point of view, in the local communities blended learning model, first attention should be paid to the provision of education and information on wetlands protection. Also, the relationship between the main components is such that the first focus of the CEPA program should be on creating connections and interactions between local communities. The current research seeks to provide a suitable platform for implementing the CEPA program in the region, and its findings are useful for educating stakeholders involved in the protection of other international wetlands of the country specified in each region's CEPA program. Based on the results of the research, the following practical suggestions are presented:- Awareness raising and education of local communities should be done using different blended learning methods.-Local communities should participate directly, educational trainers should be selected, and the CEPA experts should use their experiences.-Ecosystem-based management should be used for wetland management and protection. This approach is one tool for achieving sustainable development.-When implementing the CEPA program, attention should be paid to the key micro-components extracted from the blended learning model of local communities, and practical actions should be planned according to the priority cases.- In order to continue the sustainable and continuous practical action, periodic brainstorming meetings should be held. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100065_d6afcb968497838ee04b7f9293290ab5.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241110Assessing the Economic, Social, Environmental, and Physical Impacts of Industrial Estates on Surrounding Rural Areas: The Case Study of Central District in Boyer-Ahmad CountyAssessing the Economic, Social, Environmental, and Physical Impacts of Industrial Estates on Surrounding Rural Areas: The Case Study of Central District in Boyer-Ahmad County16718210006610.22059/jrur.2025.375800.1940FAShaghayeghKhesalDepartment of Rural Development Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran0009-0001-3680-1382MaryamSharifzadehDepartment of Rural Development Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran0000-0001-6854-3923AyatollahKaramiDepartment of Rural Development Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran0000-0001-5285-0785Journal Article20240527A B S T R A C T
This research thoroughly examined the various impacts of industrial estates on the economic, social, environmental, and physical dimensions of life in the rural areas surrounding Boyer-Ahmad County's Yasouj3 industrial estate, highlighting both positive and negative effects encountered. The study surveyed 1,413 household heads from both nearby and distant areas, with a random sample of 299 selected per the Bartlett sampling table. A researcher-designed questionnaire, which was validated by university experts and utilized for data collection, exhibited a reliable Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranging from 0.62 to 0.71, ensuring the credibility of the gathered information. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21. Factor analysis revealed three social effect factors as sense of place and economic-social security, motivation and peace, and cultural-welfare, accounting for 50.45% of the total social effects. Four economic factors, such as agricultural status, employment and income, capital status, and poverty, comprised 52.91% of the economic effects. Environmental impacts were represented by density and diversity of species, water quantity and quality, environmental quality, and health, which collectively accounted for 52.44%. Lastly, physical effects comprised pressure on local resources, road infrastructure organization, road quality, and facility access, totaling 51.14%. The Development Index indicated improved research indicators in the nearby area post-establishment of the industrial estate, achieving a relatively favorable status. Variability comparisons revealed that industrial estates most significantly impacted environmental and physical-structural indicators, with the least effect on social indicators
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Industrial estates, resulting from industrialization, serve as vital links between industry, agriculture, and rural development. Establishing these estates near rural areas is essential for societal progress, particularly in developing countries. Previous experience shows that clustering industrial units within bio-complexes fosters economic, social, environmental, and physical transformations at regional and local levels. This clustering helps address rural issues by creating complementary production flows, supporting agriculture, providing non-agricultural employment, and improving rural welfare. However, industrial areas can also negatively impact local communities. This research focuses on identifying the unknown economic, social, physical, and environmental effects of the Yasouj 3 industrial estate on the surrounding rural areas of Boyer-Ahmad county, an area that has not been comprehensively studied.
Methodology
This survey research aimed to assess the impacts of industrial estates on surrounding rural areas in the central district of Boyer-Ahmad County. The study involved 299 household heads from nearby and distant villages to the Yasouj 3 industrial estate, with 161 from Far-Field villages and 138 from Near-Field villages selected randomly based on the Bartlett sampling table. A researcher-developed questionnaire, validated by experts and tested for reliability, was used for data collection. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.62 to 0.71, indicating good reliability. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21, and the Morris analytical model ranked the study's objective indicators, with the coefficient of variation (C.V.) assessing the dispersion of these indicators.
Results and discussion
Based on the findings of factor analysis, three factors were identified as having significant social impacts: sense of place and economic-social security in the region, motivation and peace in the region, and cultural-welfare. These factors collectively accounted for 45.50% of the overall social impacts. Additionally, four factors were identified as having significant economic impacts: agricultural status, employment and income, capital status, and poverty. These factors collectively accounted for 52.91% of the total variance of economic impacts. Four factors were also identified as having significant environmental impacts: density and diversity of species, quantity and quality of water, environmental quality, and health. These factors collectively accounted for 52.44% of the total variance of environmental impacts. Finally, four factors were identified as having significant physical impacts as pressure on local resources, organizing road infrastructure, road quality, and access to facilities. These factors collectively accounted for 51.14% of the total variance of physical impacts of establishing industrial estates in the surrounding rural areas. A one-sample t-test was used to examine the impact of industrial estates on the surrounding rural areas.
Results showed that industrialization's economic and physical-structural impacts were desirable for nearby residents, while the environmental impacts were undesirable. Specifically, in the social dimension, industrialization had a positive impact on spatial and economic-social security perception and cultural-welfare, but a negative impact on motivation and peace in the region. Regarding the economic dimension, establishing industrial estates improved the agricultural status, employment and income, and capital status while reducing poverty. A similar analysis for the physical dimension shows that industrial states led to the organizing of road infrastructure, improved the quality of transportation roads, and enhanced access to facilities, but increased pressure on resources. However, an analysis of the environmental dimension's impacts revealed that industrial states had a negative impact on the density and diversity of species, quantity and quality of water, environmental quality, and health. In the distant villages, the economic and physical impacts of industrialization were perceived positively by the residents, while the environmental impacts were negative. However, the impact of industrialization was not significant in the social dimension. Ultimately, the results obtained from the Development Index (D.I.) showed that the establishment of industry in the surrounding areas had various impacts on social, physical-structural, and environmental indicators, leading to improved social and physical-structural conditions. Nevertheless, it had an undesirable impact on the environmental situation. A comparison of the coefficient of variation (C.V.) showed that establishing industrial estates had the most significant impact on environmental and physical-structural indicators and the least on social indicators.
Conclusion
To mitigate industrial impacts on the environment, it is essential to develop conservation and resource management strategies. This includes maintaining species diversity, improving environmental quality, and prioritizing health in planning and policy-making. Implementing strict laws and monitoring industrial activities is crucial. Due to unsatisfactory environmental conditions, improving social and physical infrastructure based on regional needs is also necessary. The study highlights the need for increased attention to environmental issues and research across social, physical, and environmental areas. Its findings are relevant for industrial and rural development organizations, guiding policymakers in proposing effective solutions to reduce industrial impacts on rural areas.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We extend our gratitude to all the scientific consultants involved in this paper, which is part of the MSc thesis completed at Yasouj University.A B S T R A C T
This research thoroughly examined the various impacts of industrial estates on the economic, social, environmental, and physical dimensions of life in the rural areas surrounding Boyer-Ahmad County's Yasouj3 industrial estate, highlighting both positive and negative effects encountered. The study surveyed 1,413 household heads from both nearby and distant areas, with a random sample of 299 selected per the Bartlett sampling table. A researcher-designed questionnaire, which was validated by university experts and utilized for data collection, exhibited a reliable Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranging from 0.62 to 0.71, ensuring the credibility of the gathered information. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21. Factor analysis revealed three social effect factors as sense of place and economic-social security, motivation and peace, and cultural-welfare, accounting for 50.45% of the total social effects. Four economic factors, such as agricultural status, employment and income, capital status, and poverty, comprised 52.91% of the economic effects. Environmental impacts were represented by density and diversity of species, water quantity and quality, environmental quality, and health, which collectively accounted for 52.44%. Lastly, physical effects comprised pressure on local resources, road infrastructure organization, road quality, and facility access, totaling 51.14%. The Development Index indicated improved research indicators in the nearby area post-establishment of the industrial estate, achieving a relatively favorable status. Variability comparisons revealed that industrial estates most significantly impacted environmental and physical-structural indicators, with the least effect on social indicators
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Industrial estates, resulting from industrialization, serve as vital links between industry, agriculture, and rural development. Establishing these estates near rural areas is essential for societal progress, particularly in developing countries. Previous experience shows that clustering industrial units within bio-complexes fosters economic, social, environmental, and physical transformations at regional and local levels. This clustering helps address rural issues by creating complementary production flows, supporting agriculture, providing non-agricultural employment, and improving rural welfare. However, industrial areas can also negatively impact local communities. This research focuses on identifying the unknown economic, social, physical, and environmental effects of the Yasouj 3 industrial estate on the surrounding rural areas of Boyer-Ahmad county, an area that has not been comprehensively studied.
Methodology
This survey research aimed to assess the impacts of industrial estates on surrounding rural areas in the central district of Boyer-Ahmad County. The study involved 299 household heads from nearby and distant villages to the Yasouj 3 industrial estate, with 161 from Far-Field villages and 138 from Near-Field villages selected randomly based on the Bartlett sampling table. A researcher-developed questionnaire, validated by experts and tested for reliability, was used for data collection. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.62 to 0.71, indicating good reliability. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21, and the Morris analytical model ranked the study's objective indicators, with the coefficient of variation (C.V.) assessing the dispersion of these indicators.
Results and discussion
Based on the findings of factor analysis, three factors were identified as having significant social impacts: sense of place and economic-social security in the region, motivation and peace in the region, and cultural-welfare. These factors collectively accounted for 45.50% of the overall social impacts. Additionally, four factors were identified as having significant economic impacts: agricultural status, employment and income, capital status, and poverty. These factors collectively accounted for 52.91% of the total variance of economic impacts. Four factors were also identified as having significant environmental impacts: density and diversity of species, quantity and quality of water, environmental quality, and health. These factors collectively accounted for 52.44% of the total variance of environmental impacts. Finally, four factors were identified as having significant physical impacts as pressure on local resources, organizing road infrastructure, road quality, and access to facilities. These factors collectively accounted for 51.14% of the total variance of physical impacts of establishing industrial estates in the surrounding rural areas. A one-sample t-test was used to examine the impact of industrial estates on the surrounding rural areas.
Results showed that industrialization's economic and physical-structural impacts were desirable for nearby residents, while the environmental impacts were undesirable. Specifically, in the social dimension, industrialization had a positive impact on spatial and economic-social security perception and cultural-welfare, but a negative impact on motivation and peace in the region. Regarding the economic dimension, establishing industrial estates improved the agricultural status, employment and income, and capital status while reducing poverty. A similar analysis for the physical dimension shows that industrial states led to the organizing of road infrastructure, improved the quality of transportation roads, and enhanced access to facilities, but increased pressure on resources. However, an analysis of the environmental dimension's impacts revealed that industrial states had a negative impact on the density and diversity of species, quantity and quality of water, environmental quality, and health. In the distant villages, the economic and physical impacts of industrialization were perceived positively by the residents, while the environmental impacts were negative. However, the impact of industrialization was not significant in the social dimension. Ultimately, the results obtained from the Development Index (D.I.) showed that the establishment of industry in the surrounding areas had various impacts on social, physical-structural, and environmental indicators, leading to improved social and physical-structural conditions. Nevertheless, it had an undesirable impact on the environmental situation. A comparison of the coefficient of variation (C.V.) showed that establishing industrial estates had the most significant impact on environmental and physical-structural indicators and the least on social indicators.
Conclusion
To mitigate industrial impacts on the environment, it is essential to develop conservation and resource management strategies. This includes maintaining species diversity, improving environmental quality, and prioritizing health in planning and policy-making. Implementing strict laws and monitoring industrial activities is crucial. Due to unsatisfactory environmental conditions, improving social and physical infrastructure based on regional needs is also necessary. The study highlights the need for increased attention to environmental issues and research across social, physical, and environmental areas. Its findings are relevant for industrial and rural development organizations, guiding policymakers in proposing effective solutions to reduce industrial impacts on rural areas.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We extend our gratitude to all the scientific consultants involved in this paper, which is part of the MSc thesis completed at Yasouj University.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100066_f95c80f4c3742fa972af22836aa6b296.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241111Analyzing the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women: the case study of West Alamut regionAnalyzing the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women: the case study of West Alamut region18320110009710.22059/jrur.2025.375902.1941FAMohammadNajjarzadehDepartment of Tourism Management, Faculty of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran0000-0001-7430-2456MaedehAfradiDepartment of Tourism Management, Faculty of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran0009-0007-0903-0248MitraJalali NiaDepartment of Tourism Management, Faculty of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran0009-0008-6332-3460Journal Article20240528A B S T R A C T
The discussion of women's empowerment has gained special importance in recent years. According to the extent of this issue, the current research was conducted to investigate the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in the western Alamut region. The study's statistical population comprised rural women in the west Alamut section of Qazvin, and 9 villages were selected as sample villages. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 283 people was obtained, which was increased to 290 people. Statistical methods such as one-sample T, Pearson, multiple regression, and binomial nonparametric tests were used in SPSS software to analyze data. The results showed that the development of ecotourism had an effect on the economic empowerment of women in the villages of the western Alamut region with an average of 3/47, social empowerment with an average of 3/42, and environmental empowerment with an average of 3/32, but its effects on the psychological empowerment of rural women with an average of 3/18 is less. Also, the women of Joynek, Parrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the most influence and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjard Sofeli villages have the least impact on ecotourism development in the region. Therefore, considering the impact of ecotourism development on rural women's economic, social, and environmental empowerment, providing ecotourism and tourism training to them periodically will invite the new generation to try and the needs of ecotourists will be better identified for the local community
Extended abstract
Introduction
Considering the existence of gender inequalities that are mainly seen against women in many societies, the discussion of their empowerment has gained special importance in recent years. In this context, many researchers have emphasized the effectiveness of ecotourism in empowering local communities by attracting their participation in tourism activities. Western Alamut region, which is the study area of this research, as one of the rich regions in terms of ecotourism attractions, has suitable places for tourism-based planning. This area is very diverse and beautiful with geological, geographical, and biological places, works, and phenomena, if these attractions are located and identified and properly informed and security facilities are created, it can become one of the prominent ecotourism stations at the regional, national, and international levels. Creating a business based on ecotourism in this region needs to be investigated and identified due to its potential and rare characteristics. Because the western Alamut region is one of the rich regions in terms of ecotourism attractions, therefore, the present study investigates the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in this region.
Methodology
Considering the importance of this issue, the current research was conducted to investigate the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in the western Alamut region. The statistical population of the study was made up of rural women in the western Alamut section of Qazvin, and due to the dispersion of villages and their large number, 9 villages (3 from each village are tourism target villages) were selected as sample villages. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 283 people was obtained, which was increased to 290 people. To analyze the data, statistical methods such as one-sample T, Pearson, multiple regression, and binomial nonparametric tests were used in SPSS software.
Results and discussion
The results showed that the development of ecotourism had an effect on the economic empowerment of women in the villages of Western Alamut region with an average of 3/47, social empowerment with an average of 3/42, and environmental empowerment with an average of 3/32, but its effects on the psychological empowerment of rural women with an average of 3/18 is less. Also, the women of Joynek, Parrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the highest influence and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjard Sofeli villages have the least impact on ecotourism development in the region.
Recognizing women's abilities and believing in their role in society is a process that has gradually started in all developing countries. Because women, as half of the human population, are considered not only the subject and goal of any development program but also a factor in advancing rural society's economic and social development goals. Considering that the empowerment of rural women is possible in different ways; one of these ways to develop the empowerment of rural women is ecotourism and rural tourism, which can provide diverse opportunities for the empowerment of rural women. The empowerment of rural women is an effort to improve their economic, social, and cultural levels, because today, in the development discussions at the international level, the presence of the citizen is emphasized in the process of formulating policies and implementing them. However, citizens with the necessary capacity, ability, and capability can participate.
Conclusion
The effects of ecotourism development in the economic empowerment of rural women with a score of 954/85 are more than social empowerment with a score of 895/24, psychological empowerment with a score of 651/63, and environmental empowerment with a score of 580/09. According to the results in the field of economic empowerment, the women of Joynak village (score 194/25) had the highest influence, and the village of Dastjard Sefali (score 112/54) had the least influence from the development of ecotourism. In the field of social empowerment of women, Sefid Ab village (score 126/45) has the most influence and Belkan village (score 85/12) has the least influence, in the field of psychological empowerment of women, Sefid Ab village (score 126/45) has the most influence and Kaman village (score 59/16) The least influence and in the field of environmental empowerment, the women of Belkan village (score 85/27) have the most influence and Fanfin village (score 48/89) have the least influence from the development of ecotourism in the region. In terms of the total score of the four dimensions, the women of Joynek, Parrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the highest influence, and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjard Sefali villages have the least impact on the development of ecotourism.
Funding
This research project was carried out using the special research credit of Semnan University with project number 140385 i/1403/226.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.A B S T R A C T
The discussion of women's empowerment has gained special importance in recent years. According to the extent of this issue, the current research was conducted to investigate the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in the western Alamut region. The study's statistical population comprised rural women in the west Alamut section of Qazvin, and 9 villages were selected as sample villages. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 283 people was obtained, which was increased to 290 people. Statistical methods such as one-sample T, Pearson, multiple regression, and binomial nonparametric tests were used in SPSS software to analyze data. The results showed that the development of ecotourism had an effect on the economic empowerment of women in the villages of the western Alamut region with an average of 3/47, social empowerment with an average of 3/42, and environmental empowerment with an average of 3/32, but its effects on the psychological empowerment of rural women with an average of 3/18 is less. Also, the women of Joynek, Parrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the most influence and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjard Sofeli villages have the least impact on ecotourism development in the region. Therefore, considering the impact of ecotourism development on rural women's economic, social, and environmental empowerment, providing ecotourism and tourism training to them periodically will invite the new generation to try and the needs of ecotourists will be better identified for the local community
Extended abstract
Introduction
Considering the existence of gender inequalities that are mainly seen against women in many societies, the discussion of their empowerment has gained special importance in recent years. In this context, many researchers have emphasized the effectiveness of ecotourism in empowering local communities by attracting their participation in tourism activities. Western Alamut region, which is the study area of this research, as one of the rich regions in terms of ecotourism attractions, has suitable places for tourism-based planning. This area is very diverse and beautiful with geological, geographical, and biological places, works, and phenomena, if these attractions are located and identified and properly informed and security facilities are created, it can become one of the prominent ecotourism stations at the regional, national, and international levels. Creating a business based on ecotourism in this region needs to be investigated and identified due to its potential and rare characteristics. Because the western Alamut region is one of the rich regions in terms of ecotourism attractions, therefore, the present study investigates the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in this region.
Methodology
Considering the importance of this issue, the current research was conducted to investigate the impact of ecotourism development on the empowerment of rural women in the western Alamut region. The statistical population of the study was made up of rural women in the western Alamut section of Qazvin, and due to the dispersion of villages and their large number, 9 villages (3 from each village are tourism target villages) were selected as sample villages. Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 283 people was obtained, which was increased to 290 people. To analyze the data, statistical methods such as one-sample T, Pearson, multiple regression, and binomial nonparametric tests were used in SPSS software.
Results and discussion
The results showed that the development of ecotourism had an effect on the economic empowerment of women in the villages of Western Alamut region with an average of 3/47, social empowerment with an average of 3/42, and environmental empowerment with an average of 3/32, but its effects on the psychological empowerment of rural women with an average of 3/18 is less. Also, the women of Joynek, Parrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the highest influence and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjard Sofeli villages have the least impact on ecotourism development in the region.
Recognizing women's abilities and believing in their role in society is a process that has gradually started in all developing countries. Because women, as half of the human population, are considered not only the subject and goal of any development program but also a factor in advancing rural society's economic and social development goals. Considering that the empowerment of rural women is possible in different ways; one of these ways to develop the empowerment of rural women is ecotourism and rural tourism, which can provide diverse opportunities for the empowerment of rural women. The empowerment of rural women is an effort to improve their economic, social, and cultural levels, because today, in the development discussions at the international level, the presence of the citizen is emphasized in the process of formulating policies and implementing them. However, citizens with the necessary capacity, ability, and capability can participate.
Conclusion
The effects of ecotourism development in the economic empowerment of rural women with a score of 954/85 are more than social empowerment with a score of 895/24, psychological empowerment with a score of 651/63, and environmental empowerment with a score of 580/09. According to the results in the field of economic empowerment, the women of Joynak village (score 194/25) had the highest influence, and the village of Dastjard Sefali (score 112/54) had the least influence from the development of ecotourism. In the field of social empowerment of women, Sefid Ab village (score 126/45) has the most influence and Belkan village (score 85/12) has the least influence, in the field of psychological empowerment of women, Sefid Ab village (score 126/45) has the most influence and Kaman village (score 59/16) The least influence and in the field of environmental empowerment, the women of Belkan village (score 85/27) have the most influence and Fanfin village (score 48/89) have the least influence from the development of ecotourism in the region. In terms of the total score of the four dimensions, the women of Joynek, Parrod, and Sefid Ab villages have the highest influence, and the women of Belkan, Kaman, and Dastjard Sefali villages have the least impact on the development of ecotourism.
Funding
This research project was carried out using the special research credit of Semnan University with project number 140385 i/1403/226.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100097_8f1be10f4914d2bcf38330bda14dd67f.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-737315320241022Systematic review of smart tourism development research in rural areas
(years 2000 to 2022)Systematic review of smart tourism development research in rural areas
(years 2000 to 2022)18319810012410.22059/jrur.2025.356635.1825FAMohammad RezaRezvaniDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-0830-3666Hassan AliFaraji SabokbarDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5470-4287MojtabaGhadiri MasoumDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-1699-2855HosseinZinati FakhrabadDepartment of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0009-0004-9407-6184Journal Article20240627A B S T R A C TThe definition and explanation of the theoretical framework for developing the smart model of rural tourism requires benefiting from the studies conducted in this field and other related topics, the review of previous research shows the weakness of existing frameworks in explaining the model of smart tourism in rural areas. This research aims to develop a comprehensive framework for implementing the smart tourism model in rural areas with a systematic review approach. The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and with the systematic review of the literature related to the components of rural smartening and smart tourism between 2000 and 2023, using 3 specific keywords and a clear and pre-designed strategy, from 5 databases. Collected After screening and qualitative assessment, the final analysis was done on 59 articles. By analyzing the articles, four processes and 42 components were identified for developing the theoretical framework of the smart tourism model. The study shows that creating a theoretical framework for the implementation of the smart tourism model requires knowing the prerequisites and requirements before implementation, identifying the key elements and organizations involved in the field of smart tourism, paying attention to the territorial resources of the destinations and the strategies for choosing the target destinations, and finally the process of implementing the smart tourism model. It will contribute to the sustainability of resources and the realization of purposeful and sustainable tourism.Extended abstractIntroductionSmartening in rural areas requires these areas to have natural or historical and cultural attractions in order to be able to implement the model of smartening, villages with tourist attractions in Iran are known as tourism target villages, the category of smart tourism is mainly in the field of planning. The city has been emphasized in different countries and less attention has been given to rural areas. However, it must be acknowledged that many villages in our country have the appropriate capabilities to implement and operationalize smart tourism, for this reason, the need to benefit from smart tourism in rural areas is felt more than ever. Considering the lack of documented studies in the field of smart tourism development in rural areas, in the first step, knowing the components and indicators of smart tourism should be considered and what factors can influence the development of smart tourism and finally what model can be used used for the development of smart tourism in rural areas. Based on this, in order to fill the void of a comprehensive framework for developing a smart tourism model for rural. MethodologyThis method should be used to develop a theoretical framework for developing a smart tourism model in rural areas. The statistical population of this systematic study includes all published research articles in the field of smart tourism and the smartening of rural areas, the result of quantitative and qualitative studies. Is. In the initial search, based on keywords, 125 study titles were identified. The retrieved articles were placed in Endnote software. Repetitive and common articles in the aforementioned databases were removed and 93 studies entered the screening stage. The screening criterion at this stage was the relevance to the study topic (title, abstract) and the removal of unrelated articles, articles presented in conferences and educational articles. That left 70 studies. According to the screening criterion in the third stage, i.e. removing the article by checking the full text of the articles due to the insufficient and inappropriate information and the low quality of the articles, finally, 59 articles were selected. It should be noted that the current research in three stages; Determination, verification and analysis have been done. In the determination stage, all available information about the research was collected and taken. In the verification stage, all the collected articles were categorized and coded based on the evaluation parameters (analytical axes and categories). In the analysis stage, all the information extracted from the selected articles in the period of 2000-2022 were processed, analyzed and interpreted. In the following, the results of the review of the relevant articles will be presented. Results and discussionThe development of smart tourism in rural areas requires the explanation of a series of strategic measures. As the studies of Yu et al. (2021), Ballina (2021), Arnaz et al. (2019) stated that the first goal of smart tourism is to find suitable routes for destinations, in fact, choosing the optimal route according to the current situation and cost is one of the most important initial measures., Balina et al. (2019), Chris and Chao, Barter et al. (2020), have emphasized networking and data sharing for the benefit of other stakeholders from tourism destinations. Zhiank and Fesenmayer, Tan et al. (2017) emphasized the support and competitiveness among residential centers and considered the Internet of Things as a basic strategy, Kokbi et al. And they have emphasized the development of an operational document according to the benefits of the beneficiaries.It is necessary to prepare a smart tourism model, pay attention to the realizability and spatial utilization of available resources, this issue has also been noticed by Su et al. (2021), Radobatri (2021), Sari et al. The existence of a necessary population threshold, access to communication networks and the need to define the concept of intelligentization as a precondition, on the other hand, the studies of Hong (2020), Rodrigues (2019), on the ranking of destinations and places and the enjoyment of attractions They emphasized natural and cultural. In the field of smart tourism, territorial resources and having this capacity have a significant place, based on the studies of Nadali et al., Dashtali et al. (2018), Salehi et al. , having important agricultural products, holding different festivals, taking advantage of product sales markets and active organizations can be known as the components of territorial resources in the target areas. Yu et al. (2021), Gretzel (2020), Mehiari et al. (1401) emphasize the role of local and regional organizations and creative companies in the field of implementation and support, Carlson et al. (2017), Tanen et al. Media and social networks, Dasht Ali et al., Nad Ali et al.In relation to the approaches proposed in the field of rural smartness and smart tourism, it can be said that paying attention to sustainability in all dimensions is known as the main strategy, and the difference between smartness and benefiting from new technologies is emphasizing the social dimension and benefiting from All the existing potential capacities and capabilities and the interaction of stakeholders and actors. On the other hand, the realization of smart tourism requires attention to some requirements such as knowledge, financing, benefiting from the capacities of local associations and good governance, and factors such as territorial and demographic factors, attention to tourist clusters and successful local experiences and branding. Be In other words, it can be said that the doctrine of the aforementioned research in the field of smart tourism is land sustainability and attention to environmental and social values. ConclusionBased on the studies conducted in the field of tourism smartness, 59 articles were selected as the final articles for evaluation and in order to formulate the model of smart tourism, 4 components including territorial resources, key elements and measures, reliability and spatial distribution and the requirements of smart tourism were identified. As indicated in Table 4, there are 21 territorial resources studies, 30 key elements and actions, 19 prerequisites, and 18 requirements. FundingThis article is supported by the country's researchers and technologists support fund under contract number 4004926 dated 05/04/2022. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.A B S T R A C TThe definition and explanation of the theoretical framework for developing the smart model of rural tourism requires benefiting from the studies conducted in this field and other related topics, the review of previous research shows the weakness of existing frameworks in explaining the model of smart tourism in rural areas. This research aims to develop a comprehensive framework for implementing the smart tourism model in rural areas with a systematic review approach. The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and with the systematic review of the literature related to the components of rural smartening and smart tourism between 2000 and 2023, using 3 specific keywords and a clear and pre-designed strategy, from 5 databases. Collected After screening and qualitative assessment, the final analysis was done on 59 articles. By analyzing the articles, four processes and 42 components were identified for developing the theoretical framework of the smart tourism model. The study shows that creating a theoretical framework for the implementation of the smart tourism model requires knowing the prerequisites and requirements before implementation, identifying the key elements and organizations involved in the field of smart tourism, paying attention to the territorial resources of the destinations and the strategies for choosing the target destinations, and finally the process of implementing the smart tourism model. It will contribute to the sustainability of resources and the realization of purposeful and sustainable tourism.Extended abstractIntroductionSmartening in rural areas requires these areas to have natural or historical and cultural attractions in order to be able to implement the model of smartening, villages with tourist attractions in Iran are known as tourism target villages, the category of smart tourism is mainly in the field of planning. The city has been emphasized in different countries and less attention has been given to rural areas. However, it must be acknowledged that many villages in our country have the appropriate capabilities to implement and operationalize smart tourism, for this reason, the need to benefit from smart tourism in rural areas is felt more than ever. Considering the lack of documented studies in the field of smart tourism development in rural areas, in the first step, knowing the components and indicators of smart tourism should be considered and what factors can influence the development of smart tourism and finally what model can be used used for the development of smart tourism in rural areas. Based on this, in order to fill the void of a comprehensive framework for developing a smart tourism model for rural. MethodologyThis method should be used to develop a theoretical framework for developing a smart tourism model in rural areas. The statistical population of this systematic study includes all published research articles in the field of smart tourism and the smartening of rural areas, the result of quantitative and qualitative studies. Is. In the initial search, based on keywords, 125 study titles were identified. The retrieved articles were placed in Endnote software. Repetitive and common articles in the aforementioned databases were removed and 93 studies entered the screening stage. The screening criterion at this stage was the relevance to the study topic (title, abstract) and the removal of unrelated articles, articles presented in conferences and educational articles. That left 70 studies. According to the screening criterion in the third stage, i.e. removing the article by checking the full text of the articles due to the insufficient and inappropriate information and the low quality of the articles, finally, 59 articles were selected. It should be noted that the current research in three stages; Determination, verification and analysis have been done. In the determination stage, all available information about the research was collected and taken. In the verification stage, all the collected articles were categorized and coded based on the evaluation parameters (analytical axes and categories). In the analysis stage, all the information extracted from the selected articles in the period of 2000-2022 were processed, analyzed and interpreted. In the following, the results of the review of the relevant articles will be presented. Results and discussionThe development of smart tourism in rural areas requires the explanation of a series of strategic measures. As the studies of Yu et al. (2021), Ballina (2021), Arnaz et al. (2019) stated that the first goal of smart tourism is to find suitable routes for destinations, in fact, choosing the optimal route according to the current situation and cost is one of the most important initial measures., Balina et al. (2019), Chris and Chao, Barter et al. (2020), have emphasized networking and data sharing for the benefit of other stakeholders from tourism destinations. Zhiank and Fesenmayer, Tan et al. (2017) emphasized the support and competitiveness among residential centers and considered the Internet of Things as a basic strategy, Kokbi et al. And they have emphasized the development of an operational document according to the benefits of the beneficiaries.It is necessary to prepare a smart tourism model, pay attention to the realizability and spatial utilization of available resources, this issue has also been noticed by Su et al. (2021), Radobatri (2021), Sari et al. The existence of a necessary population threshold, access to communication networks and the need to define the concept of intelligentization as a precondition, on the other hand, the studies of Hong (2020), Rodrigues (2019), on the ranking of destinations and places and the enjoyment of attractions They emphasized natural and cultural. In the field of smart tourism, territorial resources and having this capacity have a significant place, based on the studies of Nadali et al., Dashtali et al. (2018), Salehi et al. , having important agricultural products, holding different festivals, taking advantage of product sales markets and active organizations can be known as the components of territorial resources in the target areas. Yu et al. (2021), Gretzel (2020), Mehiari et al. (1401) emphasize the role of local and regional organizations and creative companies in the field of implementation and support, Carlson et al. (2017), Tanen et al. Media and social networks, Dasht Ali et al., Nad Ali et al.In relation to the approaches proposed in the field of rural smartness and smart tourism, it can be said that paying attention to sustainability in all dimensions is known as the main strategy, and the difference between smartness and benefiting from new technologies is emphasizing the social dimension and benefiting from All the existing potential capacities and capabilities and the interaction of stakeholders and actors. On the other hand, the realization of smart tourism requires attention to some requirements such as knowledge, financing, benefiting from the capacities of local associations and good governance, and factors such as territorial and demographic factors, attention to tourist clusters and successful local experiences and branding. Be In other words, it can be said that the doctrine of the aforementioned research in the field of smart tourism is land sustainability and attention to environmental and social values. ConclusionBased on the studies conducted in the field of tourism smartness, 59 articles were selected as the final articles for evaluation and in order to formulate the model of smart tourism, 4 components including territorial resources, key elements and measures, reliability and spatial distribution and the requirements of smart tourism were identified. As indicated in Table 4, there are 21 territorial resources studies, 30 key elements and actions, 19 prerequisites, and 18 requirements. FundingThis article is supported by the country's researchers and technologists support fund under contract number 4004926 dated 05/04/2022. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100124_854c15a2cc21bff1f098562c965f9af5.pdf