دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 25 Evaluation of Climate Conditions of Rural Settlements in Mahabad County Based on the Form Characteristics of the Building ارزیابی و بررسی شرایط اقلیمی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی در شهرستان مهاباد بر مبنای شاخصه‌های فرمی بنا 1 18 100231 10.22059/jrur.2024.373488.1921 FA سوران محمودی گروه معماری، واحد خلخال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خلخال، ایران بایزید گلابی گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران یوسف حمه جانی گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران Journal Article 2023 07 26 A B S T R A C T Climate and climatic factors, especially weather conditions, play a highly important role in human life and the formation of vernacular and rural settlements. This study aims to provide a proper field for designers and citizens of this area to improve conditions of vernacular rural settlements so that they can identify the existing state of climate conditions and take holistic measures and strategies that bring climate comfort through this assessment. This is applied research in terms of objective and is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. This research has been done based on data collection through library methods and field studies. One village has been at least chosen from each rural district to ensure research accuracy due to the broadness of the study area. In sum, 9 villages selected from 5 rural districts existing in Mahabad County were examined. The results of the assessments included 70 indigenous samples that were evaluated using the form characteristics of the building. Those villages that provided some specifications, including historical background, active population in the village, and buildings with vernacular structures and materials, were chosen. In the last step, the most aspects shared among building form characteristics in the vernacular settlement of this area can be summarized as follows: due to the high frequency of form characteristics of plan, indoor and outdoor openings and materials used in the wall of buildings had the highest common point and coordination among the 5 rural districts existing in Mahabad County. Extended Abstract Introduction Climate and climatic factors, especially weather conditions, play a vital role in human life and the formation of vernacular and rural settlements. Since the early years of architecture, vernacular architecture has attempted to achieve coordination and harmony between nature and buildings based on local knowledge and experiences. Climate comfort is one of the most substantial issues in the human community. Climate changes significantly affect humans' life and sense of comfort, so climate elements control the climate comfort or discomfort of humans. Among natural factors, weather or climate is an effective factor that impacts the shape of rural housing. The architecture and texture of villages have been formed based on some elements, such as wind, sunlight, temperature, precipitation, and humidity. On the other hand, the mentioned climate elements are determined based on the location's altitude and height above sea level. The effect of these elements on the residential environments is one of the applied topics recently attracting significant attention to matching residential buildings and environments with surrounding climate conditions. Considering the general goals of climatic design in each climate zone and formulation of these goals would lead to adaptability to climate conditions, energy saving, and architectural nature in each climate. This study examined the climate conditions in villages of Mahabad County, which has been chosen as a case study due to its historical background, and its climate has not been examined sufficiently. On the other hand, some residential areas have been widely changed over recent years, and climate changes have led to climate discomfort for some occupants living in vernacular settlements. Hence, this study reviews several cases of vernacular houses in villages of Mahabad County to describe the substrate and initial infrastructure to help residents and architects take significant strategies in designing vernacular buildings to achieve climate comfort in vernacular houses located in villages of Mahabad County. Methodology This is applied research in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The data is collected through the library method and field study based on the information and references available in the books, papers, and associated organizations, including Municipality Organization and Cooperative Company of Rural Districts in Mahabad County. The statistical society of study comprises vernacular houses in villages in Mahabad County. An area of villages with vernacular potential located in Mahabad County is selected based on the purposive sampling method. Then, the samples are analyzed based on sample adequacy until theoretical saturation is reached. In this research, 70 samples of native houses in the villages of Mahabad that were non-randomly available for review were selected. Due to the large and broad area of the studied zone and to ensure the accuracy of the study, one village was at least chosen from each rural district. In sum, 9 selected villages were examined among 5 rural districts in Mahabad County. Results and discussion Assessment results comprise 70 vernacular samples evaluated using the form characteristics of buildings in the micro and macro scales. The selected villages had a historical background, active population, buildings with vernacular structural potential, and indigenous materials. The case studies were examined in terms of the form characteristics, including building location, in-between spaces, plan form, openings, and materials. According to the observations, most buildings were located towards an east-west orientation; the in-between space was dense and wide (superficial continuity from the wall with adjacent building), with plan form with one or two open fronts and connected texture with compact and multilayer complex, external openings with most openness in south-facing front and internal openings with openness in west-facing front. The occupancy rate is 10-20%, and heavy walls have high heat capacity with light and insulated flat roofs. Conclusion This study was conducted to find climate comfort in vernacular settlements in villages of Mahabad County based on the form indicators of building. This study evaluates and examines the vernacular design patterns in the villages of Mahabad County. The results of this study provide the field for designers and residents of this area to improve the current climate conditions and adopt holistic measures and strategies to achieve climate comfort. In the last step, the most aspects shared among building form characteristics in the vernacular settlement of this area can be summarized as follows: - Due to the high frequency of form characteristics of plan, internal and external openings and materials used in the wall of buildings had the highest common point and coordination among the 5 rural districts existing in Mahabad County. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. اقلیم و عوامل اقلیمی بخصوص شرایط آب‌وهوایی نقش بسیار مهمی را در زندگی انسان ایفا کرده و نقش پررنگی در شکل‌گیری سکونتگاه‌های بومی و روستایی دارد. هدف این پژوهش فراهم کردن بستری مناسب برای طراحان و ساکنان این منطقه برای ایجاد بهبود وضعیت سکونتگاه‌های بومی روستایی است تا بتوانند از طریق این بررسی صورت گرفته، به شرایط اقلیمی وضع موجود پی برده و اقدامات جامع و راهکارهای منجر به آسایش اقلیمی را فراهم کنند. این پژوهش ازنظر هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر روش، توصیفی-تحلیلی است؛ که با استفاده از جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از طریق روش کتابخانه‌ای و برداشت‌های میدانی صورت گرفته است. به علت گستردگی و پهناوری منطقه موردتحقیق و برای اطمینان از صحت پژوهش از هر دهستان حداقل یک روستا و درمجموع 9 روستای منتخب از 5 دهستان موجود در حوزه شهرستان مهاباد بررسی گردیده است که نتایج بررسی‌ها شامل 70 نمونه بومی بوده که با استفاده از شاخصه‌های فرمی بنا ارزیابی شدند. روستاهایی که دارای ویژگی‌هایی از قبیل قدمت تاریخی، وجود جمعیت فعال در روستا، بناهایی باقابلیت ساختار بومی و مصالح بوم آورد هستند، انتخاب گردید. در مرحله آخر نیز بیشترین وجه اشتراک در بین شاخصه‌های فرمی بنا در سکونتگاه بومی این منطقه را می‌توان بدین شرح خلاصه کرد: به علت بالا بودن میزان فراوانی در شاخصه‌های فرمی پلان، بازشوهای داخلی و خارجی و مصالح به‌کاربرده در دیوار بناها، بیشترین وجه اشتراک و هماهنگی را در بین 5 دهستان موجود در شهرستان مهاباد را دارند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100231_37c710f4e203ac561ca03f85bfca6ef0.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 25 Farmers' Perception of Bavi County on Coexistence with Drought Definitions, Experiences, Memories and Expectations ادراک کشاورزان شهرستان باوی از همزیستی با خشک‌سالی (تعاریف، تجارب، خاطرات و انتظارات) 19 36 100232 10.22059/jrur.2025.376094.1943 FA عباس شحیتاوی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران مسلم سواری گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران مسعود برادران گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 25 A B S T R A C T In the last few years, the drought has had multiple effects on all the different regions of the world, especially the rural areas, which is why people's perception of this event is very different. Perception is the strongest predictor of farmers' risk perception of climate change. Therefore, farmers' perception of drought can be vital in increasing their adoption. The general purpose of this qualitative research, which was conducted using the phenomenological method, was to investigate farmers' perceptions of coexistence with drought (definitions, experiences, memories, and expectations). The farmers of Bavi city formed the studied society. Informative people were identified through the snowball method or chain referral, which finally reached theoretical saturation after 25 interviews. The data of this research was collected through in-depth interviews and direct observation methods, and along with these two methods, taking photos and using library documents were also used. The data was analyzed based on the Colaizzi model. Based on the results, the studied farmers mentioned different understandings, definitions, experiences, risks, and expectations of drought. In such a way that after collecting the concepts, extracted categories were discussed, which were finally extracted for experiences (6 codes), definitions (3 codes), memories (5 codes), and expectations (3 codes). In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policymakers in this field and provide a basic plan for stabilizing local communities in drought conditions Extended Abstract Introduction Drought is a global phenomenon, affecting more than half the world's population. Various climates and ecosystems are affected differently, and the geographical areas affected have increased dramatically over the last four decades. In recent years, droughts have occurred on every continent, affecting large areas of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and South and North America. It has received much attention because of the high social and economic costs that drought causes. Drought is the most devastating and complicated natural disaster in terms of the number of people affected worldwide. The complexity of drought may be partly explained by the fact that this phenomenon cannot be evenly distributed across regions, so each neighborhood, area, or individual may be influenced by drought to varying degrees. Therefore, the intensity of the drought and its impacts can be perceived differently. As a result of human migration, the effects of drought often extend beyond the geographical area. As drought has different impacts, diverse strategies can be applied in various regions. Methodology The general purpose of this qualitative research, which was conducted using the phenomenological method, was to investigate the definitions and adaptive behaviors of farmers in Bavi County in terms of drought coping. The farmers of Bavi County formed the studied society. Informative people were identified through the snowball method or chain referral, which finally reached theoretical saturation after 25 interviews. The data of this research was collected through in-depth interviews and direct observation methods, and along with these two methods, taking photos and using library documents were also used. The data was analyzed based on the Colaizzi model. Results and discussion Based on the results, farmers' most essential definitions of drought included water reduction, rainfall reduction, and improper rainfall distribution. In addition, the adaptation behaviors of farmers in two classes of coping or action behaviors that include (reducing the number of livestock, destroying forests, leaving the place or migrating, non-agricultural employment, selling or renting land, increasing the interval between irrigation, loans taking, insuring, dropping out of school for children, borrowing and using unconventional) and transactional or adaptation behaviors including (water storage, fodder storage, changing the cultivation pattern, using new irrigation technologies, optimal use of underground water, buying additional water, digging a well, not planting summer crops). In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policymakers in this field and provide a basic plan for stabilizing local communities in drought conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the farmers' understanding of the most important adaptation strategies in each region so that the most important strategies needed in this field can be known. Identifying adaptation strategies in each region can help design a basic plan for other strategies that have not been used in the region and promote the most essential adaptation strategies. In this regard, this research was conducted to investigate the most important adaptation strategies in Bavi County in Khuzestan province. Based on the results, the studied farmers mentioned different understandings, definitions, experiences, risks, and expectations of drought. In such a way that after collecting the concepts, extracted categories were discussed, which were finally extracted for experiences (6 codes), definitions (3 codes), memories (5 codes), and expectations (3 codes). In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policymakers in this field and provide a basic plan for stabilizing local communities in drought conditions. Conclusion Qualitative paradigm and phenomenology methods were used in this research. The results of this research were presented in four parts. In the first part, the experiences of farmers from drought were extracted, which included five categories as crop loss, river water level decrease, income decrease, weak economic power, increasing discomfort and despair, and lowering the underground water level. In the second step, the farmers' definitions of drought were extracted from drought, which included a decrease in rainfall, lack of water, and improper distribution of precipitation. In the third step, the most important memories recorded in the memory of farmers were identified, which included unemployment, unwillingness to work in agriculture, conflict over water sharing, increase in social delinquency, fate and fate. Finally, in the last step, farmers' expectations of the consequences of drought were investigated, which included the rise of the earth's temperature and the emergence of dust centers. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Abbas Sheheytavi: Researcher doing the work, interviewing and collecting opinions, data analysis. Moslem Savari: a guide to doing the work, preparation of the initial draft of the article, review of past studies, validation of data. Masoud Baradaran: consultant for doing the work, editing the text of the article. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. خشک‌سالی در چند سال اخیر بر تمام مناطق مختلف جهان مخصوصاً مناطق روستایی اثرات مضاعفی گذاشته است به همین دلیل ادراک افراد از این واقعه بسیار متفاوت است. ادراک قوی‌ترین پیش‌بینی کننده درک خطر کشاورزان از تغییرات آب‌وهوایی است. بنابراین، ادراک کشاورزان از خشک‌سالی می‌تواند گامی حیاتی در زمینه افزایش سازگاری آنان باشد. هدف کلی این تحقیق کیفی که به روش پدیدارشناسی انجام شد بررسی ادراک کشاورزان از همزیستی با خشک‌سالی (تعاریف، تجارب، خاطرات و انتظارات) بود. جامعه موردمطالعه را کشاورزان شهرستان باوی تشکیل دادند. افراد مطلع از طریق روش گلوله برفی یا ارجاع زنجیره‌ای شناسایی شدند که در نهایت بعد از 25 مصاحبه اشباع نظری حاصل شد. داده‌های این تحقیق با روش مصاحبه عمیق و مشاهده مستقیم جمع‌آوری گردید و در کنار این دو روش از تهیه عکس و استفاده از اسناد کتابخانه‌ای نیز استفاده شد. داده‌ها بر اساس الگوی کلایزی مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. بر پایه نتایج، کشاورزان موردمطالعه درک، تعاریف، تجارب، خطرات و انتظارات متفاوتی از خشک‌سالی را ذکر کرده‌اند. به‌نحوی‌که پس از جمع‌آوری مفاهیم، مقوله‌های استخراجی موردبحث قرار گرفت که در نهایت برای بخش تجارب (6 کد)، تعاریف (3 کد) و خاطرات (5 کد) و انتظارات (3 کد) استخراج شد. به‌طورکلی نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند بینش‌های جدیدی را برای سیاست‌گذاران این حوزه فراهم کند تا بتوانند برنامه اصولی برای پایدارسازی جوامع محلی در شرایط خشک‌سالی را فراهم کنند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100232_d3fe6f9ac4174c33cf85a38657ea32b1.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 21 Exploring the evolution of rural tourism:systematic review and identifying the current and future trends بررسی تکامل گردشگری روستایی: مرور نظام‌مند و شناسایی روندهای کنونی و آینده 37 50 100234 10.22059/jrur.2025.376723.1945 FA مصطفی اسماعیلی مهیاری گروه بازاریابی و کارآفرینی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران وحید نورمندی پور گروه مدیریت و اقتصاد گردشگری، دانشکده گردشگری، دانشکدگان مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران بهار بیشمی گروه گردشگری، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 26 A B S T R A C T Rural tourism, recognized as one of the most community-centered forms of tourism, has substantial economic, social, and cultural impacts. It contributes to retaining local populations in villages and supports sustainable rural development. The rapid growth of rural tourism has led to numerous studies in this area. Consequently, this study aims to examine the conceptual evolution of rural tourism and explore its research trends over the years using bibliometric and visualization techniques. To achieve this, 2,407 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science database and analyzed using VOS Viewer software. The findings indicate a steady increase in the publication and citation of articles in this field, with a record of 352 articles published in 2022 and 7,934 citations in 2023. Additionally, the top researchers, journals, countries, and universities were identified based on citation counts, and a co-authorship analysis of countries illustrated global collaborations in this domain. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed that terms such as "rural tourism," "sustainable development," and "rural development" were the most frequently used in this field. This analysis also uncovered temporal trends, indicating that early research focused on culture, community participation, and service quality. As the concept of sustainable tourism gained importance, topics like environmental sustainability, ecotourism, resilience, and later, innovation, value co-creation, tourist experience, and the circular economy became more prominent. Recently, the influence of technology, such as smart tourism, has become a significant area of focus in this field Extended Abstract Introduction Since the late 1970s, rural tourism has surged globally as a significant leisure pursuit, attracting tourists to countryside areas. It is vital for local economies and cultures, showcasing natural attractions, villages, farms, and historical sites. Rural tourism promotes sustainability, letting visitors immerse in rural life and support local communities. Rural tourism can facilitate sustainable tourism practices, foster the transfer of local cultures, preserve heritage, and safeguard the environment. Rural tourism studies lack comprehensive overview, often focusing on specific aspects rather than providing holistic analysis of the field. To fill this gap, the current research aims to offer a holistic understanding of rural tourism through bibliometric and illustrative methods. Methodology This study uses bibliometric analysis to explore trends and advancements in rural tourism research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach. The research utilized the Web of Science database to retrieve the data until the beginning of April 2024 with limitation of English language and only review and research articles reaching 2407 articles analyzed and visualized via VOS Viewer data. In addition to descriptive analysis, co-authorship and keywords co occurrence analysis were used. Results and discussion Scientific works on rural tourism emerged in 1994, with a steady increase in publications since. The peak was in 2022, with 352 articles. Citation rates have consistently risen, hitting a high of 7934 in 2023, highlighting the field's increasing importance and influence. The findings also show that article titled "Food, place and authenticity: local food and the sustainable tourism experience" was the most cited article, Kestenholz was the most cited researcher, Tourism Management Journal was the most cited publication, Aveiro University in Portugal was the most cited institution, and China was the most cited country publishing articles in the field of rural tourism. Based on co-authorship analysis of countries, China also emerges as a leading nation in promoting collaboration with other countries in this field and Based on the co-occurrence analysis of keywords within the field, the most frequent words were rural tourism, sustainable development, and rural development. Recent years have seen a surge in rural tourism research, prompting numerous studies globally. This research offers an overview of current rural tourism studies, serving as a valuable resource for researchers. By identifying key contributors, journals, and countries, it aids in avoiding redundancy and improving the quality of scientific works in this field. The findings reveal a continuous increase in the number of articles within the field of rural tourism. The number of citations to articles within the field of rural tourism has also displayed an upward trend since its inception. Furthermore, since 2018, there has been a noticeable acceleration in the slope of this trend, indicating a significant increase in the attention and recognition afforded to articles in this field. Based on the co-authorship analysis of countries, China emerges as the leading nation in fostering collaboration with other countries in the realm of scientific production within the field of rural tourism. This suggests a strong commitment to international cooperation and knowledge exchange in advancing research efforts in this domain. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords within the field of rural tourism highlights key terms such as sustainable development, rural development and agritourism as the most frequently used alongside "rural tourism" and "tourism." Additionally, the illustration of the co-occurrence analysis based on temporal trends indicates a longstanding focus on issues such as agricultural tourism and service quality within this research field. However, in recent years, the research process has shifted towards addressing topics such as smart tourism, resilience, and the circular economy, customer experience, co creation and etc reflecting evolving interests and priorities within the field. Conclusion The findings suggest a notable increase in the number of articles published within the field of rural tourism in recent years. However, upon reviewing published research, it becomes evident that certain applied subfields, such as the impact of social media on the development of rural tourism, have not received sufficient investigation. This indicates a potential area for future research and exploration within the field. It can also be concluded that the scientific development process of the field of rural tourism at the beginning of its formation in the late 19th century was only focused on culture, concept and principles of rural toruism development, service quality and rural community participation and majority of research has focused on studying the economic benefits of rural tourism, such as employment opportunities and economic profitability. However, as sustainability gained prominence in the discourse surrounding rural tourism, some topics got momentum such as ecological environment, ecotourism, resilience, etc. Furthermore, from 2022 onwards, the influence of technology, artificial intelligence, social media, metaverse, and digital marketing has attracted attentions but still literature requires more studies regarding all these area in particular tourist experience, customer jouenry and touchoints, value co creation, tourist engagement, smart tourism in rural tourism marketing and etc. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. گردشگری روستایی به‌عنوان یکی از مردمی‌ترین اشکال گردشگری، آثار و مزایای فراوانی در حوزه‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی داشته و موجب حفظ جمعیت محلی در روستاها و کمک به توسعه پایدار روستایی می‌شود. توسعه سریع گردشگری روستایی محرک پژوهش‌های بسیاری در این حوزه بوده است، در نتیجه هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تحول مفهومی گردشگری روستایی و بررسی جریان‌های پژوهشی آن در این سال‌ها با استفاده از تکنیک‌های کتاب‌سنجی و مصورسازی است. بدین منظور، 2407 مقاله از پایگاه وب‌آوساینس (Web of science) بازیابی و توسط نرم‌افزار وی‌اواس ویوئر (VOS Viewer) مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها سیر صعودی انتشار و استناددهی به مقالات این حوزه را نشان می‌دهد که رکورد 352 مقاله در سال 2022 و 7934 استناد در 2023 را داشته است. همچنین برترین پژوهشگران، مجلات، کشورها و دانشگاه‌های این حوزه ازلحاظ تعداد استنادهای صورت گرفته به آن‌ها مشخص‌شده و تحلیل هم تألیفی کشورها، همکاری‌های جهانی صورت گرفته در پژوهش‌های این حوزه را به تصویر کشیده است. تحلیل هم‌آیندی واژگان نیز کلماتی از جمله گردشگری روستایی، توسعه پایدار، توسعه روستایی را پرتکرارترین واژگان این حوزه معرفی کرد. این تحلیل همچنین بر اساس سیر زمانی، روند تغییرات این حوزه را آشکار نمود که بر این اساس در ابتدا تمرکز پژوهش‌ها بر فرهنگ، مشارکت جامعه محلی و کیفیت خدمات بوده است. با اهمیت یافتن مفهوم گردشگری پایدار، موضوعاتی مانند محیط‌زیست بوم، اکوتوریسم، تاب‌آوری و سپس نوآوری، هم آفرینی ارزش، تجربه گردشگر، اقتصاد چرخشی موردتوجه قرارگرفته و اخیراً نیز تأثیر تکنولوژی مانند گردشگری هوشمند در تحقیقات این حوزه نفوذ داشته است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100234_3c5fa79be4a8b927fb729b29ff27ca03.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 21 Strategies for Ensuring Water Security in Rural Communities of Ilam Province تدوین راهبردهای تأمین امنیت آبی جوامع روستایی استان ایلام 51 66 100372 10.22059/jrur.2025.377532.1955 FA منوچهر تیموری گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی پایدار، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران علیرضا پورسعید گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی پایدار، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران مرجان واحدی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی پایدار، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران بهروز ناصری گروه منابع طبیعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد ایلام، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایلام، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 26 A B S T R A C T The dependence of rural communities, and especially the agricultural sector, on water resources is undeniable. During the last few decades, water shortages have caused more attention to the optimal management of these resources. Water security includes the capacity of the population to protect and maintain sustainable access to sufficient quantities and quality of water for sustainable livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development. This research aims to develop strategies for ensuring water security in rural communities of Ilam province. This research has used the prospective approach. At first, semi-structured interviews were conducted, which were analyzed by content analysis. The sample size in the final report was 17 experts, university professors, and farmers. The results of this part were returned to the respondents for a questionnaire. This research showed that the realization of water security in the studied area requires attention to the areas that have the most significant ability to influence other components. In this way, "determining the trustee of rural development, making policies for crisis management in the village, monitoring and checking the amount of water consumption in farms/installation of digital meters, changing the water price according to the type of cultivation, forming water harvesting associations and developing a new irrigation system" among other things can cover the target Extended Abstract Introduction As one of the smallest provinces in the country, Ilam province is not immune from the water shortage crisis. Per capita water consumption in Ilam province is four times the world's average, and the amount of precipitation is about half of the average. The share of water use in Ilam province in agriculture, industry, and drinking water sectors is 78, 16, and 6 %, respectively, which has caused many problems in the villages due to the lack of scientific use of water in the agriculture sector and the drought crisis. Therefore, according to the necessity of the issue and what was mentioned about the importance of water and its insecurity in the country, the spread and expansion of this phenomenon in the coming years is not expected, and the need to pay serious attention to it is felt. Thus, research focused on future forecasting of the water insecurity problem and strategy formulation can be considered a desirable solution, and the present research was carried out on this basis. Methodology The present research is descriptive and survey research. The sample size was 17 experts, university professors, and farmers who were selected by the purposeful snowball sampling method. This research consists of two stages. The first part was done with a qualitative approach, and the second part was done with a quantitative approach, which is described below. 1-Qualitative part: Content analysis was used to analyze the interviews in the qualitative part of the research. This research raised an open question: "In your opinion, what are the most important effective solutions in managing water resources?" Moreover, each respondent was asked to write down their opinion briefly and anonymously. 2- Quantitative part: In this research, the key drivers in the study area were identified by applying the "Drivers Analysis" technique. The information and data needed in this step were obtained by questionnaire/matrix of cross effects. First, all the components finalized in the previous stage were designed in the form of a "cross-effects" matrix and were returned to the interviewees in the previous step, and they were asked to score. After collecting the questionnaires, the resulting data were analyzed, and Micmac software was used in this section. Results and discussion The descriptive results related to the gender variable showed that the highest frequency was assigned to the female gender (21 people), and the lowest number belonged to men with a frequency of 16 people. Also, other results showed that the highest frequency was assigned to the master's degree (14 people); the next rank was the bachelor's degree, which had 2 frequencies. The number of people who had a doctorate included one person. On the other hand, the descriptive results related to the respondents' place of service show that most respondents are from the selected institutions directly and indirectly related to the subject. To reach the goal of the research, the collected interviews were analyzed using content analysis. The initial results were 76 codes, and after the analysis, it was tried to re-examine the open codes. In the continuation of this process and after categorizing the codes, duplicate and similar items were removed, and 49 solutions were finalized. In the final step, the codes were combined and summarized based on the following criteria, and as a result, 19 components were finalized. Finally, based on the respondents' opinion, the mentioned components can be effective in managing dehydration in the future. In this part, only the components were identified, and the prioritization or degree of importance of none of the mentioned items has not been specified. In this step, all the components obtained in the previous step were converted into a questionnaire and returned to the respondents, who were asked to give points. The results of this part show that there are six solutions other than drivers, which are: -Determining the custodian of rural development, -Making policies for crisis management in the village, -Monitoring and checking the amount of water consumption in farms/installing a digital meter, - Changing the water price according to the type of cultivation, -Forming water catchment associations -And developing a new irrigation system". Water security proves the government can provide sufficient and safe water to meet social, economic, and environmental sustainability needs. Water security is the availability of safe and reliable access to sufficient amounts of water to maintain livelihoods, people's well-being, socio-economic development, protection against pollution and disasters caused by water, and maintaining the ecosystem in an environment full of peace and political stability. Conclusion In this research, key drivers were identified in the study area. According to the results obtained in the previous stages, strategies should be formulated, and the content should follow the eight strategies that can cover the mentioned areas well. The results of this research showed that, without a doubt, the water crisis has not had a proper place in the country's policymaking. This has caused a lack of specific and comprehensive planning to face the crisis. Also, the existing programs have not reached a proper conclusion due to the partiality and lack of coordination of the institutions and organizations in charge of water affairs. Also, to reduce the existing problems, using the water market approach has received more and more attention at the national and international levels in recent years. The legal issues of water trade are among the most important things that should be considered in forming and developing water markets. In addition, in order to maintain the sustainability of the production of products in addition to the limited water resources, proper management of the available resources is needed. Therefore, the production of agricultural products will be stabilized by creating an optimal cultivation model while using the capacities of water, soil, and climate in principle. Water pricing for demand management; the economic valuation of water has an important and decisive role in efficiently allocating water resources, adopting appropriate policies, and making effective decisions. Finally, irrigation technology and agricultural water management can be cable irrigation, pressure irrigation methods (rain and drip), irrigation fertilizer, wave irrigation, low irrigation, use of wastewater in agriculture, cultivation of drought-resistant cultivars, and establishment of stations. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution First author: Drafting the principles; Second author: Data collection; Third author: Data analysis; Fourth author: Translation and final editing of the article and extended abstract. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. آسیب‌پذیری جوامع روستایی در برابر بحران‌های مرتبط با کم‌آبی بسیار ملموس است؛ زیرا آب یک ابزار اصلی تولید در این نواحی می‌باشد و امنیت آب دارای ویژگی‌ها و آثار بزرگ اجتماعی اقتصادی و جمعیتی است و نبود امنیت آب سبب ایجاد اعتراضات و درگیری‌هایی گسترده در جوامع روستایی می‌شود. لذا با توجه به‌ضرورت موضوع و آنچه در مورد اهمیت آب و ناامنی آن در جوامع روستایی ذکر شد، هدف تحقیق حاضر تدوین راهبردهای تأمین امنیت آبی در جوامع روستایی استان ایلام می‌باشد که در این راستا از رویکرد آینده‌نگاری و تکنیک تحلیل پیشران‌ها بهره برده شده است. اطلاعات موردنیاز توسط مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختارمند با 16 تن از کارشناسان سازمان جهاد کشاورزی، شرکت سهامی آب منطقه‌ای و اساتید دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی در استان ایلام گردآوری شد. با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا، مصاحبه‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده تحلیل شدند و نتایج اولیه 76 مؤلفه بود و در ادامه این فرایند و بعد از دسته‌بندی مؤلفه‌ها، موارد تکراری و مشابه حذف گردید و تعداد 41 مؤلفه نهایی شدند. سپس ماتریس تأثیرات متقاطع طراحی گردید و برای امتیازدهی، مجدداً به مصاحبه‌شوندگان ارسال شد. وزن دهی این ماتریس به‌صورت مقایسه‌ای زوجی و میزان ارتباط مؤلفه‌ها با همدیگر و با اعداد بین صفر تا سه سنجیده شد. بعد از گردآوری پرسش‌نامه‌ها، داده‌های حاصله تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند که در این بخش از نرم‌افزار میک‌مک استفاده شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که تحقق امنیت آب در منطقه موردمطالعه مستلزم توجه به حوزه‌هایی می‌باشد که بیشترین توانایی اثرگذاری بر سایر مؤلفه‌ها را دارند. بدین طریق که " مشخص کردن متولی توسعه روستایی، سیاست‌گذاری برای مدیریت بحران در روستا، پایش و بررسی میزان مصرف آب در مزارع/ نصب کنتور دیجیتال، تغییر آب‌بها به‌تناسب نوع کشت، تشکیل انجمن‌های آب‌بران و توسعه سامانه نوین آبیاری" جز مواردی هستند که می‌توانند هدف مدنظر را پوشش دهند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100372_a9995612babf1490e69c7df51ae12a7a.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 26 Analyzing the Obstacles of Entrepreneurship Planning of Tourism Destination: A case study of Kohkiloyeh and Boyer Ahmed Villages واکاوی موانع برنامه‌ریزی کارآفرینی مقصد گردشگری مطالعه موردی: روستاهای کهکیلویه و بویر احمد 67 84 100621 10.22059/jrur.2025.378310.1958 FA سید علی سینا بام زر گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ایران عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران ریباز قربانی گروه جغرافیای سیاسی،واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 26 A B S T R A C T The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the obstacles to entrepreneurship in tourist destination villages in Kohkiloye and Boyer Ahmad provinces. This research is qualitative and applied, with an inductive approach. It employs a mixed strategy of qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The statistical population in this research includes university experts, organizational experts, and local experts, which was determined using a non-random sampling method of the targeted type with the snowball technique of 30 people. The results of the research showed that economic, institutional-political, social, and ecological factors are, respectively, the most critical obstacles to the development of entrepreneurship in the tourism sector in the villages of the province. Weak investment in the public sector, lack of access to capital, lack of motivation for tourism development among the officials, cumbersome bureaucracy, lack of motivation towards the goal and foresight, and lack of technological infrastructure compatible with entrepreneurship are among the most important obstacles in this field. Also, the causal relationships between the variables using the structural equation model showed that the fit indices of the model were calculated higher than 0.9, which shows that the model fits the data and the data of this research have a good fit with the factor structure and the theoretical foundation of the research Extended Abstract Introduction Today, rural tourism is affected by various factors such as government policies, global economic growth, and the growth of multi-level communication and information technology. Lack of communication and coordination between organizations and institutions related to the field of rural tourism. Considering the importance of rural entrepreneurship, especially in the field of tourism, the need to address this issue becomes more critical. Therefore, the current research on the challenges affecting the development of rural ecotourism entrepreneurship is fruitful. The following article, which is the result of field visits and interviews with experts and specialists in this field, has tried to answer this important question: -What are the obstacles and challenges of entrepreneurship in the tourism sector in the villages under study in the provinces of Kohkiloye and Boyer Ahmad? Methodology The current research is of a qualitative type, and the classification of research is based on the purpose applied. The inductive research approach and strategy (implementation method) is a mixture of qualitative content analysis and Delphi. In the first stage, the available sources were carefully examined using the qualitative content analysis method, and the desired characteristics were compared to achieve the assumed characteristics. Then, using the Delphi technique and the questionnaire tool, experts' opinions were obtained to reach an expert consensus on the developed indicators and their structure. The statistical population in this research includes university experts, organizational experts, and local experts. A non-random sampling method with a snowball technique was used to select the panel members. Kendall's correlation coefficient was used to determine the level of agreement among panel members. In the second stage of the research, factor analysis and structural equation methods were used to identify the most important barriers to entrepreneurial planning of tourist destinations in the studied villages. Results and discussion The results of factor analysis showed that the economic factor with 42.01 and a special value of 14.045, the second factor with 25.66 and a special value of 8.848, the third factor with 19.754 and a particular value of 6.101, and finally, the fourth factor with 13.258 and the special value of 5.15 have contributed the most in explaining the changes of 44 items. The research results are congruent with studies results such as (Taghdisi et al., 2015); (Eshraghi Samani et al., 2016); (Chraghi et al., 2022); (Mohammadi et al., 2021); (Imani et al., 2022); (Klein et al., 2014); (Altiani et al., 2016); (Mitrabana et al., 2019). Weakness of investment in the public sector, lack of access to capital, distance from the local and regional market, non-profitability of agricultural activities due to the existence of brokers in transactions, neglect of the economic importance of handicraft products, and lack of legitimacy for new investment ideas. The limitation of the demand market for the sale of products due to being far from the city center, the lack of a strong non-governmental sector in the village, the lack of appropriate market access mechanisms, the lack of insurance and consulting support for entrepreneurship, the lack of motivation for tourism development among the officials, the bureaucracy Pagir, lack of motivation towards the goal and foresight in indigenous people, lack of access to information, educational and communication centers, the lack of importance of social patterns for tourists and so on at the destination can be considered among the most important planning obstacles mentioned in the field of entrepreneurship in tourism destination villages. Conclusion The research results show that the combination of social responsibility, environmental responsibility, growth and development through ecotourism, and ecotourism innovations and creativity provide the necessary conditions for the development of rural ecotourism entrepreneurship. Achieving the development of rural ecotourism entrepreneurship in the study area will be smoother when the innovation of tourism entrepreneurship is used at the same time in accordance with the prevailing atmosphere of the study area and is more compatible with these conditions; Tourism entrepreneurship has provided platforms for growth and development and improvement of quality of life for the host community. Also, since tourism is an industry that must protect its products for survival, tourism businesses' compatibility with the environment is the leading platform. Finally, tourism activities and businesses coordinated with the social context and cultural structure of the host society, in addition to protecting the cultural heritage and improving their sense of self-confidence, lead to the acceptance and acceptability of these activities in the host society and as a result, will bring active participation of them in the development process. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution First author: Drafting the principles; Second author: Data collection; Third author: Data analysis; Fourth author: Translation and final editing of the article and extended abstract. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی موانع کارآفرینی در روستاهای مقصد گردشگری در استان کهکیلویه و بویراحمد انجام‌شده است. این پژوهش از نوع کیفی و در طبقه‌بندی تحقیقات بر مبنای هدف، کاربردی؛ از نظر رویکرد پژوهشی استقرایی و از نظر استراتژی آمیزه‌ای از تحلیل محتوای کیفی و کمی است. جامعه آماری در پژوهش حاضر شامل خبرگان دانشگاهی، خبرگان سازمانی و خبرگان محلی می‌باشند؛ که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری غیر تصادفی از نوع هدفمند با تکنیک گلوله برفی 30 نفر تعیین شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که عوامل اقتصادی، نهادی- سیاستی، اجتماعی و عامل اکولوژیکی به ترتیب مهم‌ترین موانع در مسیر توسعه کارآفرینی در بخش گردشگری در روستاهای استان هستند و از جمله موانع مهم در این بخش‌ها می‌توان به ضعف سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش دولتی و عدم دسترسی به سرمایه، عدم انگیزه توسعه گردشگری در بین مسئولان، بوروکراسی دست و پاگیر، عدم انگیزه نسبت به هدف و آینده‌نگری و کمبود زیرساخت‌های تکنولوژی سازگار با کارآفرینی را می‌توان نام برد. همچنین روابط علی بین متغیرها با استفاده از مدل معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که شاخص‌های برازش مدل‌بالاتر از 9/0 محاسبه شدند که نشان از این می‌باشد که مدل برازنده داده‌ها می‌باشد و داده‌های این پژوهش با ساختار عاملی و زیربنای نظری تحقیق برازش مناسبی دارند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100621_6ff92f6ff39ab143fad95022a2dc0009.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 27 The Evaluation of Tourist Villages of Iran in terms of Geophysical Vulnerability using Fuzzy Scenarios ارزیابی روستاهای گردشگری ایران از لحاظ آسیب‌پذیری ژئوفیزیکی با استفاده از سناریوهای فازی 85 100 100498 10.22059/jrur.2024.383580.1993 FA حجت صادقی گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران فرهاد جوان گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 27 A B S T R A C T Part of the development of tourist villages depends on the environmental parameters and their optimal management. In this context, geophysical damages can be a clear example of factors and natural hazards that are effective in the development of tourist villages. Therefore, the recognition and analysis of tourist villages in terms of geophysical vulnerability can be very important, and action should be in line with environmental planning and crisis prevention. In this research, this topic has been done for Iran's tourism target villages based on fuzzy scenarios in GIS. The analytical-quantitative research method compiles and analyzes data based on fuzzy logic scenarios (optimistic, pessimistic, and balanced) in GIS. In this research, geophysical variables, including active faults, soil texture and granularity, flood plains, protected areas, Landslide points, Land slope, and geological formations, were used. The results showed that more than 543 Tourist villages of Iran in the pessimistic scenario have a maximum geophysical vulnerability with a value of one; 201 villages in the balanced scenario have a maximum vulnerability with a maximum value equal to 0.7, and in the optimistic scenario, 98 villages have the maximum geophysical vulnerability with a value of 1. Also, examining the spatial distribution pattern of Iran's tourist villages in terms of geophysical vulnerability in three pessimistic, balanced, and optimistic scenarios through Moran's index showed that the dominant spatial pattern is a cluster. As a result, the vulnerability of tourist villages is influenced by various geographical factors such as roads, formations, topography, landslides, etc. Consequently, significant touristic villages are exposed to geophysical risks, which should be adopted according to the priority for risk management and prevention Extended Abstract Introduction Part of the development of tourist villages depends on the environmental parameters and their optimal management. In this context, geophysical damages can be a clear example of factors and natural hazards that are effective in the development of tourist villages. Knowing and prioritizing tourist villages based on geophysical criteria can be a positive step in this field. According to the available statistics, there are more than 980 tourist villages in Iran. Of course, this number changes occasionally and is based on various managerial decisions. This number of tourist villages, each with a special geographical location, shows the necessity of investigating the issue. Therefore, in line with the planning and management of the development of tourist villages, an important part of this development depends on the management of environmental and geophysical issues. Thus, the recognition and analysis of tourist villages in terms of geophysical vulnerability can be very important, and action should be in line with environmental planning and crisis prevention. In this research, this topic has been done for Iran's tourism target villages based on fuzzy scenarios in GIS. Methodology The research method is based on the descriptive-analytical nature and based on the practical and usable goal for environmental planning and prevention of possible threats and crises. Data analysis is designed and implemented based on fuzzy scenario writing in GIS. Explaining that by examining the characteristics of tourist villages, available data, and previous studies, in order to evaluate and prioritize geophysical vulnerability from seven variables of distance from active geological faults, soil characteristics (texture and grain size), the characteristics of geological formations based on the period, distance from flood plains, distance from protected areas, distance from landslides and land slope are used. Also, in order to prepare the data, apply any analysis and processing on these data, and combine the final maps, ArcGIS software was used. In short, the steps of conducting the present research are as follows: First, the initial data was identified, and then their preparation was done; next, a map of each parameter was prepared. In the next step, environmental data was standardized using fuzzy membership functions. The next stage of the research is the weighting of standardized environmental data using the hierarchical analysis process method. Next, geophysical vulnerability assessment and prioritization were done using optimistic, balanced, and pessimistic scenarios. In the end, tourist villages were presented in terms of geophysical vulnerability based on each scenario using different maps. Results and discussion In this research, Iran's tourism villages, which have more than 980 villages, whose number has changed periodically and based on various management decisions, have been investigated in terms of geophysical vulnerability. The analysis of the results shows that a large part of Iran's tourist villages is exposed to maximum geophysical vulnerability. Thus, in the pessimistic scenario, more than 543 villages, in the balanced scenario, 201 villages, and in the optimistic scenario, 98 villages out of a total of 980 villages have been exposed to maximum vulnerability between 0.7 and 1. Three types of criteria are distance from the fault, distance from the flood plains, and distance from the landslide points, each of which creates a type of natural hazard and has played the most significant impact and role in increasing the vulnerability of tourist villages. Comparing the results of vulnerability scenarios shows that many tourist villages in Iran need proper planning and management to reduce geophysical vulnerability. Another point is that the spatial analysis of villages in Iran indicates that the tourist villages in the west and north of Iran are more geophysically vulnerable. This issue can be due to geological and climatic reasons, the density of faults, channels, and specific geographical factors in these areas. In the current research, the importance of geophysical criteria, such as geological formations, faults, landslides, channels, etc., has been pointed out in the degree of vulnerability of tourist villages. The degree of vulnerability of villages has been aggravated or weakened according to these criteria. Also, the analysis of the results shows that in all three pessimistic, balanced, and optimistic scenarios, the pattern or distribution of tourist villages in terms of geophysical vulnerability is a cluster pattern. In other words, any cluster or group of villages that have a degree of geophysical vulnerability is affected by certain geographical factors. In fact, various factors are effective in the formation of such a model for tourist villages, and the sum of geographical factors and their differences in different regions of Iran is considered one of the most important. As a result, various factors such as topography, soil, geology, rivers, landslides, etc. can effectively distribute Iranian tourist villages and their clustering in terms of vulnerability. Conclusion Consequently, the vulnerability of tourist villages is influenced by various geographical factors such as roads, formations, topography, landslides, etc. Significant touristic villages are exposed to geophysical risks, which should be adopted according to the priority for risk management and prevention. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. آسیب‌های ژئوفیزیکی می‌تواند نمونه بارزی از عوامل و مخاطرات طبیعی مؤثر در توسعه روستاهای گردشگری باشد. شناخت و تحلیل روستاهای گردشگری از لحاظ آسیب‌پذیری ژئوفیزیکی می‌تواند بسیار مهم و یک اقدام در راستای برنامه‌ریزی محیطی و پیشگیری از بحران باشد. در این پژوهش این موضوع برای روستاهای هدف گردشگری ایران بر اساس سناریوهای فازی در GIS انجام‌شده است. روش پژوهش تحلیلی-کمی و مبتنی بر تحلیل داده‌ها بر اساس سناریوهای منطق فازی (خوش‌بینانه، بدبینانه و متعادل) در GIS است. در این پژوهش متغیرهای ژئوفیزیکی شامل گسل‌های فعال؛ بافت و دانه‌بندی خاک؛ دشت‌های سیلابی؛ مناطق حفاظت‌شده؛ نقاط زمین‌لغزش؛ شیب زمین و سازندهای زمین‌شناسی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد بیش از 543 روستای گردشگری ایران در سناریوی بدبینانه دارای حداکثر آسیب‌پذیری ژئوفیزیکی با مقدار یک؛ 201 روستا در سناریوی متعادل دارای حداکثر آسیب‌پذیری با حداکثر مقدار برابر با 7/0 و در سناریوی خوش‌بینانه، 98 روستا دارای حداکثر آسیب‌پذیری ژئوفیزیکی با مقدار یک بوده‌اند. همچنین بررسی الگوی توزیع فضایی روستاهای گردشگری ایران از لحاظ میزان آسیب‌پذیری ژئوفیزیکی در سه سناریوی بدبینانه، متعادل و خوش‌بینانه از طریق شاخص موران نشان داد الگوی فضایی غالب، خوشه‌ای است. در نتیجه آسیب‌پذیری روستاها تحت تأثیر عوامل جغرافیایی مختلف از جمله مسیل‌ها، سازندها، توپوگرافی، زمین‌لغزش و... است. نتیجه آنکه روستاهای گردشگری قابل‌توجه ای در معرض خطرات ژئوفیزیکی قرار دارند که بایستی رویکرد مناسب با توجه به اولویت برای مدیریت و پیشگیری از مخاطرات برای آن‌ها اتخاذ شود.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100498_ea443cde13388364142254804d81c047.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 26 Analysis of the capabilities of the leading villages in employment generation: A case study of villages of Sistan region تحلیل توانمندی‌های روستاهای پیشرو در اشتغال‌زایی مطالعه موردی: روستاهای منطقه سیستان 101 115 100522 10.22059/jrur.2024.370721.1903 FA میثم بندانی گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران 0009-0007-9473-7204 سیروس قنبری گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران جواد بذرافشان گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران Journal Article 2024 05 25 A B S T R A C T It is one of the ways to promote the possibility of employment. Paying attention to the environmental and human talents and capabilities of the village is a planning necessity. Especially the villages that are leading and ahead of other villages both potentially and actually. The purpose of this research is to analyze the capabilities of the leading villages in employment generation. In this regard, data collection has been done in two ways, library and field. The statistical population of this research is 26 villages of Purahari in Sistan region, and the information of the villages was conducted in the form of field observations and interviews with the villagers and members of the Islamic Council of the village. The results prove that the leading villages of Sistan region have high capabilities for creating employment in terms of environmental and human characteristics, which can be a model for other villages. The findings show that Khamar village with the most car-related job activities, Machine village of the region, Loutak village with the most market service activities, village market and Amirnezam village of village carpet of Sistan were recognized. Also, Qalle - No village is a special tourism village and Milk village is a market and border village of the region. In the leading villages in employment, there are nearly 60 types of job activities, some of which did not exist in the villages before, which is a sign of great diversity in these villages. These features and capabilities can open the way for the growth and progress of other villages in the region. Extended abstract Introduction It is one of the ways to promote the possibility of employment. Paying attention to the village's environmental and human talents and capabilities is a planning necessity. Especially the villages that are leading and ahead of other villages both potentially and actually. Employment is considered one of the basic components of rural and agricultural development. Peace of mind and provision of physical and mental well-being are realized in the shade of obtaining a suitable job and professional terms of employment; some villages are leaders in creating employment for their residents. Measuring the capabilities of these villages is an inevitable necessity to achieve the rule of law governing their success and job creation. Due to the newness of the subject under study and the lack of criteria and indicators to identify the leading villages, an extensive library and document surveys were conducted, and through several stages, 26 leading villages were identified in the Sistan region. In this regard, the present research aims to analyze the capabilities of the leading villages of Sistan region in creating employment. According to the mentioned cases, this research tries to answer the following question in the research process: - What are the geographical capabilities of the leading villages in employment generation in Sistan region? Methodology The type of research in this research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. According to the research subject, the technique of collecting statistics and information required is library-documentary and field. In the library method, reading books, reviewing articles and theses, and analyzing data published by statistical yearbooks and the general population and housing census results were used. In the field method, data collection has been done by relying on the methods of being in the area, observing and interviewing villagers and local experts. The indicators examined in this article include the analysis of natural and human capabilities and, most importantly, the introduction of the job capabilities of the advanced villages of the Sistan region. It is important to note that the job opportunities discussed in the mentioned villages are created and managed by residents. Therefore, this research has not included positions such as civil servants and government roles. A table was used to get a more detailed analysis of the available capabilities of the studied villages. Results and discussion The analysis of the settlement of villages shows that all the rural areas of Sistan region are located in plains. Sistan region has a hot and dry desert climate. According to the 30-year meteorological statistics of Zabol, there are more than 300 dry days per year on average in this region. According to the Gosen method, its climate is desert; based on the Kopen method, it is dry and very hot with a dry summer. Sistan region has challenges such as drought and sandstorms. In this period of drought, digging wells have played a special role in the rural economy in recent years. Field research shows that the leading villages in employment have also used the well drilling technique to reduce the risk to water resources. In terms of population, the leading villages have a good situation. Among the studied villages, the villages of Mohammad Shahkaram, Sefid Abe, and Amir Nezam have the largest rural population compared to other villages. Also, the villages of Shandol, Loutak, and Khamar have the lowest rural populations compared to other villages. In terms of the employment situation in different economic sectors, in the leading villages in employment, the service job is more popular, and with an allocation of about 46.6%, it ranks first among the three desired job positions in the studied villages. Field studies and research findings indicate that there are nearly 60 types of job activities in the leading villages in terms of employment, which shows the great diversity in these villages. Conclusion The Sistan region's villages suffer from major challenges such as drought, water scarcity, economic stagnation, sand storms, rural migration, village evacuation, unemployment, and unfavorable job situation. Economists state that the provision of full employment along with continuous economic growth, stabilization of the price level, and balancing of payments are the four economic goals. However, they consider full employment to be the most important. It is worth mentioning that employment is the basic pillar of growth and progress; at the same time, it also brings comfort and well-being to society. Spinoza believes that work is the deepest and most stable form of social life in human life, without which neither production, expansion, nor the increase of means and necessities of life can be imagined. In this regard, one of the ways to get employment is to give importance to the abilities, talents, and capabilities of people and villagers. The current research aimed to identify the capabilities of the leading villages in employment so that they can be put on the agenda of other villages to create employment. The research findings show the special capabilities of the progressive villages of Sistan region. Amirnezam village was known as the village carpet of Sistan, Khamar village as the machine village of Sistan, and Loutak village as the village market of Sistan. Qalle- No village was a special tourism village, and Milk village was the region's market and border village. Also, the findings showed the diversity of job activities in progressive villages and activities that did not exist in the villages before. These features and capabilities can open the way for the growth and progress of other regional villages. In this regard, the following suggestions are made: - Leading villages can become the model of other villages in Sistan region so that they can follow the path of progress. - Departments related to employment can emphasize the success factors of progressive villages so that these villages can progress faster. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. یکی از راه‌های به منصه ظهور رسانیدن توانمندی اشتغال است. توجه به استعدادها و توانمندی‌های محیطی و انسانی روستا یک ضرورت برنامه‌ریزی می‌باشد. بالأخص روستاهایی که پیشرو و جلوتر از دیگر روستاها به‌صورت بالقوه و بالفعل می‌باشند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تحلیل توانمندی‌های روستاهای پیشرو در اشتغال‌زایی است. ماهیت این پژوهش از حیث هدف، کاربردی و به لحاظ روش، توصیفی – تحلیلی می‌باشد. در این راستا جمع‌آوری اطلاعات به دو صورت کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی صورت گرفته است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق 26 روستای پیشروی منطقه سیستان می‌باشد که اطلاعات روستاها به‌صورت مشاهده میدانی و مصاحبه با دهیاران و اعضای شورای اسلامی روستا انجام‌شده است. نتایج گواه از آن است که روستاهای پیشرو منطقه سیستان به لحاظ ویژگی‌های محیطی و انسانی دارای قابلیت‌های بالایی جهت ایجاد اشتغال بوده که می‌تواند الگوی دیگر روستاها باشند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد روستای خمر با بیشترین فعالیت‌های شغلی در ارتباط با ماشین، روستا ماشین منطقه، روستای لوتک با بیشترین فعالیت‌های خدماتی بازار، روستا بازار و روستای امیرنظام روستای فرش سیستان شناخته شدند. همچنین روستای قلعه‌نو به‌عنوان روستای ویژه توریسم و روستای میلک به‌عنوان روستای بازارچه و مرزی منطقه می‌باشند. در روستاهای پیشرو در اشتغال نزدیک به 60 نوع فعالیت شغلی، که برخی فعالیت‌ها قبلاً در روستاها وجود نداشتند، که خود نشان از تنوع فراوان در این روستاها است. این ویژگی‌ها و توانمندی‌ها می‌تواند راهگشای رشد و پیشرفت سایر روستاهای منطقه باشد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100522_7e4a74cd88b9a77c9b783e2584e88918.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 26 Identifying and Explaining Multiple Functional and Non-Functional Factors in the Field of Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism: A case study of villages of Sarein city شناسایی و تبیین عوامل کارکردی و غیر کارکردی چندگانه در زمینه توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی مطالعه موردی: روستاهای شهرستان سرعین 117 138 100512 10.22059/jrur.2024.372831.1914 FA بهرام ایمانی گروه برنامه‌ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران جواد معدنی گروه مدیریت دولتی و گردشگری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 26 A B S T R A C T The sustainable development of rural tourism is a multifaceted and very important phenomenon. Today, most countries are trying to use the capacity and potential of rural areas to create sustainable development of rural tourism. However, this category has different contexts and approaches, and different factors play a role. The main goal of the current research is to identify and explain multiple functional and non-functional factors in the sustainable development of rural tourism in the villages of Sarein, which has been investigated using a mixed method. The approach used in this research is a partially mixed sequential dominant status design, which takes place in two qualitative-qualitative phases. In the first phase, using the scope review qualitative method, relevant indicators have been identified and counted from related studies, and in the second phase, using the Delphi qualitative method, multiple functional and non-functional roles in the field of sustainable development of rural tourism have been explained from the perspective of experts have become. Based on the research findings, 17 related internal and external studies were identified in the first phase, and their confirmation indicators were extracted using the scope method. In the second phase, by holding three consecutive Delphi rounds, 12 experts categorized functional and non-functional indicators into six components and 81 indicators. According to the present research results, the sustainable development of rural tourism in Sarein is due to various causes and factors, each of which has multiple impacts and impressions. Rural tourism, as a huge and rich potential in various fields, has a developmental and reconstructive role in the villages of Sarein, and paying attention to its functional components can bring all-round rural development and progress and adopting measures for management and control of non-functional components also prevent other harms and threats Extended Abstract Introduction Rural tourism is one of the most popular types of tourism today, and it includes a combination of effective factors that have developed significantly in recent decades.Today, rural tourism has adopted new trends and plays an important role in the sustainable development of rural tourism communities. Rural areas are important for the development of tourism because they are ecologically attractive areas that, in addition to nature, have a rich traditional culture that is very attractive. Therefore, adopting rural tourism as an alternative development approach has become a preferred strategy to balance economic, social, cultural, and environmental regeneration and sustainable development. Thus, for most thinkers, Rural tourism has been considered an opportunity to promote local development, representing activities that cause change in rural areas. Although many studies have paid attention to the positive and negative factors affecting the sustainable development of rural tourism, research that can examine both cases together has not been done so far, and paying attention to these two important factors is the main focus. On the other hand, even though various studies have proposed components and variables in this field, there is still a lack of findings that can explain this dual role well, and from this point of view, this subject area lacks theoretical foundations. On the other hand, it can be seen that some related studies in this field often take an incomplete path that does not lead to the presentation of conclusive results or findings; for this reason, in this study, the identification and explanation of multiple functional and non-functional factors in the sustainable development of rural tourism is focused, which means that first these factors are identified and then we explain the dimensions and aspects that include them from the perspective of experts. The keyword "multiple" has been used to describe these factors in two ways, one is related to the fact that these factors have different dimensions and aspects that must be identified, and the second is that these factors can be in addition to the impact and impressions related to themselves include other consequences and this category adds to their complexity and multidimensionality. The following presents the theoretical foundations and research background, research methodology, research findings, discussion, and conclusions. Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and hybrid in nature. The method used is mixed, and the approach used is a partially mixed sequential dominant status design, which takes place in two qualitative-qualitative phases. In the first phase, using the scope review qualitative method, relevant indicators have been identified and counted from related studies, and in the second phase, using the Delphi qualitative method, multiple functional and non-functional roles in sustainable development of rural tourism have been explained from the perspective of experts have become. In the first phase, where the scope review method was used, related indicators were identified and counted through various studies in this field. In the second phase of the research, which used the Delphi qualitative method, the researcher provides the items extracted from the previous phase to relevant experts to express their opinions regarding multiple functional and non-functional indicators in the sustainable development of rural tourism. In this phase, 12 experts who were well acquainted with Sarein were selected using targeted sampling. Their main expertise is in tourism, rural tourism, sustainable development, and urban and rural planning. It was geography that participated in three Delphi rounds. By reviewing the relevant theoretical literature in this field, 17 research studies related to the topic were identified and sent to the scope review stage for analysis and review. Results and discussion By reviewing the relevant theoretical literature in this field, 17 research studies related to the topic were identified and sent to the scope review stage for analysis and review. Relevant researches have different approaches and perspectives. About 192 indicators were extracted, and each was sent in a specialized form to the experts of the next stage - the Delphi method. According to experts, these indicators can be classified and analyzed as cultural and social, economic, environmental and physical, managerial and political, environmental and health, technology, and infrastructure. For this reason, each component, along with the indicators, is numbered in the related rows, the right column as main components or categories, and the left column as indicators or sub-categories. Based on the experts, these factors are the main functional and non-functional factors in the sustainable development of rural tourism in Sarein. Each case includes various dimensions and aspects, making them not one-dimensional. Conclusion According to the cultural and social components extracted from the second phase of the research, it can be concluded that in Sarein city; factors such as "continuous improvement of tourism values; improving the education and health of the rural community; ensuring the living standards of the rural people; useful cultural exchange; reducing the migration of villagers to the cities; increasing the experiences and awareness of the rural community; improving the quality and value of rural tourism" as Functional factors are in line with the sustainable development of tourism, and such factors as "unacceptance of the local community; increase in crime and delinquency; negative cultural changes; cultural conflict between the host and guest communities; the possibility of damage to the socio-cultural values of the village; values, approaches, and traditional products give way to modern products; the possibility of the phenomenon of imitating urban culture can appear as non-functional factors. This category is due to the multi-dimensionality of the consequences and subsequent effects. The non-functional factors show that the nature or traditional folk culture is still not enough for the sustainable development of rural tourism in Sarein, and since the socio-cultural component is a key factor of the local community and its attitude towards the performance of tourism in the region, attention and care should be taken. Both functional and non-functional factors have a high impact on economic components. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی به‌عنوان یک پدیده چندوجهی و بسیار مهم است. امروزه اکثر کشورها سعی می‌کنند تا با استفاده از ظرفیت و پتانسیل‌های مناطق روستایی، در زمینه ایجاد توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی اقدام نمایند. اما این مقوله دارای زمینه و رویکردهای مختلفی است و عوامل متفاوتی در آن نقش دارند. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی و تبیین عوامل کارکردی و غیر کارکردی چندگانه در زمینه توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی در روستاهای شهرستان سرعین است که با استفاده از روش ترکیبی به بررسی این موضوع پرداخته‌شده است. رویکرد مورداستفاده در این تحقیق، رویکرد نسبی متوالی با وزن نابرابر است که در دو فاز کیفی-کیفی صورت می‌پذیرد. در فاز اول با استفاده از روش کیفی مرور دامنه، شاخص‌های مربوطه را از تحقیقات مرتبط شناسایی و احصا شده‌اند و در فاز دوم، با استفاده از روش کیفی دلفی نقش‌های کارکردی و غیر کارکردی چندگانه در زمینه توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی از منظر خبرگان تبیین شده‌اند. مطابق با یافته‌های تحقیق، در فاز اول با استفاده از روش مرور دامنه، 17 تحقیق داخلی و خارجی مرتبط شناسایی و شاخص‌های تأییدی آن‌ها استخراج شدند. در فاز دوم، با برگزاری سه راند متوالی دلفی، 12 تن از خبرگان شاخص‌های کارکردی و غیر کارکردی در شش بعد و 81 شاخص دسته‌بندی کردند. مطابق با نتایج تحقیق حاضر، توسعه پایدار گردشگری روستایی در شهرستان سرعین، مرهون علل و عوامل مختلفی است که هریک، تأثیر و تأثرات چندگانه‌ای را در پی‌دارند. گردشگری روستایی به‌عنوان یک پتانسیل عظیم و غنی در زمینه‌های مختلف، نقش توسعه‌ای و باز سازنده را در روستاهای شهرستان سرعین دارد و توجه به عوامل کارکردی آن می‌توانند توسعه و پیشرفت همه‌جانبه روستایی را به بار آورد و اتخاذ اقدامات در قبال مدیریت و کنترل عوامل غیر کارکردی نیز از سایر مضرات و تهدیدات جلوگیری می‌نمایند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100512_f52c1646f7f3f6e745c5bd17f8aa8b8c.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 27 Identifying the Network of Subjects Related to Women's Employment in Rural Handicraft Industries شناسایی شبکه مضامین اشتغال زنان در صنایع دستی روستایی 139 153 100507 10.22059/jrur.2025.378363.1959 FA ندا زرندیان گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکده جغرا فیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 27 A B S T R A C T Various handicraft capacities in different villages in the country have provided a basis for easier and more accessible employment for women. Therefore, the current research aimed to identify the barriers and capacities of this field from the perspective of women active in rural handicrafts in the country. The current research is qualitative. Sampling (16 people) among the target population of female entrepreneurs and workers in the field of handicrafts in the country was started in a purposeful-available manner, and the snowball method was continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. The text of the interviews was coded using the thematic analysis method and MAXQDA 2020. A total of 71 codes, 31 basic themes, 12 organizing themes, and three overarching themes were identified. Three overarching themes have been identified, including the capacity of employment in handicrafts for women (including the organizing themes of the specific capacities of handicrafts, the effects of employment in handicrafts, and the support of others for women's employment), obstacles to women's employment in handicrafts (including the organizing themes of obstacles social, family, government, product and tourism market, financial, and skill barriers), and proposals for women's employment in handicrafts (including organizing themes of macro-level, business-level, and individual-level proposals). The findings can be used for better policy-making in line with women's employment in rural handicrafts and to improve women's performance in this field. Extended Abstract Introduction Women's empowerment in rural handicrafts is a pivotal force in fostering economic growth and sustainable development, yet it remains an underexplored territory in research. This study endeavors to bridge this critical gap by delving deeply into the challenges and opportunities women actively engaged in rural handicraft enterprises face, shedding light on their experiences, barriers, and aspirations. Methodology Embarking on a meticulous methodological journey, this study adopted a purposive sampling approach, zeroing in on 16 female entrepreneurs who play pivotal roles in the rural handicraft sector. Through in-depth interviews and rigorous data analysis facilitated by the MAXQDA 2020 software, a rich tapestry of insights and narratives emerged, culminating in the extraction of 71 distinct codes that encapsulated the essence of women's experiences in this domain. Results and discussion The results of the study indicate that women in rural handicrafts face a number of challenges, including a lack of social, family, government, product and marketing, financial, and skill barriers. However, women in this sector also possess several strengths, including capacities related to handicrafts, supporting others, and employment effects. Based on the findings, the study identifies several recommendations for empowering women in this sector, including suggestions at different macro, business, and individual levels. Specifically, the findings reveal that women in rural handicrafts often face significant barriers to entering and succeeding in the industry. These barriers include: Social barriers: These include barriers related to village culture and gender. Slandering rural people is caused by the closed environment of the village, and things like not taking women seriously, inappropriate treatment of colleagues, looking down on men, and gender discrimination are among the things related to this category. Family barriers: These include men's opposition to women's employment, lack of family support, and household responsibilities. Government barriers: Inefficiency of the loan process is a government obstacle. Product and marketing barriers: These include the non-use of handicrafts, the abuse of dealers, and the lack of buyers for handicrafts. Financial barriers: Financial obstacles for handicraft artists include the cost of attending exhibitions, difficulties obtaining raw materials, the long duration of the cold return period, and the high cost of handicrafts. Skill barriers: Skill barriers for women active in rural handicrafts include the lack of up-to-date handicraft training. Despite these challenges, women in rural handicrafts also possess several strengths that can be leveraged to support their success. These strengths include the following. Capacities related to handicrafts: Key concepts related to handicraft capacities, such as access to raw materials, the variety of handicrafts in different provinces, the possibility of creating practical products with handicraft skills, familiarity with handicrafts from childhood, and providing training in handicrafts, were identified. Supporting others: Supporting others includes supporting the family and respecting women. Employment effects: According to interviewees, the effects of employment in handicrafts include generating income for women and increasing their social participation. Based on these findings, this study recommends several steps that can be taken to empower women in rural handicrafts at different levels: Macro level: This is related to the kind of support that government organizations and institutions can provide to encourage the employment of women in the field of handicrafts. These proposals can be categorized into three areas: marketing and sales, advisory, and media. Business level: At the business level, two categories of cooperation can be proposed as paying attention to the market and the customer and starting a family business. The cooperation category refers to paying attention to cooperation and empathy with other activists. Paying attention to the market and customers in the form of topics such as paying attention to local capacities and providing functional products, providing new, creative works that are in line with customer needs, recognizing the needs and tastes of the market, branding handicrafts, and making handicrafts practical should be included in the employment of women in the field. Therefore, handicrafts should also be considered. Individual level: At the individual level, increasing self-confidence is key. By adopting these steps, we can create a more equitable and supportive environment for women in rural handicrafts. This will help ensure that women can participate in the industry on an equal footing with men and contribute to the economic development of their communities. Transitioning into the discussion phase, this study amplifies the implications of the findings, unraveling the policy implications and support mechanisms necessary for creating an enabling environment for women in rural handicraft employment. By advocating for gender-responsive policies and targeted interventions, this study seeks to pave the way for a more inclusive, equitable, and empowering landscape for women artisans and entrepreneurs. Conclusion In summary, this study serves as a beacon of hope and progress, illuminating the way forward for women's economic empowerment through rural handicrafts. By unpacking the nuances of women's experiences, challenges, and opportunities in this sector, this study lays the groundwork for transformative change, forging a path toward a more vibrant, inclusive, and resilient future for women artisans in rural communities. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. ظرفیت‌های متنوع صنایع‌دستی در روستاهای مختلف کشور زمینه‌ای را برای اشتغال آسان‌تر و در دسترس تر زنان فراهم آورده است. ازاین‌رو، هدف از پژوهش حاضر شناسایی موانع و ظرفیت‌های این حوزه از نگاه زنان فعال در صنایع‌دستی روستایی کشور بود. پژوهش حاضر از منظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر گردآوری داده‌ها از نوع کیفی است. نمونه‌گیری (16 نفر) از میان جامعه هدف زنان کارآفرین شاغل در زمینه صنایع‌دستی کشور به‌صورت هدفمند- در دسترس شروع و با استفاده از روش گلوله برفی تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. گردآوری داده‌ها با مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته انجام شد. متن مصاحبه با روش تحلیل مضمون به سبک آتراید و استرلینگ و توسط نرم‌افزار Maxqda2020 کدگذاری گردید. درمجموع 71 کد، 31 مضمون پایه، 12 مضمون سازمان دهنده و سه مضمون فراگیر شناسایی شدند. مضامین فراگیر شناسایی‌شده شامل ظرفیت‌های اشتغال در صنایع‌دستی برای زنان (شامل مضامین سازمان دهنده ظرفیت‌های خاص صنایع‌دستی، آثار اشتغال در صنایع‌دستی و حمایت دیگران از اشتغال زنان)، موانع اشتغال زنان در صنایع‌دستی (شامل مضامین سازمان دهنده موانع اجتماعی، موانع خانوادگی، موانع دولتی، موانع محصول و بازار گردشگری، موانع مالی و موانع مهارتی) و پیشنهادهای برای اشتغال زنان در صنایع‌دستی (شامل مضامین سازمان دهنده پیشنهادهای سطح کلان، پیشنهادهای سطح کسب‌وکار و پیشنهادهای سطح فردی) هستند. یافته‌ها می‌تواند برای سیاست‌گذاری بهتر اشتغال زنان در زمینه صنایع‌دستی روستایی و همچنین بهبود عملکرد زنان به کار گرفته شود.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100507_b52f4758f7ce0fe4d1e041ff0b1d2fac.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 21 Perception of Rural Communities on the Components of Smart Tourism Destinations: A case study of Qom Province ادراک مردم روستایی از مؤلفه‌های مقصد گردشگری هوشمند، مطالعه موردی: استان قم 155 177 100511 10.22059/jrur.2024.370216.1898 FA زهرا میرزائی رزق آباد گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران 0009-0000-3237-0979 مریم قاسمی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران امید علی خوارزمی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 27 A B S T R A C T Given the significant role of technology in tourism, addressing amortization is crucial for the growth and development of this sector. As the tourism industry is the primary factor influencing the economy of Qom province, the present study assesses villagers' perceptions regarding the components of smart tourism in 12 tourist destination villages within the province. This research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology based on a questionnaire and statistical analysis. The dimensions for measuring the "smartness" of a geographical area are evaluated using the Cohen model, which includes six distinct dimensions. The unit of analysis consists of rural households residing in the tourist destination villages of Qom province. The sample size was determined to be 222 households using the Cochran formula, and the reliability of the research tool was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.76. The results indicate that, according to the villagers' perceptions, the tourism target villages in Qom province currently rank at a weak and undesirable level regarding smart village components. On a Likert scale, the average scores for the various components are as follows: smart economy (1.7), smart people (2.2), smart environment (1.8), smart governance (2.3), smart life (1.9), and smart mobility (2.2). Overall, the average evaluation of smart development in the rural tourism destinations of Qom province is 2.07, which is lower than the theoretical median. Consequently, the tourism destination villages in Qom province have made significant progress in achieving true "smartness." Since a prerequisite for advancing rural tourism destinations is access to smart tools, particularly information and communication technology (ICT), it is essential to take effective measures to ensure access to these tools before implementing any further actions Extended Abstract Introduction Rural tourism has gained international recognition as a significant activity. Its importance is often described as an economic solution for rural areas, enhancing livability in remote regions, revitalizing settlements, improving living conditions in rural communities, and acting as a catalyst for these areas' reconstruction and socio-economic development. Qom province possesses great potential for rural tourism due to its strategic location as a transportation hub and its rich array of natural, scientific, cultural, and historical attractions. Currently, the twelve designated tourist villages in this province offer favorable leisure opportunities for urban residents of Qom, as well as a large influx of primarily religious tourists visiting the region. These villages boast appealing ecological and spatial characteristics However, numerous challenges remain despite the high potential and capacity for rural tourism. One recommended strategy is the smart development of rural tourism destinations. Based on Cohen's model, which identifies six dimensions for measuring the intelligence of different geographical areas, this study investigates villagers' perceptions of the components that define smart rural tourism destinations. Methodology The research method utilized in this study is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of its purpose. The study identifies the dimensions of smart rural tourism destinations and defines their indicators using a documentary method. The statistical population consists of the tourism target villages in Qom Province. According to data from the General Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism of Qom Province in 1401 (Persian calendar), there are 12 tourism target villages in the province, all of which were analyzed. Using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 222 rural households was selected, with the distribution method adjusted according to the size of households in each village. The concept of a smart village was quantified using 44 indicators categorized into six dimensions: smart governance, smart environment, smart dynamics, smart economy, smart people, and smart life, all measured on a Likert scale. Notably, the scale used for the dimensions in the smart village structure was refined from a ranking system to an interval scale. A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.76 indicates the desired reliability of the research tool. A one-sample t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed for data analysis using SPSS software. Results and discussion The results of the one-sample t-test indicate that the tourism target villages in Qom province exhibit a weak and undesirable level regarding the components of a smart village. The average scores on the Likert scale for various smart components are as follows: smart economy (1.7), smart people (2.2), smart environment (1.8), smart governance (2.3), smart life (1.9), and smart mobility (2.2). All of these scores are below the theoretical median and classified as low. Overall, the average score for smart development in rural tourism destinations in Qom province is 2.07, which is considered undesirable. Additionally, the average for all smart components across the studied villages is low, categorized as low or very low. According to the one-way analysis of variance test results, the differences in residents' perceptions of the components of smart tourism destinations are significantly lower than average, indicating weaknesses in these areas. Among the villages assessed, Fordow has the highest average score at 2.44, while Bidhand has the lowest average at 1.85. The villages of Qom province, a popular tourist destination, have a long way to go before they can be considered smart villages. One of the key prerequisites for transforming rural tourism destinations into smart villages is the availability of smart tools, including information and communication technology (ICT). Before taking any action, it is essential to implement these tools effectively. A smart village requires a suitable technological infrastructure with advanced facilities, such as high-speed internet, modern communication networks, and efficient information systems. Unfortunately, many villages currently have only limited access to these infrastructures. Significant investment and development in technological infrastructure, as well as the creation of smart software, equipment, and tools, are necessary, all of which can be costly. Additionally, there needs to be a shift in decision-makers’ mindsets concerning the acceptance of new and smart technologies. Conclusion Rural residents' average perception regarding smart tourism destinations' components is relatively low. To foster smart development, it is essential to ensure favorable access to information and communication technology (ICT) in these tourism destinations. Access to ICT is the foundation for smart development in rural areas. Promoting smart tourism technology in these regions depends significantly on government commitment. Addressing the existing challenges requires the government to implement appropriate policies to bridge digital gaps, increase the adoption of smart tourism technologies, and establish capacity-building programs in this area. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. با توجه به نقش ویژه تکنولوژی در گردشگری، توجه به هوشمند سازی از مهم‌ترین مباحثی است که می‌تواند به رشد و توسعه گردشگری کمک نماید. ازآنجاکه مهم‌ترین عامل مؤثر بر اقتصاد استان قم، صنعت گردشگری است، پژوهش حاضر به ارزیابی ادراک روستاییان از مؤلفه‌های گردشگری هوشمند در 12 روستای مقصد گردشگری استان قم می‌پردازد. روش تحقیق توصیفی تحلیلی مبتنی بر پرسشنامه و تحلیل آماری است. در این مطالعه ابعاد سنجش هوشمندی یک فضای جغرافیایی بر اساس مدل کوهن ذیل شش بعد بررسی شد. واحد تحلیل خانوارهای روستایی ساکن در روستاهای مقصد گردشگری استان قم است. حجم نمونه بر اساس فرمول کوکران 222 خانوار تعیین شد. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ 76/0 بیانگر پایایی مطلوب ابزار تحقیق است. نتایج نشان داد بر اساس ادراک روستاییان، روستاهای هدف گردشگری استان قم ازنظر مؤلفه‌های روستای هوشمند در سطح ضعیف و نامطلوبی قرار دارند، به‌طوری‌که در طیف لیکرت میانگین مؤلفه‌های اقتصاد هوشمند 7/1، مردم هوشمند 2/2، محیط هوشمند 8/1، حکمروایی هوشمند 3/2، زندگی هوشمند 9/1 و تحرک هوشمند 2/2 در سطح پایین بوده است. در مجموع میانگین توسعه هوشمند در مقاصد گردشگری روستایی شهرستان قم با 07/2 پایین‌تر از میانه نظری ارزیابی شد. لذا روستاهای مقصد گردشگری استان قم راه درازی تا تحقق هوشمندی به معنای واقعی دارند. با توجه به اینکه پیش‌شرط هوشمند سازی مقاصد گردشگری روستایی دستیابی مطلوب به ابزارهای هوشمند سازی ازجمله ICT می‌باشد، به نظر می‌رسد قبل از هر اقدامی، لازم است در زمینه دستیابی به ابزارهای هوشمند سازی اقدام مؤثری صورت گیرد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100511_fa7f0ca06bcb60e9c8465a0c9e5977c6.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 15 4 2024 12 21 Development Programs and Policies in Iran before the Revolution; Transformation of the Land System and the Collapse of the Rural Economy برنامه‌ها و سیاست‌های توسعه‌ای در ایرانِ قبل از انقلاب؛ دگرگونی نظام ارضی و فروپاشی اقتصاد روستایی 179 198 100505 10.22059/jrur.2025.378933.1964 FA حسین دانش مهر گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران عثمان هدایت گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران Journal Article 2024 07 27 A B S T R A C T The purpose of this research is to analysis of the state of rural economy and its relationship with the development and modernization in Iran. The main proposition is that the rural economy declined and then collapsed during the second Pahlavi period, which was caused by development measures and plans, land reforms, modern exploitation systems, such as the creation of Agricultural units, agricultural joint-stock companies, production cooperatives have happened. Most of the studies on rural development in Iran have been carried out with the perspective of modernization, which shows the connection of this theory with development programs. Modernization and authoritarian development combined with industrialization and urbanization in Iran was formulated as the conceptual device of this research. The validity of the data with the quality of the sources and the method of data analysis in the form of historical sequence and the evolution of the programs have been taken into consideration. The results of the research showed that the development plans and measures under the modernization model, despite some positive consequences, gradually and with the growing trend of oil sales and its effects on Iran's economy, and with the transformation of the zamindari system, the change of rural governance, The dominance of the authoritarian planning system and the emergence of the commercial-industrial capitalist system have provided the grounds for the collapse of the rural economy. This process of rural-urban migration, reduction of agricultural production, departure of the active labor force from the villages, lack of investment in the agricultural and productive sector and dependence on the government, attention of the government to the construction sectors, Isolation of villages participation and the preference of macroeconomics over culture and the community has followed Extended Abstract Introduction In Iran, paying attention to the village and rural development as a part of the development process on a national scale and also in order to analyze the social, political, and economic developments from a few decades before the revolution - that is, from the 1941s onwards - has been considered as a necessity and is part of the measures and has formed development programs. Agrarian reforms, development programs "such as the establishment of agricultural and industrial units, agricultural joint-stock companies, production cooperatives and, etc." and construction development programs - first, second, third, fourth, and fifth - have played a key role in Iran's rural economy. Despite these programs, the indicators of rural economic development in Iran, especially in the years leading to the 1979 revolution. Most theories and studies on economic development, especially rural development in Iran, have been formulated under the "modernization" approach. This approach has been in a dominant analytical position since the years in question, i.e., 1962 to 1978, due to Iran's encounter with modernization and capitalism mechanisms. The modernization theory considers development and its formation process to be equivalent to economic growth. However, it also pays attention to non-economic dimensions and indicators and considers the prerequisite for development to be the transformation of society's value system. This is so important that Walt Rostow, as one of the most important theorists of the modernization perspective, emphasizes culture and considers it to be the criterion for the rooting of modernization in society. The basic question of this research will be: -Despite these programs and policies, do the indicators of rural economic development in Iran, especially in the years leading up to the 1979 revolution, indicate a declining state of the economy and its subsequent collapse? Methodology The research method of this study is qualitative, and based on its objectives and questions, it is a documentary and library method. Documentary research is based on the use of documents and evidence. Documentary research refers to the analysis of documents containing information about the phenomenon we want to study. This method deals with rereading, interpreting, and analyzing what has happened. Therefore, in this study, pre-revolutionary development programs, government documents and organizational reports, articles, and writings on the subject in question have been examined, which include the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth development programs, land reforms, and modern exploitation systems in Iran. Scott (1990) considers the quality control criteria for managing documentary resources to include authenticity, credibility, representation, and meaning, and in this study, the selection of documents has been made based on these four criteria. Data analysis was based on the patterns and sequences that link phenomena together. Results and discussion The results showed that the process of development policies and programs in Iran in the discussed period has often followed the model of modernization, due to which, on the one hand, the government is the leader in the field of development, and on the other hand, the spread and expansion of the free market and capitalism in villages of Iran, respectively. Due to these development policies and programs, they faced this issue and underwent fundamental changes. The historical sequence and evolution of the programs show that the more that has passed since the beginning of these programs, the wider and deeper their effects on the rural economy have been. The transformation of the zamindari system, through land reforms, construction plans, development, and the establishment of new exploitation systems, caused the replacement of the government as the most important agent of change and development in the village, especially from the 40s onwards, and the change of the ownership system and the rural governance system. Therefore, an important obstacle in the development, spread, and expansion of capitalism and the integration of rural society with the rule of the state and the destruction of the feudal landlord system was removed. This was the prelude to reducing agricultural production in the villages and shifting to mechanized and commercial agriculture, which is debatable with agrarian capitalism. Agrarian capitalism, which was aligned with the emergence of commercial-industrial capitalism, replaced the urban economy with the rural economy and reduced the role of villages in the gross national product. Agrarian reforms have been an important beginning for the migration of villagers, and along with that, the failure of development programs and the creation of joint-stock agricultural companies, cultivation, and commercial exploitation, especially in cities, accelerated this process. Another consequence of this situation was the sharp difference and growing separation between the city and the countryside. In parallel, the increase in the service sector and the increase in the gap between income and consumption in the villages are other consequences that have accelerated the collapse of the rural economy. Statistics show that the level of per capita income in the urban sector was probably around 2,500 dollars per year, which is ten times higher than the per capita income in the villages. The rapid increase in construction as one of the most important channels of urban development and the attraction of the rural labor force mainly caused the neglect of rural housing, and the use of urban land became the most profitable and prosperous urban activity. This allowed many rural workers to go to the cities, and the work in the villages was lost. Conclusion The analysis of the development plans and their effects on the development and rural economy showed that the dominant approach that dominated the plans and programs was the modernization approach with the strategy of transforming the villages. The results confirm the research findings (Azkia and Dibaji Forushani, 2016; Namdar and Sadeghi, 2013). The dominance of an authoritarian planning system with top-down and directive strategy, lack of participation and attention to rural culture and society, the preference for a macro economy due to the increase in oil sales, which was often associated with the expansion of industry, urbanization and the increase in the purchase of military weapons, the structure and relations of rural society and accordingly, the rural economy underwent a fundamental change, and as a result, the village lost its long-standing role as a producer and determinant of the main structure of the economy. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل وضعیت اقتصاد روستایی و نسبت آن با امر توسعه و نوسازی در ایران است. گزاره اصلی این است که اقتصاد روستایی در دورهی پهلوی دوم، دچار افول و سپس فروپاشی گردید که این مسئله به میانجی سیاست‎ها و برنامههای توسعه_ برنامههای عمرانی توسعه، اصلاحات ارضی، نظامهای بهرهبرداری مدرن «نظیر ایجاد واحدهای کشت و صنعت شرکتهای سهامی زراعی، تعاونیهای تولید»_ اتفاق افتاده است. بیشتر مطالعات در مورد توسعه روستایی در ایران با دیدگاه نوسازی انجام‌گرفته که نشان از پیوند این نظریه با برنامههای توسعهای میباشد. مدرنیزاسیون و توسعه آمرانه در امتزاج با صنعتی شدن و شهرنشینی در ایران به‌عنوان دستگاه مفهومی این پژوهش صورت‌بندی شد. اعتبار دادهها با کیفیت منابع و شیوه تجزیه‌وتحلیل دادهها به‌صورت توالی تاریخی و ضرورت برنامهها مدنظر قرارگرفته است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که برنامهها و اقدامات توسعهای ذیل الگوی نوسازی، باوجود برخی پیامدهای مثبت، بهتدریج و با روند روبه رشد فروش نفت و تأثیرات آن بر اقتصاد ایران، و با دگرگونی نظام ارضی، تغییر شیوه حکمرانی روستایی، سلطه نظام برنامهریزی آمرانه و ظهور نظام سرمایهداری تجاری- صنعتی، زمینههای فروپاشی اقتصاد روستایی را فراهم نمودهاند. این روند، مهاجرت روستا- شهری، کاهش تولیدات کشاورزی، خروج نیروی فعال کار از روستاها، عدم سرمایهگذاری در بخش کشاورزی و تولیدی و وابستگی به دولت، توجه دولت به بخشهای عمرانی، به حاشیه راندن مشارکت روستایی و ارجحیت اقتصادِ کلان بر فرهنگ و اجتماع را به دنبال داشته است.

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