دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 16 Identifying obstacles to the establishment and development of rural cooperatives in Gilan province شناسایی موانع ایجاد و گسترش تعاونی‌های روستایی در استان گیلان 1 14 99436 10.22059/jrur.2024.377524.1956 FA مهدی حسام گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران حبیب محمودی چناری گروه مطالعات ناحیه‌ای پژوهشکده محیط‌زیست جهاد دانشگاهی گیلان، رشت، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 01 A B S T R A C T Development in rural areas depends on various factors due to facing many economic, social, and environmental problems; one of the most important factors is the development of cooperatives, which can be synchronized with the government's policies in improving life, production, providing services, raising the level of income. and the social status of the village people to play an effective role. Therefore, in the present research, the obstacles to establishing and developing rural cooperatives in Gilan province were identified. According to the latest statistics, Gilan province has 937 cooperatives in rural areas, which are scattered in only one-third of the villages of the province. The current research method is qualitative and based on the integration of the grounded theory method and the seven-step metacombination method of Sandelowski, Barroso, and Willis, which was carried out using MAXQDA software. The results of the present research, which were obtained by conducting interviews with 120 beneficiaries, including 8 experts, 18 experts from the General Department of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare in the capital of the province and other cities, 64 officials and members of rural cooperatives, 30 from The villagers of different cities and also 9 cases related to rural cooperatives of Gilan province have been obtained; it shows that the five core categories of institutional-management, economic, social-cultural, awareness and laws are the most important obstacles, respectively. Extended Abstract Introduction The experience of developed countries shows that cooperatives are the best organizations that have managed to provide the means for the gathering of scattered and disparate forces, at the same time, talented and motivated. On the other hand, extensive studies have proven that cooperatives can contribute to rural development by increasing the efficiency of resources, facilitating the access of villagers to wider markets, forming the clamp of the value chain and the participation of all sections of villagers, including women, to achieve sustainable rural livelihoods and resilience. Cooperatives are considered to be the most organized rural institution. Its main operators are the people living in the village as a spontaneous and independent institution from the government sector. As a people's institution, they play a large role in the comprehensive development of villages. Rural cooperatives are people's institutions that, while having the characteristics of an economic unit, also have social values and norms and can reflect the group efforts of the cooperative members to achieve common goals and development. According to the stated necessity, the present research seeks to identify the obstacles to establishing and developing rural cooperatives in Gilan province. Methodology At first, the basic method was used to discover the obstacles to the creation and development of rural cooperatives and their pathology. In this study, according to the research problem, the interview technique (face-to-face, virtual, and telephone) was used to collect data. The statistical population and beneficiaries of rural cooperatives (academic experts, experts of cooperative offices, members of rural cooperatives, and villagers) were selected by snowball sampling method, and theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting interviews with 120 beneficiaries. Finally, the data collected from the interviews with the four groups mentioned above were entered into the MAXQDA software and were carefully reviewed several times. Next, in order to use the past research, a qualitative method based on the seven-step meta-combination method of Sandelowski, Voils, and Barroso was used. Results and discussion In open coding, sentences or concepts related to obstacles were extracted and coded in the form of 410 items; of course, after combining the same codes, a total of 261 codes with different frequencies were identified. Therefore, similar concepts were coded in the form of identical codes. The results of the review of the relevant data in the form of open coding and the results of the open coding were categorized based on thematic inclusion, and broad classes were developed and presented in the form of axial coding. The result indicated that the five core categories of awareness, laws, socio-cultural, economic, and managerial institutions are the most critical obstacles to developing rural cooperatives in Gilan province. Examining the texts from the interview with the sample community in the MAXQDA software revealed that one of the most important issues mentioned is the economic topic, which has broad categories such as facilities, price, inflation, marketing, advertising, branding, etc. Among the other issues mentioned by the experts is the social core category, which is categorized into 9 broad categories. The most important issue in the social and cultural field is the discussion of cooperation. However, at the top of all the listed obstacles, there is an institutional and management obstacle that has been the concern of many experts, and many codes and broad categories are included in this nuclear category. Experts have emphasized improper management and planning at the macro and micro levels. In line with the mentioned problems, there is also the discussion of laws and regulations, the most important of which are the rapid changes in the laws and the difficult process of granting licenses. Under this core category, we can mention two laws that can hinder the creation and development of rural cooperatives. Despite all these obstacles, it is necessary to have a complete understanding of village cooperatives to be used as a basis for planning. This issue is also one of the weaknesses of rural cooperatives. Unfortunately, the country has no consultation, awareness, training, or information about cooperatives, their benefits, legal processes, etc. The absence of this field, in addition to the weakness in the studies related to rural cooperatives, both in the fundamental and applied aspects, has caused rural cooperatives to remain at a very weak level in the country's macro economy. Conclusion The results show that the five core categories of awareness, laws, socio-cultural, economic, and managerial institutions are the most important obstacles to creating and developing rural cooperatives in Gilan province. In the institutional-management category, the most critical issue is proper planning at different levels. The existence of a tasteful, showy, and slogan-like view of the development of cooperatives has caused proper development for cooperatives in the whole country and, of course, in Gilan province. The presence of centralized planning and the lack of real participation of people in decision-making are the reasons for the non-implementation of the plans due to their non-compliance with the social realities of the villages of Gilan province. In the economic category, as mentioned, one of the most important issues is the banking facility, which many beneficiaries pointed out as not benefiting the villagers. It is necessary to mention that, of course, these facilities are necessary for the villagers, and it is their right. However, during the interviews, especially with the members of the cooperatives and the villagers, this issue was repeatedly mentioned as the only advantage of the cooperatives. In such a way, many cooperatives see cooperatives, work, and social welfare offices as banks that can pay their loans quickly and without problems. From this issue, the entanglement of the same categories can be inferred because if there is proper awareness and training and real planning and management at all levels, the benefits of cooperatives should grow in all aspects and benefit the villagers, not just the aspect of obtaining facilities. Funding This article is derived from a research project in Guilan Labour and Social Welfare Cooperative. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. تعاونی‌ها در اکثر کشورهای جهان به‌عنوان یک ابزار مهم برای بهره‌مندی جوامع محلی از منافع توسعه اقتصادی جایگاه بسیار بالایی دارند. در این میان توسعه در نواحی روستایی به علت مواجه با مشکلات عدیده اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیط زیستی به عوامل مختلفی بستگی دارد، یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل آن توسعه تعاونی‌هاست که می‌تواند همگام با سیاست‌های دولت در بهبود زندگی، تولید، ارائه خدمات، ارتقاء سطح درآمد و وضعیت اجتماعی مردم روستا نقش مؤثری ایفا کند. ازاین‌رو در تحقیق حاضر به شناسایی موانع ایجاد و توسعه تعاونی‌های روستایی در استان گیلان پرداخته شد. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع کیفی و مبتنی تلفیق روش تئوری بنیانی و روش فرا ترکیب هفت مرحله‌ای سندلوسکی، باروسو و وویلس بوده که با استفاده از نرم‌افزار مکس کیودا انجام‌شده است. نتایج تحقیق حاضر که با انجام مصاحبه‌هایی با 120 نفر از ذینفعان شامل 8 نفر از متخصصین، 18 نفر از کارشناسان اداره کل تعاون، کار و رفاه اجتماعی در مرکز استان و سایر شهرستان‌ها، 64 نفر از مسئولان و اعضای تعاونی‌های روستایی، 30 نفر از روستاییان شهرستان‌های مختلف و همچنین 9 مورد از تحقیقات مرتبط با تعاونی‌های روستایی استان گیلان به‌دست‌آمده است نشان می‌دهد که به ترتیب پنج مقوله هسته‌ای نهادی- مدیریتی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی، آگاهی و قوانین به ترتیب مهم‌ترین موانع به شمار می‌روند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_99436_0ea3830b402e3b06a7a61370b3796549.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 16 Identifying the Influencing Factors on the Intention of Farmers of Baghmalek County to Accept Pressurized Irrigation Systems: Application of Davies' Technology Acceptance Model شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تمایل کشاورزان شهرستان باغملک نسبت به پذیرش سیستم‌های آبیاری تحت‌فشار: کاربرد مدل پذیرش فناوری دیویس 15 31 101795 10.22059/jrur.2024.367936.1885 FA ابوالمحمد بندری گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران آمنه سواری ممبنی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، اهواز، ایران مسلم سواری گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مهندسی زراعی و عمران روستایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 01 A B S T R A C T The main purpose of this research was to explain the factors affecting the intention to accept pressure irrigation systems among farmers in the central part of Baghmalek county using the technology acceptance Mode (TAM). The statistical population included all the farmers in the central part of Baghmalek county, Khuzestan province (N= 3005); based on the Karjesi and Morgan table, a sample size of 343 farmers was selected using the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was based on the opinion of the Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources faculty members, and its reliability was determined through Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.774-0.850). On the other hand, the Average Variance Extracted Index (AVE) was used to determine construct validity, and the Composite Reliability Index (CR) was used to determine model reliability. The results of structural equations showed that the variables of attitude, usefulness, and perceived ease predicted 68% of the changes in the variable of intention of farmers to accept pressure irrigation, also, based on the results obtained from the final model of technology acceptance, the perceived ease variable with 28% direct effect and 44% indirect effect with the mediating role of attitude has the most significant effect on farmers' willingness to accept pressure irrigation systems. In this regard, it is recommended that the Agricultural Jihad organization of Baghmalek county provides the necessary ground for sharing the experiences of farmers who used pressurized irrigation systems through agricultural service centers. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the water crisis increasingly worries public opinion and engages the scientific. So, issues related to the water crisis and management are recognized as the second most important global issue after the population problem from the perspective of the United Nations. The irrigation process is one of the influential factors in improving the productivity of agricultural production in developing countries, especially Iran, and its improvement, management, and efficiency are considered important areas of agricultural development. Water shortage in most countries has caused farmers to use modern methods instead of traditional irrigation methods and have greater control over water consumption. Among the programs implemented in order to reduce water consumption and increase productivity in the agricultural sector is the use of pressurized irrigation methods. According to the results of studies, the irrigation efficiency in the pressurized irrigation system is more than 70 percent, which, compared to the 30 percent efficiency of traditional irrigation methods, indicates a reduction in water losses. Accordingly, to improve irrigation efficiency, measures have been taken in the country, the most important of which has been the use of pressurized irrigation systems by farmers. The main purpose of this research was to explain the factors affecting the intention to accept pressure irrigation systems among farmers in the central part of Baghmalek county using the technology acceptance Mode (TAM). The technology acceptance model is adapted from Fishbein and Ajzen theory of reasoned action. The main components of Davis's technology acceptance model include perceived ease, perceived usefulness, attitude toward use, and behavioral intention. Methodology This study is applied research in terms of its purpose, non-experimental in terms of the amount and degree of control of variables, and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection.The statistical population included all the farmers in the central part of Baghmolek county, Khuzestan province (N= 3005); based on the Karjesi and Morgan table, a sample size of 343 farmers was selected using the stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education faculty members. In addition, pre-test and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to determine the degree of reliability. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were used to analyze the data, and correlation coefficients and structural equation modeling were used as inferential statistics to examine the relationship and impact of research variables. Results and discussion According to the findings, the respondents' attitude (45.8%) regarding pressurized irrigation is relatively favorable. In fact, farmers have a positive attitude towards the use of pressurized irrigation. The intention (53.3%) of farmers to use irrigation under pressure is relatively unfavorable, and the intention (51.6%) of respondents to use irrigation systems under pressure is relatively unfavorable. The correlation analysis results showed a positive and significant relationship between the variables of perceived usefulness, perceived ease, and attitude with farmers' intention to accept the pressurized irrigation system at the 0.01 percent level. The results of structural equations showed that the variables of attitude, usefulness, and perceived ease predicted 68% of the changes in the variable of intention of farmers to accept pressure irrigation, also, based on the results obtained from the final model of technology acceptance, the perceived ease variable with 28% direct effect and 44% indirect effect with the mediating role of attitude has the most significant effect on farmers' intention to accept pressure irrigation systems. According to the findings of the research, perceived ease, both directly and indirectly, is a good predictor for the variable of farmers' intention to use pressure irrigation; That is, the more positive the farmer's understanding of the perceived ease of using pressure irrigation, the more likely he is to decide to use it. Based on the research results, a positive and significant relationship was found between perceived usefulness and ease directly and indirectly with farmers' attitudes regarding pressurized irrigation systems. In order to increase the acceptance of pressure irrigation, it is necessary to focus on the attitude of farmers towards the use and their understanding of the ease and usefulness of the systems. Conclusion It is recommended that the agricultural Jahad service centers hold orientation courses, classes, workshops, and educational seminars to increase farmers' perceptions of ease and usefulness and improve their attitudes regarding the benefits of pressurized irrigation systems. This will increase farmers' willingness to accept Irrigation systems under pressure. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. هدف اصلی این پژوهش شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تمایل کشاورزان نسبت به پذیرش سیستم‌های آبیاری تحت‌فشار در میان کشاورزان بخش مرکزی شهرستان باغملک با استفاده از مدل پذیرش فناوری (TAM) است. جامعه آماری، شامل کلیه کشاورزان بخش مرکزی شهرستان باغملک واقع در استان خوزستان (3005N=) هست که بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان حجم نمونه 343 نفر برآورد شد که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه هست که روایی آن بر اساس نظر اعضای هیئت‌علمی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان و پایایی آن از طریق آلفای کرونباخ تعیین شد (850/0-774/0α=). از طرفی، از شاخص میانگین واریانس استخراج‌شده (AVE) برای تعیین روایی سازه و شاخص پایایی ترکیبی (CR) برای تعیین پایایی مدل استفاده شد. نتایج معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که متغیرهای نگرش، سودمندی و سهولت درک شده، 68 درصد از تغییرات متغیر تمایل کشاورزان به پذیرش سیستم‌های آبیاری تحت‌فشار را تبیین کردند. همچنین، بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از مدل نهایی پذیرش فناوری، متغیر سهولت درک شده با 28 درصد اثر مستقیم و 44 درصد اثر غیرمستقیم با نقش میانجی نگرش بیشترین تأثیر را بر تمایل کشاورزان نسبت به پذیرش سیستم‌های آبیاری تحت‌فشار داشت. در این راستا توصیه می‌شود سازمان جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان باغملک از طریق مراکز خدمات کشاورزی زمینه لازم جهت اشتراک‌گذاری تجارب کشاورزانی که از سیستم‌های آبیاری تحت‌فشار استفاده نمودند را فراهم نماید.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101795_65c99965b2db74dee069885d76415b7c.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 17 Strategies for the Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Lorestan Province with a Foresight Approach راهبردهای توسعه کشت گیاهان دارویی در استان لرستان با رویکرد آینده‌نگاری 33 45 102763 10.22059/jrur.2024.371214.1909 FA شهرام پیرزادی گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران سعید غلامرضایی گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران مهدی رحیمیان گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران فاطمه سپهوند گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 02 A B S T R A C T This research examines the development strategies of medicinal plants. foresight approach has been used in this research. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 37 experts and farmers. Then content analysis was used. Finally, they were categorized with the STEEP framework. data were analyzed with Mic Mac software. The results of this research showed that so far, no serious attention has been paid to the discussion of marketing and sales for the producers of this field. Contrary to the high potential of this province, the activities of this area are very few and only products are grown that are guaranteed to be purchased by the government.This is if the development of sales markets and sales management can increase the motivation of producers and provide the development of related products.On the other hand, the strengthening of infrastructures such as "developing and completing communication roads between villages for the movement of specialized machinery and also developing Internet coverage" can lead to an increase in the interaction of users with experts and "informing and informing about how to cultivate and solve problems related to production and lead to "exploitation".Also, "research and technology development" and "intersectoral cooperation among related institutions" are other important areas that should be considered. Extended Abstract Introduction Medicinal plants have great value and importance in providing the health of the society, and the global demand for herbal products has been growing in recent years, although slower, but research has shown that nearly 80% of the famous and usable medicinal plants in the world are in most parts of Iran is cultivated; More than 2,300 species of plants in the country have medicinal, aromatic, spice and cosmetic properties; In addition, 1728 species of these plants are known as native plants of Iran, which are considered as exclusive capacity in the country. Currently, identifying the capabilities of the country's medicinal plants is a priority in our country's development plans, and comprehensive planning in this field can lead to an increase in employment and the realization of medicinal food security. The current research investigates this issue and in this regard, it uses the future-viewing approach and intends to answer the following questions: - What are the factors affecting the development of medicinal plant cultivation in Lorestan province? - What are the strategies for the development of medicinal plant cultivation in Lorestan province? Methodology In terms of its purpose, this research is considered as applied research; Also, the current research is a descriptive (non-laboratory) and single-section type of research. this research is a type of future-oriented and normative research. in this research, interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation was reached, and the sample size in the final report was 37 experts and informed farmers. In this part, an open question was raised as follows: "In your opinion, what are the most important factors in the development of medicinal plant cultivation in Lorestan province?" And each of the respondents was asked to write down their opinion briefly and anonymously. Finally, using the STEEP analytical model, the solutions were included in the form of five dimensions "social, technological, economic, environmental, and political". The information and data needed in this step were obtained by the CIA matrix. Also, at this stage, it was tried to formulate the strategies based on the STEEP analytical model, in five formats "social, technological, economic, environmental, and political" and completely in accordance with the findings of the research. Results and discussion 1-First, using semi-structured interviews with 37 respondents and the interviews were conducted using content analysis. the initial results were 449 codes. 2- Then the open codes were re-examined. At this stage, using the STEEP analytical model, the codes were included in five dimensions "social, technological, economic, environmental, and political". In the continuation of this process and after categorizing the codes, duplicate and similar items were removed and 13 solutions were finalized. 3-In this part of the research, strategies should be developed according to the previous results, and the content of the strategies should be consistent with the drivers based on the STEEP analytical model and fully consistent with the findings of the research. On the other hand, for the implementation of each strategy, solutions were stated, which, according to the interviews, were necessarily addressed to the issues that are currently facing challenges or weaknesses in the development of medicinal plant cultivation, and an effort was made to make all the solutions directly in line with reality. - Research and technology development strategy (technological aspect -Risk and crisis management strategy (social dimension). -social capital and increasing people's participation (social dimension). -financial support and support for the development of medicinal plants (economic dimension). -promotion, education and knowledge management (social dimension). Medicinal plants have a special value, and in recent years, the use of medicinal plants has increasing day by day due to the proof of their beneficial effects, their cheapness, lack of side effects, and their compatibility with the environment. Today, the importance of medicinal plants and their vital role in promoting national, regional, and global goals for achieving health, creating employment, and economic development is very effective. Therefore, the cultivation of medicinal plants and the production of its products can be a national necessity and within the framework of a specific and comprehensive program, it will lead to the development of the agricultural sector. Conclusion In the present study, the solutions for the development of medicinal plant cultivation in Lorestan province were considered, and the results showed that the first driver was the "development of research and technology", which emphasizes scientific research and technology of medicinal plants. Another driver was "crisis risk management practices" which shows the importance of paying attention to risk-taking and crisis reduction. Another driver was the "development of social capital and increase of public participation" which shows the importance of paying attention to farmers' participation and development of social capital and communication with farmers. Another driver was "financial support and support for the development of medicinal plants", which shows the importance of paying attention to the financial support and support of the government, including the allocation of fertilizer and seed subsidies, and the granting of low-interest and long-term facilities. Another driving force in this research was the "promotion, education and management of knowledge about medicinal plants", which shows the importance and role of education and promotion of medicinal plant cultivation. Finally, the last driver was "expanding the production and processing of medicinal plants", which shows the importance of expanding the transformation and processing industries of medicinal plants. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Shahram Pirzadi: Writing the initial draft, collecting sources, collecting data. Saeed Gholamrezaei: Guiding and supervising the research team, revising and editing the draft. Mehdi Rahimian: Research team advisor and data analysis. Fatemeh Sepahvand: Research team advisor, data analysis, revising and editing the draft. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. تحقیق پیش‌رو راهبردهای توسعه کشت گیاهان دارویی را موردبررسی قرار داده است. در این تحقیق بنا به هدف تعیین‌شده از رویکرد آینده‌نگاری و تکنیک تحلیل پیشران‌ها استفاده شد. ابتدا با 37 تن از کارشناسان و کشاورزان مطلع، مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختارمند انجام شد و کدهای حاصل از تحلیل محتوا در قالب ساختار STEEP دسته‌بندی و در نهایت نتایج این بخش در قالب ماتریس تأثیرات متقاطع مجدداً به پاسخگویان برگردانده شد. داده‌های حاصله با نرم‌افزار میک‌مک مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که تاکنون توجه جدی به بحث بازاریابی و فروش برای تولیدکنندگان این عرصه نشده است و برخلاف پتانسیل بالای این استان در این عرصه، فعالیت‌های این حوزه بسیار اندک بوده و صرفاً محصولاتی مورد کشت قرار می‌گیرد که توسط دولت خرید تضمینی داشته باشد. این در صورتی است که توسعه بازارهای فروش و مدیریت فروش می‌تواند انگیزه تولیدکنندگان را افزایش دهد. از سویی دیگر تقویت زیرساخت‌ها نظیر توسعه و تکمیل جاده‌های مواصلاتی بین روستاها برای تردد ماشین‌آلات تخصصی موردنیاز و نیز توسعه پوشش اینترنت می‌تواند به افزایش تعامل بهره‌برداران با کارشناسان منجر گردد و اطلاع‌رسانی و آگاهی دادن به نحوه کشت و حل مشکلات مرتبط با تولید و بهره‌برداری را منجر گردد. همچنین"توسعه پژوهش و فناوری و همکاری بین‌بخشی در بین نهادهای مرتبط از دیگر حوزه‌های مهمی هستند که باید موردتوجه قرار بگیرند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_102763_b2af94e79aef4062ced3c6f4cd45a9a5.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 17 Analysis of the Fundamental Foundations of Sustainable Agricultural Development with Thematic Analysis Approach تحلیل بسترهای بنیادین توسعه کشاورزی پایدار با رویکرد تحلیل مضمون 47 65 101718 10.22059/jrur.2024.374056.1926 FA احمد حجاریان گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 02 A B S T R A C T Agriculture is considered the axis of independence and development of any country. Due to the distinctive characteristics of the agricultural sector, this sector can be considered the driving force of the economy within the framework of economic development. In order to achieve sustainable agricultural development, in addition to determining the basic sectors for optimal investment, the challenges and potentials facing this sector should also be identified. In this study, the contexts of agricultural development were identified using the content analysis method. Information was collected based on semi-structured interviews with academic professors and experts, experts and stakeholders specializing in the subject of agriculture and the study of sources and documents. The findings show that 29 basic concepts were identified from 145 open codes, which can be divided into 9 categories of organizing themes. These concepts were divided into 9 categories including: structural and infrastructure, marketing, policy-making, educational and extension factors, economic, participation, water resources, attitudinal and supportive as the organizing themes of the research subject. The results of the analysis indicate that attention should be paid to member participation, farmer empowerment, changing attitudes towards raw product sales, improving water resources, improving infrastructure, and comprehensive and complete policymaking for agricultural development. Employment and unemployment, which are very important issues in rural areas, can be solved in general through agriculture and its development. Extended Abstract Introduction In Iran, the development of the agricultural sector is a prerequisite for economic development, and until the obstacles to the development of this sector are removed, other sectors will not flourish and grow. In Iran, in particular, despite the long history, development policies have not yet reached the desired result, and the country's development path is facing wide challenges. For example, the review of economic development policies shows that in addition to macro-level approaches such as policies related to growth, eliminating unemployment and controlling inflation, and micro-level reviews such as policies related to businesses and households, regional approaches are also of great importance for explaining and making development policies. Because some uncoordinated development indicators in the country have created a huge difference between the provinces in terms of having some indicators. Therefore, according to the spatial and spatial location of Iran, focusing on the important aspect of development; This means that agriculture can accelerate the overall development process in the future. Accordingly, in order to achieve overall development, while identifying its most important challenges, it is necessary to consider the most practical solutions in order to use these strategies to target the efforts to achieve the development of the country in the field of agriculture. Methodology The present research was done with thematic analysis method. Thematic analysis is actually a method to recognize, analyze and report patterns in qualitative data. This method is also a process for analyzing textual data and transforms scattered and diverse data into rich, processed and detailed data. In this method, qualitative data are divided, classified, summarized and reconstructed, and it facilitates finding important patterns and concepts within the collection of qualitative data. In this method, based on a specific procedure and on three levels, basic themes (codes and key points in the text), organizing themes (themes obtained by combining and summarizing the basic themes) and overarching themes (higher themes that include the principles governing the text) as a whole, and roles of all themes are placed in that network according to the general and specific relationship with each other. Results and discussion The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis method and the main themes were identified with the aim of explaining the elements of agricultural development. In total, based on the thematic analysis of the data, 29 basic concepts were identified that form the basis of the research model. These concepts were divided into 9 categories including: structural and infrastructure, marketing, policy making, educational and promotion factors, economic, participation, water resources, attitude and support as organizing themes of the research topic. Economic theme with concepts: agricultural profit, agricultural productivity and transportation cost. Structural and infrastructure theme with concepts: integration of agricultural lands, processing industries, agricultural mechanization, basic resources and knowledge-based companies. Marketing theme with concepts: export, marketing methods, market access and elimination of dealers. Policy theme with concepts: land use policy and competitive policy. Educational and promotional content with concepts: needs assessment, indigenous knowledge and educational content. Management theme with concepts: supervision, overview, system approach and parallel work. The theme of participation with concepts: non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The theme of water resources with concepts: underground water, water pollution, suitability of cultivation pattern with water resources and water allocation. The content of attitudinal factors with concepts: the attitude of cooperative culture and the attitude of raw sales. The topic of support factors with concepts: insurance of agricultural products, credit support and government support. In the first stage, 145 open codes were obtained by open coding the conducted interviews. experts for each theme. The theme of economic factors has the largest share of codes, with 24 codes, which shows that experts emphasize more on this theme. In order to document the concepts and themes discovered, quotes from university professors and workers in this department were used, and conducting interviews and designing open questions according to the existing theoretical literature and studies in the field of agriculture, managers, as well as the experience of researchers and studies. Conclusion Agriculture as the axis of development in Iran is facing major challenges. The importance of agriculture as the most important driver of development has been the focus of researchers and policymakers in many future researches and studies. Available evidence shows that sustainable increase in agricultural productivity is a major challenge for every region of the world. Creating sustainable and resilient agriculture and achieving needed increases in food production are critical to achieving other sustainable development goals. Adopting the best management practices experienced in many developed countries is very necessary and vital for poor smallholder farmers in developing countries. Since the food system is one of the biggest development challenges that must be addressed to end extreme hunger and poverty without destroying the environment; Undoubtedly, the global food system is under considerable pressure, and human-induced climate change, water scarcity and pollution, biodiversity loss, ocean acidification, and other environmental hazards all threaten humanity's ability to feed the world's population.. Too much agricultural produce is lost or wasted due to inefficient harvesting and processing, lack of storage and spoilage, and diversity has been lost in many farming systems and regimes. In many poor countries, smallholder farmers go hungry because they do not produce enough food to feed their families and have no alternative sources of income. Accordingly, focusing on agriculture was and is one of the basic prerequisites for development. In this research, according to the themes extracted, it can be said that the category of agricultural development is a concept that can cover other categories and also has an aspect of analysis. In a general view, it can be said that the studied society emphasized on the development of agriculture, which is included and abstracted from other major categories and is influenced by several factors. They acknowledged that if there are no economic factors and comprehensive and correct policy in agricultural development, planning, projects, executive activities, etc. will not lead to successful results and its negative effects will appear. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments I am grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. کشاورزی، محور استقلال و توسعه هر کشور محسوب می‌شود. به دلیل ویژگی‌های بارز بخش کشاورزی، این بخش را می‌توان محرکه اقتصاد در چارچوب توسعه اقتصادی دانست. به‌منظور تحقق توسعه پایدار کشاورزی، بایستی ضمن تعیین بخش‌های پایه به‌منظور سرمایه‌گذاری بهینه، چالش‌های و پتانسیل‌های پیش‌روی این بخش نیز شناسایی شوند. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون، بسترهای توسعه کشاورزی شناسایی شدند. اطلاعات بر اساس مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته از اساتید و خبرگان دانشگاهی، کارشناسان و ذینفعان دارای تخصص در موضوع کشاورزی و مطالعه منابع و اسناد جمع‌آوری‌شده‌اند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد از میان 145 کد باز 29 مفهوم پایه‌ای شناسایی شد که در 9 دسته مضامین سازمان دهنده قابل تقسیم‌بندی هستند. این مفاهیم در 9 دسته شامل: ساختاری و زیربنایی، بازاریابی، سیاست‌گذاری، عوامل آموزشی و ترویجی، اقتصادی، مشارکت، منابع آبی، نگرشی و حمایتی به‌عنوان مضامین سازمان دهنده موضوع پژوهش تقسیم‌بندی شدند. نتایج تحلیل‌ها حاکی از این است که باید به مشارکت اعضا، توانمندسازی کشاورزان، تغییر نگرش نسبت به خام فروشی محصولات، ارتقا منابع آبی، بهبود زیرساخت‌ها و سیاست‌گذاری جامع و کامل در جهت توسعه کشاورزی توجه نمود. اشتغال و بیکاری که از موضوعات بسیار مهمی در نواحی روستایی می‌باشد از طریق کشاورزی و توسعه آن می‌تواند به‌طورکلی حل گردد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101718_a13c50f8ddb514dded42cdd82eacb53f.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 18 Analyze Formation Factors of Spatial Policies Affecting Tourism Development in Rural Areas: A case study of Khuzestan Province تحلیل عوامل شکل‌گیری سیاست‌های فضایی مؤثر بر توسعه گردشگری در مناطق روستایی مطالعه موردی: استان خوزستان 67 84 100533 10.22059/jrur.2024.372184.1911 FA مرتضی عبیات گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران حمید برقی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران یوسف قنبری گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 03 A B S T R A C T The present study aims to analyze formation factors of spatial policies affecting tourism development in rural areas of Khuzestan province. Methodologically, this research adopts a descriptive and analytical approach, employing both documentary and survey data collection methods. To achieve its objective, regional documents relevant to the research topic in the province were analyzed through data mining, resulting in 410 variables grouped into 12 main categories elucidating spatial policies affecting rural tourism development in the region. In line with the research questions, a panel of 35 experts from seven organizations in the Khuzestan province was assembled to respond to the targeted questionnaire. To understand the state of spatial policies in the province, the results of the final coefficients of the categories obtained from the average weights of a set of multi-criteria weighting methods showed that the categories of agricultural economy and production, cultural and natural capabilities, and the territorial structure balance received scores between 0.10 and 0.09, showed the best situation to realize the development of rural tourism in the province. Furthermore, to identify spatial policies affecting the development of rural tourism, the results of the Kendall tau-b and Spearman correlation tests indicated that, except for the agricultural economy and production, other categories had established a meaningful and positive relationship with the overall levels of rural tourism development in the province. The results of combining Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods with the Geographic Information System to determine the state of rural tourism development in provincial cities based on the interaction of the general levels of this flow with the categories of spatial policies showed that the share of suitable, medium, and unsuitable classes in the region is 20.0% or six counties, 26.7% or eight counties and 53.3% or sixteen counties respectively. Extended Abstract Introduction With the advancement of human societies, tourism has evolved into a key industry in the global economy, facilitating better access to sustainable development goals. Khuzestan, despite its significant environmental and human resources, has faced a myriad of unresolved challenges at both macro and sectoral levels, particularly in the tourism sector, despite governmental oversight, state interest, and extensive investment in various dimensions to enhance and improve public services, infrastructure, and accelerate the province's development. Tourism has been a transformative economic sector in generating employment and income, yet it has been neglected or faced numerous challenges in the province. Over the past decade, despite the province attracting an average of 302,668 foreign tourists, accounting for 6.08% of the country's average during that period, and hosting an average of 2,082,720 domestic overnight stays during the comfortable climate days, especially in spring, representing 4.68% of the country's average, the sector has seen a decline in the initial years of the new decade, recording 405,583 trips, or 3.96% of the country's average during that period, according to the latest national tourist survey data. This minimum share of the province in the number of tourists and the volume of trips, rather than indicating the lack of attention to the tourism sector, originates from the lack of identification of spatial policies effective on the development of this sector. This fundamental challenge is not only endogenous or, in other words, arising from the lack of design of spatial policies that affect the development of tourism, but its root is the inefficiency of the country's macro-planning and policy-making system. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the formation factors of spatial policies affecting tourism development in rural areas in Khuzestan province. To achieve this goal, the research questions are formulated as follows: - What are the effective spatial policies for rural tourism development in the province? - Considering the spatial policies, what is the status of rural tourism development in the province? Methodology The research methodology employed in this study is descriptive and analytical, utilizing both document analysis and survey techniques. Initially, relevant regional documents about the research topic in Khuzestan province were identified, resulting in 158 sub-categories extracted from the Tourism Development Master Document, 134 from the Khuzestan Spatial Planning Document, 79 sub-categories from the Khuzestan Economic Revolution Strategic Document, and 39 sub-categories from the Khuzestan Suitable Management Model Document. In total, 410 sub-categories were included in 12 categories describing the formation factors of spatial policies related to rural tourism development in the province. The sub-categories were implemented as questionnaire items using a Likert scale. In this research, a group of 35 experts from seven organizations in the province was formed to complete the questionnaire. After identifying the categories that define the spatial policies, the indicators for rural tourism development in the province were determined. This involved extracting 69 variables, which were then organized into seven criteria and ultimately categorized into two dimensions, such as tourism facilities and tourist attractions. The research used FAHP, CRITIC, CILOS, Entropy, and SOWIA to understand the spatial policies related to rural tourism development in the province. Kendall's and Spearman's correlation tests were used to analyze the impact of spatial policies on the overall levels of rural tourism development. Fuzzy TOPSIS, Fuzzy VIKOER, Fuzzy ELECTRE, Fuzzy WASPAS, and Fuzzy ARAS methods were used to stratify the counties of Khuzestan province based on the interaction of the spatial policies categories and the overall levels of rural tourism development. Results and discussion The final coefficients of the categories of spatial policies obtained from the average weights of Multi-Criteria Methods showed that the categories of agricultural economy and production, cultural and natural capabilities, and territorial structure balance with scores between 0.10 and 0.09, and marketing, advertising, and branding, public infrastructure and facilities, and human and environmental risk management with obtaining values between 0.08 and 0.07, they obtained the highest and lowest weights, respectively. Also, to identify spatial policies affecting rural tourism development, the correlation test results indicated that, except for the agricultural economy and production, other categories had established a meaningful and positive relationship with the overall levels of rural tourism development in the province. Furthermore, the results of combining Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods with the Geographic Information System to determine the state of rural tourism development in provincial cities based on the interaction of the general levels of this flow with the categories of spatial policies showed that the share of suitable, medium, and unsuitable classes in the region is 20.0% or six counties, 26.7% or eight counties and 53.3% or sixteen counties respectively. The research results showed that the economy and agricultural production are in the best situation among spatial policies related to rural tourism development in the province. However, the only category of policies that have not established a meaningful and positive relationship with rural tourism development in the province is this category. This finding is consistent with the results of Gao & Zheng (2024) and contradicts the study by Fu et al. (2024). Other categories of spatial policies, such as cultural and natural capabilities, have had a significant positive impact on the development of rural tourism in the province. This is consistent with the findings of Roumiani et al. (2021), who considered diversity and quality of attractions important. Additionally, the balance of territorial structure and regional management and policy-making have been identified as policies with the best status, but they have had less impact compared to other categories. Conclusion Since more than half of Khuzestan province is in unfavorable conditions in terms of rural tourism development, it is necessary to design and implement effective spatial policies on this trend. These policies should be prepared in a targeted and scientific manner, continuously monitored, and updated. In addition, they should be compatible with the conditions of the environment or the country and take into account the local and regional characteristics, traditions, and developments of the modern world. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. مطالعه حاضر به تحلیل عوامل شکل‌گیری سیاست‌های فضایی مؤثر بر توسعه گردشگری در مناطق روستایی استان خوزستان پرداخته است. این تحقیق از نظر روش‌شناسی، توصیفی و تحلیلی و از حیث گردآوری داده‌ها به طریقه اسنادی و پیمایشی انجام گرفت. برای دستیابی به هدف از طریق داده‌کاوی اسناد منطقه‌ای مرتبط با موضوع تحقیق در استان، تعداد 410 زیر مقوله در قالب دوازده مقوله تبیین‌کننده عوامل شکل‌گیری سیاست‌های فضایی مرتبط با توسعه گردشگری روستایی منطقه استخراج شدند. به اقتضای محتوای سؤالات، یک مجموعه 35 نفره مرکب از کارشناسان هفت سازمان استان خوزستان جهت پاسخ‌گویی به پرسشنامه مدنظر قرار گرفت. برای شناخت وضعیت سیاست‌های فضایی در استان، نتایج ضرایب نهایی مقوله‌ها حاصل از میانگین اوزان روش‌های وزن دهی تصمیم‌گیری چند شاخصه نشان داد که مقوله‌های اقتصاد و تولیدات کشاورزی، توانمندی‌های فرهنگی و طبیعی و تعادل ساختار سرزمینی با دریافت امتیازات بین 10/0 تا 09/0، بهترین وضعیت برای تحقق توسعه گردشگری روستایی در استان را نشان دادند. همچنین، جهت تشخیص سیاست‌های فضایی اثرگذار بر توسعه گردشگری روستایی، نتایج حاصل از آزمون‌های همبستگی کندال و اسپیرمن مشخص نمود که به‌استثنای اقتصاد و تولیدات کشاورزی، سایر مقوله‌ها با سطوح کلی توسعه گردشگری روستایی در استان رابطه معنادار و مثبتی برقرار ساخته‌اند. نتایج ترکیب روش‌های تصمیم‌گیری چند شاخصه فازی با سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی برای تعیین وضعیت توسعه گردشگری روستایی استان بر پایه تعامل سطوح کلی این جریان با مقوله‌های سیاست‌های فضایی نشان داد که سهم طبقات مناسب، متوسط و نامناسب از منطقه به ترتیب 0/20 درصد یا شش شهرستان، 7/26 درصد یا هشت شهرستان و 3/53 درصد یا شانزده شهرستان است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100533_fedaae314adb3146044595e8552a94f1.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 17 Identifying the causes of women's tendency toward koolbari: A case study of border villages of Kermanshah province شناسایی علل گرایش زنان به کولبری مطالعه موردی: روستاهای مرزی استان کرمانشاه 85 105 101607 10.22059/jrur.2024.373308.1917 FA منیژه احمدی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران نبی موسی زاده گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران حمیده حاتمی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0009-0009-7771-9957 Journal Article 2025 04 02 A B S T R A C T Borders define the national territory and control the movement of people and the flow of goods, which face various challenges. These challenges have caused the villagers in the western border areas of the country to turn to Kolbari to meet their needs. In the border villages of Paveh city, women are also engaged in kolberi along with men. Based on this, the present study identifies the reasons for women's tendency to kolberi in the border villages of Kermanshah province and the border villages of Paveh city, including Hani-Gormeleh, Dezavar, Kimneh, and Bidrvaz. This research was done in terms of purpose, development-applicability, and in terms of quiddity in the qualitative research group and with grounded theory method. The participants included 27 women from rural Kolbar, and data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. To manage and code the data, MAXQDA software was used and finally the analysis was done. The findings of the research led to the identification of 30 categories and 4 classes, in order of economic (146), political (126), social (83) and environmental (58) and 1 broad class of colbari. The most categories in the identified classes are related to unemployment and lack of capital (frequency26), indifference of officials, mismanagement, topography of the region and Far from the center (25), lack of income, lack of guardianship and single guardianship, lack of support from support institutions and It is not paying attention to the border (23). As a result, this research emphasizes the multi-dimensional challenges faced by women in border communities that policy makers can contribute to sustainable development, promotion of gender equality and economic resilience in border areas with inclusive strengthening and empowerment. Extended Abstract Introduction Borders are geopolitical frontiers that control the flow of people and goods, marking zones of sensitivity for any nation. Pronounced challenges emerge in the western regions of Iran, where multifaceted issues require unique solutions. In Paveh County, Kermanshah Province, kolbari, a cross-border trade practice, has become a vital part of the socio-economic fabric. This research aims to explore the intricate motivations and challenges driving women's tendency of kolbari, offering a nuanced understanding. To provide a comprehensive analysis, it is imperative to delve into existing literature on border, koolbari, and smuggling in border regions. Prior studies can shed light on the broader context, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the current research. By synthesizing existing knowledge, the study aims to contextualize the findings within the broader academic discourse, adding depth and richness to the research narrative and ensuring that it is firmly grounded in the existing body of knowledge. The study contributes to broader discussions on womens koolbari, socio-economic challenges, and policy interventions in border regions, seeking to inform future strategies and initiatives. Methodology The qualitative research methodology takes a practical and applied approach, aligning with the paradigm of qualitative research and utilizing Grounded theory as its framework. Purposeful and snowball sampling methods ensure a diverse and representative sample. The 27 rural women kolbars participating in semi-structured interviews hail from villages, including Hani Garmaleh, Dezavar, Kimneh, and Bidrvaz. The qualitative analysis, managed and coded using MAXQDA software, follows a systematic and rigorous approach, ensuring the extraction of meaningful themes and patterns, contributing to the depth and reliability of the study. Results and discussion The research findings unravel a rich tapestry of 30 thematic elements, meticulously categorized into Economic, Social, Political, and Environmental dimensions. These dimensions offer a holistic view of the challenges and motivations driving women in border villages toward engaging in kolbari. Economic factors emerge as the most prominent, with 146 instances, followed by political (126), social (83), and environmental (58) factors. The economic challenges identified include unemployment, lack of capital (26 instances), official indifference, mismanagement, regional topography, and remoteness from the center (25 instances), showcasing the multifaceted nature of the issues faced by these communities. Poverty, lack of income, single parenthood, absence of support from institutions, coupled with the neglect of border regions (23 instances), further accentuate the economic hardships. The intricate social fabric is woven with six social factors, covering social equality, single parenthood, lack of support from institutions, limited diverse social opportunities, quality of life, and unequal distribution of facilities. The political spectrum reveals nine factors, featuring official indifference, mismanagement, disregard for borders, concentration of power, lack of women's education, government's lack of support for women, failure to employ specialized managers, oversight of capacities and potentials, and the existence of various laws. Environmental considerations are distilled into four elements, including regional topography, border settlement, remoteness from the center, and restrictions on movement. The research underscores the preeminence of economic and political factors in driving women's inclination toward kolbari in border regions of Iran’s western areas. The interconnectedness and destructive correlation of social elements and phenomena extracted from various dimensions highlight the challenges intricately woven into the fabric of these communities. Beyond the immediate implications, the discussion section explores the broader societal impact and potential policy interventions. It delves into the interconnectedness of these factors, acknowledging their complex interplay and the need for comprehensive strategies to address the challenges effectively, emphasizing the role of informed policies in enhancing socio-economic conditions in border regions. The discussion further explores potential policy recommendations, emphasizing the importance of gender-sensitive strategies and socio-economic development initiatives. It probes into the intricate web of socio-economic challenges, emphasizing the need for adaptive and culturally sensitive interventions. By fostering an environment of inclusivity and empowerment, policymakers can contribute to sustainable development in border regions, addressing the unique challenges faced by women in these communities. Conclusion In conclusion, the interaction of elements across different dimensions propels women in these communities toward activities they may not be inherently interested in, emphasizing the complex web of motivations and challenges. This necessitates multidimensional and participatory policy solutions to address the challenges that may arise in government-people and people-people relationships. As border regions continue to grapple with these multifaceted issues, it becomes imperative to craft nuanced and comprehensive strategies that account for the unique socio-economic landscape and gender dynamics present in these areas. The findings of this research offer a robust foundation for further exploration and policy development to empower women in border communities, enhancing their socio-economic well-being while fostering sustainable development. This nuanced understanding, grounded in empirical evidence, can serve as a catalyst for positive change in these communities, promoting gender equality and economic resilience, contributing to the overall development of these regions Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The first and second authors contributed equally to this research, and the third author contributed to writing the theoretical foundations. All authors approved the content of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank all the dear Kolbars, especially the women Kolbars of the Oramanet region and the women of Paveh city who participated in the interviews for this research. Your voice is a narrator of patience, perseverance and hope and a reflection of your hard but proud life. We wish for more freedom, justice and equality for all the women of our land. May one day, no woman be forced to accept unbearable hardships to earn her living and experience a life full of security, dignity and prosperity. مرزها که قلمرو ملی را مشخص و حرکت مردم و جریان کالا را کنترل می‌کنند با چالش‌های مختلفی روبرو هستند و چالش‌ها سبب گردیده تا در مناطق مرزی غرب کشور، روستاییان برای برطرف کردن نیازهای خود به کولبری روی بیاورند. در روستاهای مرزی شهرستان پاوه، زنان نیز همگام با مردان به کولبری مشغول گشته‌اند، بر این اساس پژوهش حاضر به شناسایی علل گرایش زنان به کولبری در روستاهای مرزی استان کرمانشاه و روستاهای مرزی شهرستان پاوه شامل هانی‌گرمله، دزآور، کیمنه و بیدرواز می‌پردازد. پژوهش از لحاظ هدف، توسعه‌ای- کاربردی، و از نظر ماهیت در گروه تحقیقات کیفی و با روش تئوری بنیانی صورت گرفته است. مشارکت‌کنندگان شامل 27 نفر از زنان کولبر روستایی بودند که جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته و تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری ادامه پیدا کرد، برای مدیریت و کدبندی داده‌ها، از نرم‌افزار MAXQDA استفاده و در نهایت تحلیل انجام شد. یافته‌های پژوهش منجر به شناسایی 30 مقوله و 4 طبقه به ترتیب اقتصادی (146)، سیاسی (126)، اجتماعی (83) و محیطی (58) و 1 طبقه گسترده کولبری گردید. بیشترین مقوله‌ها در طبقات شناسایی‌شده مربوط به بیکاری و نداشتن سرمایه (فراوانی 26)، بی‌تفاوتی مسئولین، سوء مدیریت، توپوگرافی منطقه و دوری از مرکز (25) فقر، نبود درآمد، بی‌سرپرستی و تک سرپرستی، عدم‌حمایت نهادهای حمایتی و عدم توجه به مرز (23) می‌باشد. در نتیجه، این تحقیق بر چالش‌های چند بعدی زنان در جوامع مرزی تأکید می‌کند که سیاست‌گذاران با تقویت فراگیر و توانمندسازی می‌توانند به توسعه پایدار، ارتقای برابری جنسیتی و تاب‌آوری اقتصادی در مناطق مرزی کمک کنند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101607_45cfd6ab66f7735facc2d9ea62731d17.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 18 A Promising Model of Farmers' Resilience to Floods: A case study of Sistan Plain مدل امیدبخش تاب‌آوری کشاورزان در مواجهه با سیلاب مطالعه موردی: دشت سیستان 107 124 100513 10.22059/jrur.2024.373544.1920 FA زهرا خاکی فیروز گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران مهرداد نیک نامی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران مرضیه کشاورز گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران محمد صادق صبوری گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، واحد گرمسار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرمسار، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 03 A B S T R A C T Floods are one of the most common and severe natural hazards worldwide. Due to climate change, the risk of severe floods is expected to increase. Currently, many organizations aim to enhance community resilience and manage flood hazards through educational measures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the resilience of farmers and the factors that affect their resilience, as well as their impact on reducing vulnerability to floods. A mixed-methods research approach was employed to achieve this aim. This approach involved using grounded theory and survey methods in the qualitative and quantitative phases. The qualitative findings were analyzed using Atlas. ti 9 software and the factors influencing farmers' resilience to floods were identified during this phase. Meanwhile, a model for investigating the factors affecting resilience and vulnerability to floods was developed during the quantitative phase. The model was designed and validated using structural equation modeling (SEM) with the partial least squares (PLS) method in the SmartPLS3 software. The findings from the qualitative phase demonstrated that the factors influencing farmers' resilience to floods include economic, extension and educational, legal, environmental, and infrastructure factors. In the quantitative phase, the modeling results revealed that access to basic services (ABS) was among the important dimensions of resilience. Furthermore, educational and extension factors had a significant positive effect on increasing resilience and reducing vulnerability to floods. Extended Abstract Introduction The severe and widespread flooding in recent decades has caused instability in agricultural production and reduced yields, posing a serious challenge to the agricultural sector's ability to provide sustainable food. Academics and programmers are working to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards, including flooding, by developing different approaches and appropriate programs. One such approach is to empower and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable local communities, enabling them to better prepare for, cope with, and recover from the detrimental effects of natural hazards. The lack of coherent policies for coping with natural risks, such as flooding, and implementing partial policies without sufficient attention to resources has significantly strained development policies and has presented serious challenges in areas such as the Sistan Plain. Methodology The mixed method was used for this research. In the qualitative stage, factors influencing the farmers' resilience in the face of flooding were identified. The statistical population in the qualitative phase consisted of experts from the social working group of Sistan Plain, consisting of 20 managers and experts in plant production, irrigation, agricultural education, and extension, as well as facilitators. The participants were selected through a non-probability purposive sampling method. The data analysis was performed simultaneously with the data collection process using Atlas. ti 9 software in three stages as Open, Axial, and Selective coding. The survey method was used in the quantitative phase. The statistical population consists of 56,639 farmers, of whom 382 were surveyed using the Morgan table and a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Smart-PLS 3 software was applied for the analysis of quantitative data. Results and discussion Qualitative data analysis revealed that several factors play a critical role in increasing the resilience of farmers to floods. The main drivers include educational and extension, economic, legal, environmental, and infrastructural factors. The results of the quantitative phase showed that the mean resilience index in all dimensions is below the average limit of 2.5. Therefore, the households did not have adequate resilience to floods. The structural equation model revealed that educational-extension services, legal, environmental, infrastructural, and economic factors and indicators related to each of these structures accounted for about 24% of the variance in resilience. The results of the analysis of factors influencing vulnerability to floods indicated that access to basic services, adaptive capacity, assets, stability, and social security networks, economic, educational and extension services, legal, environmental, and infrastructural factors, as well as indicators related to each of these structures, represented a total of approximately 66 percent of the variance in vulnerability. Findings indicated that educational and extension factors not only directly impact resilience to floods but also reduce farmers' vulnerability to this natural hazard. Farmers who have taken advantage of the new findings from agricultural extension programs report a higher ability to cope with floods. Legal, environmental, and infrastructural factors involve discussions, negotiations, mediation, dispute management, elections, public consultations, support, and other decision-making processes. To effectively contribute to enhancing resilience to floods, integrated risk management should be implemented through a multi-level and multi-central governance system. Farmers perceive that public investments in infrastructure play a crucial role in enhancing resilience and decreasing vulnerability. Moreover, access to media (newspapers, television, the internet, and mobile devices) and proximity to appropriate and standardized medical and health centers have a major impact on coping with floods. Conclusion The results indicate that the most effective approach to flood management involves a combination of structural and non-structural measures. Structural measures include river management projects that consider the frequency of flood occurrences. Non-structural measures, on the other hand, include extension and educational factors. Farmers can overcome numerous challenges by prioritizing legal, environmental, and infrastructural factors, particularly in the strategically important Sistan Plain that protects the country's borders. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Zahra Khaki-Firouz: Data collection, preparation, analysis and editing of the original draft. Mehrdad Niknami: Methodology, project management, supervision, review and editing. Marzieh Keshavarz: Conceptualization, software review, validation, writing - review and editing. Mohammad Sadeq Sabouri: Validation, review and editing.. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. سیل یکی از شایع‌ترین و شدیدترین خطرات طبیعی در سراسر جهان است. با توجه به تغییرات اقلیمی، انتظار می‌رود مخاطرات ناشی از سیل در آینده افزایش یابد. در حال حاضر، بسیاری از سازمان‌ها، افزایش تاب‌آوری جوامع را در اولویت قرار داده و با اقدامات آموزشی به مدیریت مخاطراتی همچون سیلاب پرداخته‌اند. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی تاب‌آوری کشاورزان در مواجهه با سیلاب، شناسایی عوامل اثرگذار بر تاب‌آوری کشاورزان و نیز بررسی تأثیر تاب‌آوری در کاهش آسیب‌پذیری کشاورزان از سیلاب می‌باشد. در این راستا از رویکرد پژوهش ترکیبی استفاده شد که در مرحله کیفی از روش نظریه بنیانی و در مرحله کمّی از روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری استفاده گردید. یافته‌های کیفی به‌وسیله نرم‌افزار 9 Atlas_ti تحلیل‌شده و در پایان مرحله کیفی، عوامل اثرگذار بر تاب‌آوری کشاورزان در مواجهه با سیلاب استخراج گردید. در مرحله کمّی، مدل اثرات تاب‌آوری در کاهش آسیب‌پذیری کشاورزان استخراج گردید. برای طراحی و اعتباریابی مدل از روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری به روش حداقل مربعات جزئی با نرم‌افزار Smart PLS3 استفاده شد. یافته‌های بخش کیفی نشان داد عوامل اقتصادی، آموزشی – ترویجی، قانونی، زیست‌محیطی و زیر بنایی بر تاب‌آوری کشاورزان در برابر سیلاب تأثیر دارند. در بخش کمّی نیز نتایج پژوهش نشان داد دسترسی به خدمات اساسی به‌عنوان یکی از ابعاد مهم تاب‌آوری نقش مهمی در کاهش آسیب‌پذیری دارد. همچنین عوامل آموزش و ترویجی به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین عوامل اثر گذار، نقش مثبت و معنی‌داری بر افزایش تاب‌آوری دارند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100513_d2e3b41461d0467018d6a9e1258d4171.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 18 Farmers’ Intention to Adapt to Climate Change: An Application of an Extended Version of Integrated Planned Behavior and Protection Motivation Theories نیت کشاورزان به سازگاری با تغییرات اقلیمی، کاربرد مدل توسعه‌یافته تلفیق تئوری‌های رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده و انگیزش حفاظت 125 140 100514 10.22059/jrur.2024.373693.1923 FA اصغر باقری گروه مهندسی آب و مدیریت کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران نیر امامی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 03 A B S T R A C T Climate change has become one of the most important global challenges threatening the environment and food security. This study utilized an integrated model of the theory of planned behavior and protection motivation to examine farmers' intentions and behaviors regarding climate change adaptation in Meshkinshahr County. Results showed that the model explained 84% of the variance in intention and 56% of the variance in behavior. Perceived vulnerability was the most significant factor influencing intention. Perceived severity had no significant effect on intention, suggesting that farmers were aware of the vulnerability of climate change but did not know enough about its severity. Since the impact of climate change is gradual and farmers do not have a complete understanding of this issue, it is necessary to familiarize them with the extent of climate change impacts through mass media, educational videos, and other extension campaigns. Self-efficacy had a significant influence on the intention; therefore, extension training should be provided to enable them to apply adaptation techniques cost-effectively. The impact of attitude on intention showed a need to improve farmers' attitudes towards climate change. Considering the impact of trust and belief on farmers' intentions, it is necessary to increase farmers' belief in the importance and adverse impacts of these changes and to gain farmers' trust in the effectiveness of climate change adaptation methods. Significant differences in farmers' intentions to adapt to climate change were found in terms of gender, education, place of residence, and number of family members. Extended abstract Introduction Global climate change has increasingly emerged as one of the most significant global challenges threatening the environment and global food security, particularly in less developed regions. The direct impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector include food insecurity, an increase in pests and diseases that negatively impact agricultural productivity, increased erosion and a decline in soil fertility. It is important to mitigate these impacts by enabling farmers to adapt and cope with the negative impacts on agriculture and their livelihoods. Effective adaptation can significantly reduce the magnitude of climate change impacts. Adaptation refers to actions to maintain a system's ability to cope with climate change. It can significantly reduce vulnerability to change and protect the rural community in mitigating potential risks and coping with the negative consequences of change. Various theories and models have been developed to analyze people's intentions and behaviors. Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the most widely used theories. It assumes that a person's intention to engage in a certain behavior is influenced by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), developed by Davis et al. (2015), was used to assess how motivation influences individuals' health behaviors. The PMT consists of two components: threat appraisal, which is measured by perceived threat and perceived severity, and coping appraisal, which is measured by self-efficacy, response efficacy, and response cost. This study used an extended model integrating TPB and PMT to examine farmers' intentions and behaviors related to climate change adaptation. Methodology This study was conducted in Meshkinshahr County. A cross-sectional survey method utilizing a multi-stage sampling strategy was employed for data collection. The statistical population comprised orchard farmers in the county. A sample of 220 farmers was selected using the Cochran formula. The research instrument was a questionnaire. It developed based on the study's theoretical framework and a comprehensive literature review. The questionnaire included the respondents' socioeconomic characteristics and eight model constructs. A panel of experts validated the research tool. A pilot study was conducted with 30 farmers outside the sample area to test the validity of the questionnaire and make any necessary corrections. The calculated alpha values for all constructs were above 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability of the research instrument. SPSS version 22 was used for initial statistical analyses, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with PLS software was utilized to model and predict the effects of factors influencing farmers' intentions and behaviors regarding adaptation. The goodness of fit for the model was assessed first. The reliability of the research model was confirmed using composite reliability coefficients and Cronbach's alpha. Indicators of discriminant validity, as well as convergent and divergent validity, were employed to evaluate the model's validity. Results and Discussion The results indicated that, with the exception of perceived severity, all hypotheses of the study were confirmed, explaining 84% of the variance in intention. The perceived vulnerability had the most significant impact on farmers' intentions, suggesting that their willingness to adapt to climate change largely depends on their perception of vulnerability. The significant effect of attitude on intention implies that a positive attitude toward new ideas leads to better preparation and a greater intention to implement them. Self-efficacy also significantly affected intention, indicating that individuals with higher perceived self-efficacy are more likely to seek coping strategies and take adaptation measures when facing challenges such as climate change. The significant influence of trust on intention shows that farmers are more inclined to adapt when they trust government officials and agricultural experts. Furthermore, the positive effect of belief in climate change on intention highlights that as farmers increasingly recognize changing climate conditions, they are more willing to adapt. This finding underscores the necessity for extension services to provide relevant information that aids farmers in adapting to climate change. Conversely, the lack of a significant effect of perceived severity on intention may stem from inadequate policy interventions and farmers' limited understanding of climate change. Additionally, behavioral intention positively affected actual adaptation behavior, explaining 56% of the variance in that behavior, thus confirming the foundational premise of the TPB. Moreover, significant differences in socioeconomic variables were evident among farmers based on gender, education, family size, and place of residence. Male and more educated farmers and those with larger families in rural areas were more likely to adapt to climate change. Conclusion Utilizing an extended model of the integrated TPB-PMT, this study explored farmers' intentions and behaviors related to climate change adaptation in Meshkinshahr County. The model successfully explained variance in farmers’ intentions, which in turn accounted for 56% of the variance in behavior. The findings offer new insights into the effectiveness of these theories in predicting farmers’ intentions and their adoption of climate change adaptation strategies, with important implications for agricultural policy and extension services. Among the model constructs, perceived vulnerability emerged as the most crucial factor influencing intention, while perceived severity showed no significant impact, indicating that farmers are somewhat aware of their vulnerability to climate change but lack sufficient knowledge of the severity of its consequences. As climate change continues to affect the agricultural sector, it is vital to conduct extension campaigns to educate and prepare farmers for adaptation. Funding This research was supported by the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (Research grant number 1402/d/9/11487). Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. در سال‌های اخیر تغییر اقلیم به یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های جهانی و تهدیدکننده محیط‌زیست و امنیت غذایی جهانی تبدیل گردید. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی نیت و رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان شهرستان مشکین‌شهر با تغییرات اقلیم با استفاده از مدل توسعه‌یافته تلفیقی نظریه‌های رفتار برنامه‌ریزی‌شده و انگیزش حفاظت پرداخت. نتایج نشان داد که مدل فوق 84% از واریانس نیت و نیت نیز 56% از واریانس رفتار را تبیین کرده است. آسیب‌پذیری درک شده مهم‌ترین عامل تأثیرگذار بر نیت سازگاری بود. شدت درک شده تأثیر معنی‌داری بر نیت نداشت که نشان می‌دهد اگرچه کشاورزان تا حدودی بر آسیب‌پذیری از تغییرات اقلیمی واقف بودند، آگاهی چندانی در زمینه شدت اثرات و پیامدهای تغییرات اقلیم نداشتند. ازآنجاکه تغییرات اقلیمی اثرات تدریجی بر زندگی کشاورزان دارد و کشاورزان درک کاملی از این موضوع ندارند، لازم است از طریق رسانه‌های جمعی، فیلم‌های آموزشی و سایر پیکارهای ترویجی، کشاورزان با شدت اثرات این تغییرات آشنا شوند. خود-کارآمدی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر نیت داشت لذا، آموزش‌های ترویجی باید بتواند توانمندی لازم برای کاربست فنون سازگاری به طریقی آسان و کم‌هزینه ایجاد کند. تأثیر نگرش بر نیت نشان داد که لازم است نگرش کشاورزان نسبت به تغییرات آب‌وهوایی اصلاح شود. با توجه به تأثیر اعتماد و باور بر نیت کشاورزان، لازم است باور کشاورزان به اهمیت و اثرات ناگوار این تغییرات تقویت شود و کارشناسان اعتماد کشاورزان را نسبت به اثربخشی شیوه‌های سازگاری با تغییرات اقلیمی جلب نمایند. از نظر جنسیت، تحصیلات، محل سکونت و تعداد اعضای خانوار تفاوت‌های معنی‌داری در نیت سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییرات اقلیمی یافت شد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100514_eda61bfb951b11387d19c602e4fb0017.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 19 Identification and Analysis of Challenges and Drivers of Commercialization of Rural Knowledge-based Businesses with the Fuzzy Delphi Method شناسایی و تحلیل چالش‌ها و پیشران‌های توسعه و تجاری‌سازی کسب‌وکارهای دانش‌بنیان روستایی با روش دلفی فازی 141 161 101584 10.22059/jrur.2024.374367.1928 FA سیدرضا حسینی کهنوج گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران حمدا... سجاسی قیداری گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 04 A B S T R A C T This study aims to identify and analyze the challenges of commercializing knowledge-based businesses in the villages within Mashhad's sphere of influence. The research employs a mixed-methods approach. In line with the principle of theoretical adequacy, the statistical sample comprises 75 rural business owners and 25 experts. In the qualitative phase, the coding method was utilized to identify effective factors, which were then screened using the fuzzy Delphi method. Ultimately, the most critical key drivers were extracted using MICMAC software. The primary variables influencing the failure of commercializing knowledge-based businesses were examined across six categories: "human resource management" factors, "Tax and Customs," "marketing and sales," "licensing and monitoring," "Financial problems and supply and demand market," and "Intellectual property system." Among the 54 extracted indicators, 44 were confirmed after expert screening. The results of the prospective study revealed that drivers such as "not utilizing creative, suggestive, and problem-solving human resources according to business needs (A1), "Financial instability in relation to paying expenses and debts (B6)," "Lack of importance in monitoring changes in customers' attitudes, tastes, and beliefs (C8)," "Expansion of corruption in the form of administrative bureaucracies (D1)," "Problems in product matching with customer needs," and "Lack of financial support for patenting in the field of knowledge-based products" have the most significant impact on the failure of rural knowledge-based businesses Extended Abstract Introduction The villages within the Mashhad metropolitan area possess unique environmental capabilities, influenced by the significance, credibility, nature, and diversity of the role and function of religious tourism in Mashhad. Additionally, these villages are shaped by their cultural, recreational, commercial, and agricultural production backgrounds. Despite these advantages, they can attract populations from Mashhad and other cities to their products. However, rural businesses in the study area have struggled to effectively market their achievements and establish meaningful interactions with the market and industry to reach their full potential in promoting local culture, production, and reproduction. This is largely due to a disconnect between entrepreneurial intentions in commercialization and the actual outcomes in the field of action and execution. In other words, there is not only a significant gap but sometimes a deep conflict between what is outlined in business development programs based on technology and knowledge and what rural business owners in Mashhad are involved in. This raises questions about whether rural businesses in the study area have the potential for commercialization. If the answer is no, which seems to be the case, the intention is to fundamentally examine the drivers and challenges involved in the failure of their commercialization. Methodology The statistical population of this research comprises 115 identified businesses. Based on the principle of theoretical adequacy and in proportion to the main sectors of the country's economy, 75 businesses were studied. This included 42 in the industrial sector, 23 in the service sector, and 10 in the agricultural sector (not 50 as initially mentioned, to maintain consistency with the total of 75). Efforts were made to ensure that the sample selection and distribution were equitable across the 24 villages studied. Additionally, 25 experts, including university professors and senior and middle managers of marketing and public relations, were consulted from knowledge-based companies in Razavi Khorasan province. These experts possessed sufficient knowledge in the field and had at least two years of relevant work experience. Results and discussion Using the content analysis method, core codes were initially extracted from six categories: "human resource management," "Tax and Customs," "marketing and sales," "licensing and monitoring," "Financial problems and supply and demand market," and "Intellectual property system." A total of 54 core codes were identified. In the subsequent step, these core codes were screened using expert opinions and the fuzzy Delphi process over multiple rounds. According to the results obtained from two rounds of the fuzzy Delphi process, 10 indicators were removed, reducing the number of indicators in the conceptual model from 54 to 44. Additionally, since the absolute difference between the dephased or definite values in the first and second rounds for all indicators was less than 0.2, it can be concluded that the fuzzy Delphi process was completed in these two rounds. Indicators such as lack of employee attention to the company's legal personality, little attention to competitive strategies, weak monitoring of discipline and adherence to labor laws, and the lack of returnability of rural elites in setting up knowledge-based businesses (related to the human resource management variable) were excluded. Other excluded indicators included a lack of coordination between institutions involved in exports and imports (related to the tax and customs variable), a lack of training in negotiation techniques and effective customer communication, and a lack of training in providing appropriate prices based on market analysis and competitive strategy (related to the marketing and sales variable). Furthermore, the occurrence of fundamental changes in laws and policies after each election (related to the licensing and monitoring variable), low investment in market research to achieve innovation, and failure to understand customer needs and preferences (related to the variable of financial problems and market supply and demand) were also excluded from the next stage process. Unlike traditional businesses, which often focus on tangible assets like physical products or services, knowledge-based businesses rely on intangible assets such as research, development, data, and specialized skills. These businesses prioritize innovation and invest heavily in research and development activities to create new products, services, or processes. They continually strive to stay ahead of competitors by adapting to market trends and emerging technologies. Knowledge-based businesses handle vast amounts of information and data, utilizing data analysis, market research, and insights to make informed decisions and drive business strategies. However, commercialization failure in knowledge-based businesses occurs when companies fail to effectively bring intellectual property, innovative ideas, or research results to market. This failure highlights the challenges these businesses face in translating their intangible assets into successful market offerings. Conclusion The results of this section revealed that several key factors have the most significant impact across different dimensions. In the dimension of poor human resource management, the factor "not employing creative, suggestive, and problem-solving human resources according to the needs of the established business (A1)" stood out. For the tax and customs indicators, "Financial instability in relation to payment of expenses and debts (B6)" was prominent. In the marketing and sales dimension, "Lack of importance in monitoring changes in customers' attitudes, tastes, and beliefs (C8)" was noted, although it was incorrectly labeled as B8. "Expansion of corruption in the form of administrative bureaucracies (D1)" was identified for the licensing and monitoring dimension. In the dimension of financial problems and the supply and demand market, "problems in matching the product with the customer's needs (E1)" were highlighted. Finally, for the intellectual property system dimension, "Lack of financial support for patenting in the field of manufacturing knowledge-based products (F4)" had the highest calculated column value and the most impact. Funding This work is based upon research funded by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under project No.4013515. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. پژوهش حاضر قصد دارد تا چالشهای تجاریسازی کسبوکارهای دانشبنیان در روستاهای حوزه نفوذ مشهد را شناسایی و تحلیل کند. این پژوهش بر پایه روشهای آمیخته انجام شده است. نمونه آماری این پژوهش را طبق اصل کفایت نظری، 75 نفر از صاحبان مشاغل روستایی و 25 نفر از خبرگان تشکیل میدهد. در بخش کیفی از روش کدگذاری استفاده شد تا عوامل مؤثر شناسایی شوند و سپس شاخصهای شناسایی شده با روش دلفی فازی غربالگری گردید. در انتها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار MICMAC مهم‌ترین پیشرانهای کلیدی استخراج شد. متغیرهای اصلی مؤثر بر شکست تجاریسازی کسب‌وکارهای دانشبنیان در شش دسته عوامل «مدیریت منابع انسانی»؛ «مالیات و گمرک»؛ «بازاریابی و فروش»؛ «مجوزدهی و نظارت»؛ «مشکلات مالی و بازار عرضه و تقاضا» و «نظام مالکیت فکری» مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. در ادامه از بین 54 شاخص استخراج شده، 44 مورد پس از غربالگری توسط خبرگان مورد تائید قرار گرفتند. نتایج مطالعه آیندهپژوهی نشان داد پیشرانهایی از جمله "بکار نگرفتن نیروی انسانی خلاق، پیشنهاد دهنده و مسئلهیاب متناسب با نیاز کسب‌وکار(A1)"؛ بیثباتی مالی در رابطه با پرداخت هزینهها و بدهیها (B6)"؛ "عدم اهمیت به رصد تغییرات در نگرشها، سلیقهها و باورهای مشتریان (C8)"؛ " گسترش فساد در قالب بوروکراسیهای اداری(D1)"؛ "مشکلات در همخوانی محصول با نیاز مشتری(E1)"؛ "نبود حمایتهای مالی برای ثبت اختراع در زمینه فراوری محصولات دانش‌بنیان(F4)" مهم‌ترین تأثیر را بر شکست تجاریسازی کسب‌وکارهای دانشبنیان روستایی دارند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101584_f1e72a65b0a96dd50272834c4216d34e.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 19 Evaluation of the Effective Components of the Physical Space of Ecotourism Resorts in Gilan Province on the Satisfaction of Tourists ارزیابی مولفه‌های اثرگذار فضای کالبدی اقامتگاه‌های بوم‌گردی استان گیلان بر جلب رضایتمندی گردشگران 163 181 100195 10.22059/jrur.2025.375184.1934 FA پریسا شاه وردی گروه معماری، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران سیده مامک صلواتیان گروه معماری، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران حسین صفری گروه معماری، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 04 A B S T R A C T Ecotourism resorts, as one of the most important tourism facilities, play a significant role in the prosperity of the destination's tourism. Gilan province has high potential in the field of ecotourism, and the favorable performance of residences can affect the development of ecotourism in the region. The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the factors and indicators of the physical space of ecotourism residences that affect the satisfaction of tourists. The research is applied and uses the survey method. Information was gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire and involved 387 tourists who had experienced staying in ecotourism residences in Gilan. The KMO test and Cronbach's alpha were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire items. Also, statistical data analysis was conducted using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the t-test, Chi-square test (χ^2), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), employing SPSS software. The findings of the research indicate that "service micro spaces," "historical, cultural and identity features of accommodation architecture," "spatial quality," and "materials and executive details" have a role in the satisfaction of tourists in order of priority. Based on the research's findings, recommendations including the establishment of service facilities alongside accommodation spaces, education, and cultural promotion regarding the appreciation of architectural heritage, the inspiration of vernacular architecture in the design and implementation of accommodation buildings, and promotion of spatial quality were presented. Incorporating these elements can improve the condition of tourism resorts in the province and create a suitable environment for attracting tourists' satisfaction. Extended Abstract Introduction In today's world, tourism is one of the most profitable industries and has seen increasing growth in recent years. Ecotourism has been formed as a tourism branch to protect the natural environment and support local communities. In the meantime, as one of the most important tourism facilities, ecotourism resorts play a significant role in the tourism boom of the destination. Gilan province has high potential in the field of ecotourism, and the favorable performance of residences can affect the development of ecotourism and the growth of sustainable tourism in the region. Despite the importance of the physical space of the residence in attracting tourists and its impact on the continuity of ecotourism life, in the existing tourism system of the country, no pattern, criteria, or guidance has been defined for the architecture of ecotourism residences which can be a problem for the future. Ecotourism is considered a threat. This shows the necessity of research in this field. The present study aims to evaluate the features of the physical space of ecotourism lodges in Gilan, which play a role in attracting the satisfaction of tourists. It seeks to answer the following questions: -What is the relationship between the physical characteristics of the ecotourism residence and the level of tourist satisfaction? -In ecotourism resorts, what are the physical components that are effective in attracting tourists' satisfaction in order of priority? Knowing these factors will provide suitable information fields regarding the development of accommodations and increasing the satisfaction of tourists in the future. Methodology The research is applied and uses the survey method. The nature of the data is quantitative. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, and 387 tourists who had the experience of staying in Gilan ecotourism residences formed the statistical sample of the research. In order to measure the validity and reliability of the questionnaire items, the KMO test and Cronbach's alpha were used. Also, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Student's t-test (t), Chi-square test (χ^2), and factor analysis using principal component method (PCA) were used for statistical analysis of data with SPSS software. Results and discussion The findings of the research indicate that "service micro spaces," "historical, cultural and identity features of accommodation architecture," "spatial quality," and "materials and executive details" have a role in the satisfaction of tourists in order of priority. These cases can be used to improve the conditions of the province's ecotourism resorts in the planning and designing of future ecotourism complexes and provide the basis for attracting tourists and their satisfaction. By analyzing the research data, it was found that the architectural features of ecotourism residences effectively gain their satisfaction. This confirms the findings of previous studies. Also, the findings indicate that the most important priority for tourists from ecotourism accommodations is the presence of suitable "service micro spaces." This shows that providing the basic needs of tourist welfare services is essential, and such facilities seem necessary for designing successful ecotourism complexes. The second factor that leads to the satisfaction of tourists from ecotourism resorts in the province is the "historical, cultural and architectural identity features of the resort." With the development of tourism infrastructure in the world, travel and accommodation in routine and even luxury accommodation have become repetitive after a while, and the native, traditional, and unique architecture of the accommodation has been attractive and welcomed due to providing new experiences for tourists. The third factor of the physical characteristics of accommodations that plays a role in attracting tourists is the "spatial quality" factor. This means that in addition to the existence of micro-spaces required for the comfortable stay of tourists, the desired quality of these spaces is also important. "Materials and executive details" is the fourth factor from the point of view of tourists that should be considered in the design and construction of accommodation. The specific materials and executive details of each region are attractive to tourists and are of interest to people who have chosen ecotourism accommodation as their travel destination in order to get to know the specific culture and architecture of the host community. Conclusion According to the findings of the research, the following suggestions are presented concerning the creation and development of ecotourism residences in Gilan province: In the design of ecotourism complexes, the presence of welfare service spaces should be considered in addition to accommodation spaces. Cultivation regarding valuing architectural heritage, making the host community aware of the importance of preserving native architecture, and considering incentives to restore traditional buildings and turn them into native residences. Applying the necessary changes in old buildings during restoration and provision of micro-spaces for the necessary welfare services in ecotourism complexes. Attention to the quality of accommodation spaces. Inspiration from the native architecture of each region in the design, materials, and construction details. Training and holding special courses to acquaint tourism managers with the architectural features of successful accommodations. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. اقامتگاه بومگردی بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین تاسیسات گردشگری، نقش بهسزایی در رونق گردشگری مقصد دارد. استان گیلان دارای پتانسیلهای بالایی در عرصه بومگردی بوده و عملکرد مطلوب اقامتگاهها میتواند بر توسعه بومگردی در منطقه اثرگذار باشد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی عوامل و شاخصهای اثرگذار فضای کالبدی اقامتگاههای بومگردی بر جلب رضایتمندی گردشگران میباشد. پژوهش از نوع کاربردی بوده و از روش پیمایشی بهره میجوید. اطلاعات توسط پرسشنامه محققساخته و از طریق 387 نفر از گردشگرانی که تجربه اسکان در اقامتگاههای بومگردی گیلان را داشتند حاصل گردید. بهمنظور سنجش روایی و پایایی گویههای پرسشنامه از آزمون KMO و آلفای کرونباخ بهره گرفته شد. همچنین از روش ضریب همبستگی رتبهای اسپیرمن، آزمون میانگین تی استیودنت (t)، آزمون خیدو ( ) و تحلیل عاملی به روش مولفههای مبنا (PCA) برای تجزیه و تحلیل آماری دادهها با نرمافزار SPSS استفاده گردید. یافتههای حاصل از پژوهش حاکی از آن است که "ریزفضاهای خدماتی"، "ویژگیهای تاریخی فرهنگی و هویتی معماری اقامتگاه"، "کیفیت فضایی" و "مصالح و جزئیات اجرایی" به ترتیب اولویت در جلب رضایت گردشگران نقش دارند. با تکیه بر یافتههای پژوهش، پیشنهاداتی شامل بر استقرار فضاهای خدماتی رفاهی در کنار فضاهای اقامتی، آموزش و فرهنگسازی در خصوص ارزشگذاری به میراث معماری، الهام از معماری بومی در طراحی و اجرای بنای اقامتگاه و ارتقا کیفیت فضایی ارائه گردید. لحاظ نمودن چنین مواردی میتواند شرایط اقامتگاههای بومگردی استان را بهبود بخشد و زمینه مناسب برای جلب رضایتمندی گردشگران فراهم آورد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100195_5e3d5b5c890a805f7a39aac2604067c0.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 20 Planning the Development of Rural Settlements in the Urban Limited of Tehran Metropolis based on the Perception of Local Managers and Experts چالش‌ها و مسائل برنامه‌ریزی توسعه سکونتگاه‌های روستایی حریم کلان‌شهر تهران مبتنی بر نگرش کارشناسان و مدیران محلی 183 205 102113 10.22059/jrur.2024.359181.1837 FA معصومه امانی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران فرهاد عزیزپور گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران اصغر طهماسبی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 05 A B S T R A C T Rural settlements surrounding metropolitan areas serve as transitional zones between urban and rural spaces, facing various challenges throughout their development. However, these areas have received limited attention from the perspective of local stakeholders. Therefore, this study aims to explore the perceptions of local managers and rural development experts regarding the planning and development of rural settlements around Tehran’s metropolitan area, employing an interpretive approach and qualitative methods. The study participants included managers and local rural development experts from 17 villages within Tehran’s urban boundaries, along with representatives from five organizations. The villages were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique, while the organizations and individuals were chosen through purposive sampling. In total, 49 participants were involved, 34 from the villages and 15 from the organizations, reaching theoretical saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The credibility of the findings was ensured through the Holsti coefficient method. The findings indicate that key challenges in planning and developing rural settlements within the urban fringe include weak institutional structures, lack of diversity, insufficient emphasis on strategic actions, limited focus on integrated urban-rural development, neglect of community-based approaches, inadequate monitoring and evaluation systems, rising identity-structural conflicts, and declining quality of life. The procedural weaknesses of institutional structures and uniform planning have contributed to content-related challenges, such as identity-structural conflicts and a diminished quality of life. Extend Abstract Introduction Since the beginning of the 21st century, the traditional rural environment has undergone rapid economic, social, and cultural transformations. Accelerated urban development has increasingly blurred the boundaries between urban and rural areas. Rural settlements surrounding metropolitan regions serve as transitional zones where urbanization, agriculture, rural life, and nature intersect. Urban expansion gives rise to various sprawl patterns within these zones, necessitating careful evaluation due to the complex characteristics and potential of the boundaries that connect rural, agricultural, and natural spaces. The evolving landscapes surrounding cities have been described using terms such as urban edge, city periphery, suburban areas. In Iran, studies indicate that villages affected by urban sprawl experience rapid land-use changes. As urbanization progresses, agricultural land is frequently converted into residential, service, and commercial zones. These areas face various opportunities, challenges, and constraints due to their proximity to and physical dependence on the city, setting them apart from other rural regions in the country. Many of these have become primarily residential, with residents commuting daily to the city for employment, services, and infrastructure. The population growth in rural areas surrounding metropolitan further reinforces their residential function. According to the latest population and housing census, these villages have experienced a growth rate exceeding the national average for other rural areas. Consequently, their development processes have been heavily influenced by rapid urbanization. Despite facing numerous challenges in development planning, these areas have received limited attention from local stakeholders and policymakers. Therefore, this study aims to examine the perceptions of regional managers and rural development experts regarding the planning and development of rural settlements around the Tehran metropolitan area. Methodology This study employs an interpretive approach with a qualitative research design. The statistical population consists of 273 villages within the urban boundaries of Tehran’s metropolitan area, including local management representatives and rural development experts. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 local experts and 17 local managers, selected using purposive and multi-stage cluster sampling techniques. Qualitative content analysis was used for data analysis, and the reliability of the findings was ensured through the Holsti coefficient method. Results and discussion The research findings indicate that the most significant challenges in planning the development of rural settlements within the urban boundaries of Tehran’s metropolitan area include weak institutional structures, homogenization, insufficient focus on strategic actions, lack of emphasis on integrated urban-rural development, neglect of community-centered approaches, deficiencies in the monitoring and evaluation system, the proliferation of identity-structural conflicts, and a decline in quality of life. The identification of effective mechanisms for planning the development of rural settlements surrounding Tehran’s metropolitan area reveals that the absence of integrated urban-rural planning has prevented the establishment of a comprehensive rural development plan within Tehran’s functional area. As a result, effective rural development planning is absent in other settlements within the metropolitan area. Furthermore, because the villages are not managed by a single organization, they lack productive economic interactions with other settlements in the metropolis, leading to economic isolation and a failure to harness the economic potential of these villages. The current rural development plan applies a uniform framework to villages with diverse populations, identities, structures, functions, and needs, meaning that the real needs of residents are not addressed, and they suffer from a lack of essential facilities and services. Moreover, due to the dynamic and continuously evolving nature of these villages, their development processes and economic patterns do not align with the standardized framework of the rural master plan. As a result, informal development patterns, such as illegal constructions, have emerged, significantly degrading both the quality of life and the structural identity of these areas. Furthermore, in Iran, the inefficiency of the rural development framework has led to relevant legal and organizational bodies lacking the necessary capacity for effective rural development, with the planning process failing to be participatory and community-centered. Conclusion The weakness of institutional structures and the homogenization of planning procedures are among the most significant and impactful issues. These factors, while influencing other challenges and procedural problems, have, through a dialectical relationship, contributed to content-related challenges such as identity-structural conflicts and a decline in the quality of life in the villages within Tehran’s metropolitan boundaries. Based on the understanding of the perspectives of experts and local managers regarding overcoming this situation, they emphasized that the country's policymaking and planning system must create new capacities, especially in the institutional dimension. Among the institutional capacities, the preparation and implementation of development plans at the metropolitan regional and local levels with a strategic-executive approach are important. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution First Author: Preparation and compilation of the introduction, background, and theoretical framework; data collection; analysis of the interview data; interpretation of results; and drafting of the manuscript. Second Author: Supervision of the research process; review and verification of results; revision, editing, and final writing of the manuscript. Third Author: Oversight of the research; reviewing and proofreading the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to all individuals who contributed to this research, especially the experts and local management officials (village heads and council members) who participated in the interviews. سکونتگاه‌های روستایی حریم مناطق کلان‌شهری، عرصه فضایی بین شهرها و روستاها هستند. این عرصه‌ها در روند توسعه‌شان با مسائل، تنگناها و چالش‌های متفاوتی روبرو هستند که کمتر از منظر برنامه‌ریزان موردتوجه قرارگرفته‌اند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تفهم و کشف چالش‌های برنامه‌ریزی توسعه سکونتگاه‌های روستایی حریم کلان‌شهر تهران در بستر رهیافت تفسیری و روش‌شناسی کیفی انجام‌شده است. مشارکت‌کنندگان پژوهش مدیران محلی و کارشناسان توسعه روستایی از 17 روستا حریم، 5 دستگاه اجرایی و 3 دانشگاه بودند که با بهره‌گیری از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای (برای انتخاب روستاها) و نمونه‌گیری هدفمند (برای انتخاب دستگاه‌ها و افراد) انتخاب شدند. تعداد مشارکت‌کنندگان در 17 روستا و 8 دستگاه اجرایی و دانشگاه با اشباع نظری به ترتیب به 34 و 15 نفر رسید. داده‌های پژوهش با استفاده از مصاحبه نیمه ساختارمند جمع‌آوری شد. برای تحلیل نیز از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی بهره گرفته شد. اعتبارپذیری یافته‌ها با استفاده از روش ضریب هولستی انجام شد. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش این نتیجه حاصل شد که؛ ضعف ساختارهای نهادی، یکسان‌نگری، ضعف توجه به کنش راهبردی، ضعف توجه به توسعه یکپارچه شهری-روستایی، عدم توجه به اجتماع‌محوری، ضعف نظام پایش و ارزشیابی، گسترش تعارض‌های هویتی- ساختاری و کاهش کیفیت زندگی مهم‌ترین مسائل روستاهای حریم هستند. ضعف ساختارهای نهادی و یکسان‌نگری که ماهیت رویه‌ای دارند، از اهمیت و میزان اثرگذاری بالاتری برخوردار هستند. به‌طوری‌که ضمن اثرگذاری بر سایر چالش‌ها و مسائل رویه‌ای در یک رابطه دیالکتیکی زمینه‌ساز چالش‌های محتوایی مانند گسترش تعارض‌های هویتی- ساختاری و کاهش کیفیت زندگی در روستاهای حریم کلان‌شهر تهران شده‌اند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_102113_add4517b3f5340375b039a3b5348ee0d.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 2 2025 08 20 Analysis of the Role of Female Entrepreneurs in the Rural Development: A case study of Someh Sara County تحلیل نقش زنان کارآفرین در توسعه روستایی مطالعه موردی: شهرستان صومعه‌سرا 207 222 104038 10.22059/jrur.2024.367215.1882 FA محمد صادق زارع گروه جغرافیا، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران نصرالله مولائی هشجین گروه جغرافیا، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران محمدباسط قریشی گروه جغرافیا، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 05 A B S T R A C T Today, one of the effective strategies in rural development is benefiting from the participation and capabilities of female entrepreneurs. The current research was conducted to analyze the role of female entrepreneurs in the rural development of Someh Sara County. This research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of its practical purpose, and documentary and field methods were used to collect the research data. The female entrepreneurs of Soumesara County formed the current research community in 2021-2022, and out of 151 villages of Soumesara County, 27 villages, 51 female entrepreneurs, and 36 village managers were selected as samples. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect information. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and integrated models (FARAS+FCOPRAS) and the WASTPAS fuzzy model. The present research findings showed that in the activities of female entrepreneurs in rural development, the income development index is 66.7, the social participation index is 44.7, and the facilities index is 31.7. The social trust rate of 11.7 is the lowest value of the effectiveness of the role of female entrepreneurs in the rural development of Someh Sara County. Therefore, female entrepreneurs have performed acceptably in the development process of the village, and the entrepreneurial activities of females in the rural have provided the necessary grounds for rural development. Based on the research findings, it seems that female entrepreneurs can be effective in rural development. Extended Abstract Introduction Identifying the entrepreneurial talents of rural people, especially women, and trying to develop and strengthen entrepreneurship in rural development by providing its primary conditions is highly important. The review of the background of the research shows that studies have been conducted about variables such as employment, agriculture and the gender dimension of women's entrepreneurship in the village, and the challenges and requirements of its development have been addressed. Still, an explanation has yet to be made regarding the role of women entrepreneurs in the villages. Since the women of the hidden labor force are one of the essential bases of the labor force in the villages, it is necessary to examine the skill dimensions of their entrepreneurship in depth. The examination of the entrepreneurship skills of the villagers, especially rural women, and efforts to develop and strengthen entrepreneurship in rural development by providing its basic conditions are important. Therefore, the current research has been done to analyze the role of women entrepreneurs in village, and this study seeks to answer the following question: -How much do women entrepreneurs provide the field for rural development? Methodology In terms of purpose, the current research is applied and based on the research method; it is among descriptive-analytical and survey studies. The statistical population of the present study includes women entrepreneurs of Someh Sara County, and the statistical samples of the research were selected from 151 villages of Someh Sara County, 27 villages with women entrepreneurs. A total of 51 women entrepreneurs and 36 rural managers were selected using the available sampling method. Demographic data and information of the villages of Someh Sara came form the general population and housing census and the agricultural census(2015), obtained from the city's trustees and institutions, as well as the completion of specific questionnaires and observations in the mentioned time frame. Results and discussion In this study, participants answered questionnaires prioritizing the economic aspects of women entrepreneurs' participation in village development. Among economic fields of women entrepreneurs in the rural development of Someh Sara’s County, chicken and mushroom breeding with a value of 21.55 obtained the highest percentage among women entrepreneurs. Social contexts in this study refer to activities that maintain and improve village social aspects, not just profit. These include enhancing social capital. Among social fields, cooperation with the village Islamic Council(value of 23.00) had the highest percentage. Based on economic and social factors, rural development by economic factors, the employment status of Someh Sara in the mentioned topics, with a value of 3.3 in the continuation and expansion of the activities of women entrepreneurs, 3.000 on the issue of employment of non-natives in profitable jobs, 3.00 on the issue of job satisfaction in the sector created by women, 3.05 on the issue of creating job opportunities for rural women and youth, and finally, 3.02 on the issue of the creation and development of entrepreneurship, (with the value of the obtained averages higher than the average number of 3), show the relatively favorable state of economic development in the employment index. The Chi-square test shows that all the indicators mentioned are significant at the 0.05 level because the significance level obtained is smaller than the 0.05 number, so it can be concluded that the role of women entrepreneurs in the rural development of the monastery is significant. However, this test does not determine the intensity of the relationship, so the Cramers V test was used to determine the intensity of the relationship between the two variables. Because the numerical value of this statistic is high, it can be concluded that the intensity of the relationship between the two variables of the role of women entrepreneurs in the rural development (economic factors) of Someh Sara County is high. A qualitative index has been proposed to analyze the results, which can be used to qualitatively determine the role of women entrepreneurs in rural development (economic factors) of Someh Sara County. According to the findings, among the economic indicators, the income development index(score: 71.66), employment(71.51), investment(71.45), and facilities(71.31), had the highest and lowest levels of influence respectively. The role of women entrepreneurs in Someh Sara was considered separately. Rural development based on economic factors show that the employment status of Someh Sara with a value of 3.3 for continuation and expansion of women’s activities, 3.00 for employment of non-natives in profitable jobs, 3.10 for job satisfaction in the sector created by women, the value of 3.05 for creating opportunities for women and rural youth, and 3.02 for creating and developing entrepreneurship, (all above the average value of 3), shows the relatively favorable state of economic development in the employment index. To measure the intensity of the relationship, the Cramers V test was used. The high value of this statistic confirms the strong relationship between the role of women entrepreneurs and rural development in Someh Sara. Based on the results, women's entrepreneurship is productive, and their activities contribute meaningfully to rural development. Conclusion The findings of the present research, considering that Someh Sara has suitable climatic conditions for agricultural, animal husbandry, industrial activities, and tourism due to its humidity and suitable climate, indicate that the region can provide effective conditions for rural development. May Webster be an appealing destination for attracting tourists. The results show that women entrepreneurs have performed successfully in the field of village development. Therefore, their efforts can significantly contribute to rural progress. These findings are consistent with previous studies(Alizadeh and Bahrami, 2016: 121), (Rasekhi et al, 2015: 459), (Shamanian et al, 2022: 172), (Shahbazi, 2022: 243). Based on these results, the study proposes solutions for feasibility assessment, introduction, and training aimed at developing successful women-led businesses in the villages of Someh Sara. Moreover, developing the sales and export markets of products in the villages of Someh Sara County is necessary, according to the capacity of the domestic and food markets of Guilan province and its proximity to the international border. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution First Author: Preparation and processing of samples, conducting experiments and data collection, performing calculations, statistical analysis of data, analysis and interpretation of information and results, drafting the manuscript. Second Author: Research design, supervision of the research process, review and validation of results, revision, editing, and finalization of the manuscript. Third Author: Contribution to research design, supervision of the research, reviewing and revising the manuscript.. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to the residents of the villages in Someh Sara County for their cooperation in conducting this study. امروزه یکی از راهبردهای مؤثر در توسعه روستایی، بهره‌مندی از مشارکت و توانمندی‌های زنان کارآفرین است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل نقش زنان کارآفرین در توسعه روستایی شهرستان صومعه‌سرا انجام‌شده است. روش این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است که در گردآوری اطلاعات پژوهش از روش اسنادی و میدانی استفاده شد. جامعه پژوهش حاضر را زنان کارآفرین شهرستان صومعه‌سرا در سال ۱۴۰۰-۱۴۰۱ تشکیل داده‌اند که از تعداد ۱۵۱ روستای شهرستان صومعه‌سرا، تعداد ۲۷ روستا و تعداد ۵۱ نفر زن کارآفرین و تعداد ۳۶ نفر مدیر روستا به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات نیز پرسش‌نامه و مصاحبه بوده است. اطلاعات به‌دست‌آمده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss و مدل‌های تلفیقی (FARAS+FCOPRAS) و مدل فازی WASTPAS، تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. یافته‌های حاصل از پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که در فعالیت‌های زنان کارآفرین در توسعه روستا، شاخص توسعه درآمد به میزان ۷/۶۶ و شاخص مشارکت اجتماعی به میزان ۷/۴۴ بیشترین سهم و شاخص تسهیلات به میزان ۷/۳۱ و اعتماد اجتماعی به میزان ۷/۱۱ کمترین مقدار اثرپذیری از نقش زنان کارآفرین در توسعه روستایی شهرستان صومعه‌سرا را به خود اختصاص داده است. بنابراین زنان کارآفرین در روند توسعه روستا عملکرد قابل قبولی داشته و فعالیت‌های کارآفرینی زنان در روستا زمینه‌های لازم برای توسعه روستایی را فراهم نموده است. بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش، به نظر می‌رسد کارآفرینی زنان بتواند در توسعه روستایی مؤثر باشد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_104038_dffb02ca3ea50d00e53d500e3653a080.pdf