دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 09 23 Designing a Rural Tourism Marketing Model based on Participatory Geographic Information System: A case study of Karaik and Kokhdan Villages, Dena City ارائه الگو بازاریابی گردشگری روستایی مبتنی بر سامانه‌های اطلاعات جغرافیایی مشارکتی مطالعه موردی: روستاهای کریک و کوخدان شهرستان دنا 1 21 101583 10.22059/jrur.2024.367916.1887 FA آتنا معین مهر گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران عبدالرضا رکن الدین افتخاری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران،ایران مهدی پورطاهری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6388-8823 Journal Article 2025 04 26 A B S T R A C T This research focuses on developing a rural tourism marketing model based on a participatory geographic information system for the villages of Karaik and Kokhdan in Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad province. A qualitative research methodology based on Grounded Theory was employed for data analysis. Data collection involved in-depth and semi-structured interviews, collaborative meetings, note-taking, and observation. A total of 28 participants, including local experts, village managers, business owners, and employees of Dena National Park, were selected using purposeful, snowball, and theoretical sampling. The data analysis process unfolded in five stages such as open coding to identify concepts, developing concepts in term of their properties and dimensions, contextual data analysis, bringing process into the analysis, and integrating categories. The resulting paradigm model encompasses causal conditions (technology characteristics and facilitation of participation), context (tourism supply and destination attractiveness), intervening conditions (technological challenges and managerial /structural aspects), strategies (development of a participatory spatial system and policy making requirements), and outcomes (destination tourism development). The findings indicate that to address the primary issue of technological management challenges in rural tourism marketing based on PGIS, strategies such as developing a participatory spatial marketing system and enhancing social empowerment are essential. The implementation of these strategies is expected to yield competitive advantages and improve tourism sustainability. Extended Abstract Introduction In today's world, most urban dwellers seek respite from pollution, overcrowding, and stressful conditions of city life by vacationing in pristine areas, engaging with nature, and experiencing rural life. This trend presents significant opportunities for rural areas with natural attractions, rich wildlife, and unique cultural traditions. However, rural tourism often faces challenges related to infrastructure, management, and marketing structures in rural areas. Currently, web-based information plays a crucial role in marketing tourism products. Moreover, collaborative marketing approaches have transformed rural tourism development and planning methodologies. Participatory geographic Information Systems enhance community involvement in policy-making and support the objectives of non-governmental organizations and local groups through geographic data. Collaborative geographic data allows local residents to gather detailed, accurate information about their environment, leveraging their firsthand experiences. Despite advancements in information and communication technology and geographic information systems impacting tourism studies, research on information technology applications in rural tourism has largely focused on online services or travel agency websites, with insufficient attention to the spatial data relevant to rural tourism marketing. Therefore, this study aims to address these challenges by designing a marketing model that incorporates PGIS. The central research question is: -What constitutes an appropriate model for rural tourism marketing utilizing PGIS in the selected villages? Methodology To achieve this, a qualitative research method grounded in the work of Strauss and Corbin (2015) was employed. Data collection involved in-depth and semi-structured interviews, collaborative meetings, note-taking, and observation. A total of 28 individuals, including local experts, village managers, business owners, and Dena National Park employees, were selected using purposeful, snowball, and theoretical sampling methods. The data analysis process was conducted in five stages: open coding to identify concepts, developing concepts based on their properties and dimensions, contextual analysis, integrating processes into the analysis, and synthesizing categories. Results and discussion From the initial stages of analysis, 122 basic concepts, 24 subcategories, and 9 main categories emerged. The final paradigm model was constructed based on causal conditions (technology characteristics and facilitation of participation), context (tourism supply and destination attractiveness), intervening conditions (technological challenges and managerial/structural aspects), strategies (development of a participatory spatial system and policy-making requirements), and outcomes (destination tourism development). The primary concern identified in this research pertains to management and technological challenges. Participants proposed various strategies and solutions to address these issues. Strategies such as developing a participatory spatial marketing system and enhancing social empowerment were identified to resolve the main challenges of technological management in rural tourism marketing based on PGIS. The anticipated outcomes of these strategies include competitive advantages and increased tourism sustainability. Conclusion A review of existing literature on rural tourism marketing reveals that while some studies have focused on prioritizing marketing components in rural areas (e.g., Mahdi Hessam et al., 2016; Sheikhi & Pazoki, 2016), others have identified factors influencing rural tourism marketing through qualitative models and proposed solutions. The unique contribution of this research lies in introducing a novel aspect of rural marketing through PGIS, enabling local communities to produce spatial data and highlight tourism products and unique features of their destinations on a map. Tourists can access a wealth of integrated tourism data through a participatory web platform, thus saving time in their decision-making processes. The innovation of this study is evident in the proposed model for the selected villages. While the application of information and communication technology in urban tourism marketing has become commonplace, the use of PGIS in rural tourism marketing remains limited. Consequently, there is a lack of research focused on developing a rural tourism marketing model utilizing PGIS. This model can yield numerous benefits, including local community participation, enhanced data management and planning for destinations, and improved access to diverse tourism information for tourists, facilitating informed decision-making regarding services. Future studies could explore the implementation of a web platform based on this system. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. در این پژوهش پس از بررسی روستاهای هدف گردشگری کریک و کوخدان (شهرستان دنا)، الگوی بازاریابی گردشگری روستایی مبتنی بر سامانه‌های اطلاعات جغرافیایی مشارکتی ارائه‌شده است. بدین منظور برای تحلیل داده از روش پژوهش کیفی مبتنی بر نظریه داده بنیاد بهره گرفته‌شده است. ابتدا با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و نظری، افراد مطلع واجد شرایط از میان خبرگان محلی، مدیران روستا، صاحبان مشاغل و کارکنان پارک ملی دنا انتخاب شد. داده موردنیاز پژوهش ماحصل بازدیدهای حضوری، مصاحبه‌های عمیق و نیمه ساختاریافته و جلسات مشارکتی بوده که این فرایند در چندین مرحله تکرار شده است. به‌منظور تدوین الگوی مناسب بازاریابی گردشگری روستایی، تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات در پنج مرحله کلی صورت گرفته است. این مراحل عبارت‌اند از: 1) کدگذاری باز و تبیین مفاهیم، 2) توسعه مفاهیم و طبقات، 3) تحلیل داده برای زمینه، 4) دستیابی به فرایند تحلیل و 5) یکپارچه‌سازی طبقات. در نهایت الگوی پارادایمی، بر اساس شرایط علّی (فناوری ارتباطات و تسهیل مشارکت)، بستر (عرضه گردشگری و جذابیت مقصد)، عوامل مداخله‌گر (چالش‌های فناورانه و جنبه‌های مدیریتی_ساختاری)، راهبردها (بازاریابی گردشگری با سامانه‌های اطلاعات جغرافیایی مشارکتی، ملزومات سیاست‌گذاری) و پیامدها (توسعه گردشگری مقصد) استخراج‌شده است. با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش، جهت رفع چالش‌های مدیریتی و فناورانه که مانعی برای تحقق بازاریابی گردشگری روستایی است، راهکارهایی همچون توسعه بستر مکانی-مشارکتی بازاریابی، ایجاد نهاد مستقل گردشگری و توانمندسازی اجتماعی به‌دست‌آمده است. درنهایت، زیر مقوله‌های ایجاد مزیت رقابتی، نگهداشت گردشگران و مردم بومی به‌عنوان پیامدهای حاصل از اجرای این راهبردها مطرح‌شده است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101583_f79b73f19703d83fbfc2736f24cb108c.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 18 Children's Voices in Rural Planning and Development: Exploring their Abilities and Capacities for Active Participation صدای کودکان در برنامه‌ریزی و توسعه روستایی: بررسی توانایی‌ها و ظرفیت‌های کودکان برای مشارکت فعال 23 38 104223 10.22059/jrur.2024.368934.1890 FA مهنا شاهمرادی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی.، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران تهمینه احسانی فر گروه کارآفرینی، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 26 A B S T R A C T Considering the importance of children's participation in planning and society, several plans and studies have been carried out to pay attention to children's rights and provide a basis for using their knowledge and views in planning. However, few studies have addressed rural children's capabilities and participation mechanisms. The present study used participation planning methods and techniques, such as social mapping, brainstorming, and individual and group interviews, to address rural children's capabilities and participation mechanisms during facilitation projects. To understand the abilities and capacities of rural children (6-12 years old) to participate in village planning. According to the research findings, high motivation, sense of belonging and neighborhood identity, sociability and social participation, commitment, responsibility, genius, and creativity are part of the latent potential and high capacity of rural children. Thus, empowering this group and attracting their participation during any program, in addition to having a significant role in the sustainability of the success of that program, is also very effective in instilling a culture of participation in society and realizing intergenerational learning so that each of the children can play a significant role in the rural development of their communities as small facilitators. Extended Abstract Introduction As an important part of society, children have the right to be actively involved in decisions that have an impact on their lives. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNNCRC) highlights the significance of children's participation, perspectives, and rights in planning and society. Studies and experiences from various projects also demonstrate that when rural children participate in different areas related to their environment, it significantly contributes to meeting their real needs, improving their well-being, and providing growth opportunities. Furthermore, when children actively participate, it facilitates experiential learning and empowers and motivates them to become active contributors to their communities. However, despite efforts to promote children's participation and incorporate their knowledge and perspectives into planning, such as creating child-friendly environments, these initiatives have been limited in number and often implemented temporarily without considering the long-term involvement of children. This study focuses on addressing the limited recognition of the needs and perspectives of rural children. The aim is to identify and analyze the capacities and abilities of children to participate in rural planning. This research seeks to bridge the gap in understanding children's capabilities, potential, and the effectiveness of their participation. The findings of this study serve as a foundation for amplifying the voices of rural children and initiating further discussions and actions in this area. Methodology The main goal of PRA in the study is to promote inclusive and sustainable development by ensuring that the voices and priorities of the community's rural children are heard and considered in decision-making processes. By engaging children, PRA fosters ownership, builds local capacity, and facilitates the development of context-specific solutions that are more likely to be successful and sustainable in the long term. Various participatory tools and techniques such as group discussions, mapping exercises, seasonal calendars, transect walks, and brainstorming were used to collect data during the implementation of facilitation projects. In this study, the authors played the role of facilitators throughout the research process, actively involving rural children aged 6-12 years as participants in discussions and the implementation of various techniques. Thematic analysis was then used to extract the abilities and capacities of rural children to participate in rural planning. Participants and other relevant stakeholders reviewed the findings to ensure scientific accuracy. Results and discussion The study showed that rural children possess impressive competencies and capabilities, which enable them to actively and willingly participate in decision-making and planning processes about their communities. The findings emphasized the significance of intergenerational knowledge exchange, a strong sense of belonging and neighborhood identity, sociability, and active social participation as crucial abilities and capacities of rural children. These factors play a vital role in their meaningful involvement in shaping their communities. This study will provide a theoretical framework for understanding the significance and benefits of involving children in rural planning and development, offering insights into both the practical outcomes and theoretical underpinnings. As mentioned in other studies, with children's participation in rural planning and development, intergenerational knowledge exchange, citizen participation, empowerment and resilience, intergenerational cooperation and sustainable development and intergenerational justice can be facilitated. In this regard, creating platforms such as children's associations by creating a sense of value in them and emphasizing the importance of their role in development can also lead to motivating them to participate actively. However, before using any mechanism, a necessary assessment of existing opportunities, facilities and capacities, institutions, infrastructures, and costs should be done to find the most effective participatory mechanisms for rural children. Also, methodological considerations, such as appropriate methods for listening to children and ethical issues surrounding interviews with children, should be taken into account. Conclusions In conclusion, this article has emphasized the crucial role that rural children can play in decision-making processes concerning their communities. By recognizing their unique perspectives and involving them in participatory mechanisms, initiatives, and techniques, we can ensure that their needs are met and their voices are heard. Through their innovative ideas and fresh outlooks, rural children can contribute to more comprehensive and thoughtful rural planning initiatives, leading to sustainable development. Therefore, investing in rural children and their organizations is essential to empower them and build their soft skills. By doing this, we can generate significant results in enhancing development opportunities and social participation. Finally, it is essential to note that the participation of rural children must be meaningful, and their views and opinions must be considered without being altered for the benefit of adults. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. به سبب اهمیت مشارکت کودکان در برنامه‌ریزی و اجتماع، طرح‌ها و مطالعات متعددی در جهت توجه به حقوق کودکان و فراهم‌سازی زمینه بهره‌گیری از دانش و دیدگاه آنان در برنامه‌ریزی‌ها صورت گرفته است، بااین‌حال کمتر مطالعه‌ای به‌صورت مستقیم و جامع به توانمندی‌های کودکان روستایی و سازوکارهای مشارکت آنان پرداخته است. ازاین‌رو، این مطالعه به بررسی توانایی کودکان روستایی برای مشارکت فعال در فرآیندهای تصمیم‌گیری مؤثر بر زندگی آن‌ها می‌پردازد و بر اهمیت شناخت نیازها و دیدگاه‌های آن‌ها در برنامه‌ریزی روستایی تأکید می‌کند. در مطالعه حاضر سعی شد با استفاده از ارزیابی مشارکتی روستایی (PRA)، شناختی از توانمندی‌ها و ظرفیت‌های کودکان روستایی (12-6 ساله) برای مشارکت در برنامه‌ریزی‌های روستا به دست آید. داده‌ها با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل مضمون، استخراج گردید. تأیید دقت علمی داده‌ها و یافته‌های نهایی نیز با استفاده از بازبینی توسط صاحب‌نظران، صورت گرفت. پژوهش نشان داد که کودکان روستایی از شایستگی‌های قابل‌توجهی برای مشارکت در برنامه‌ریزی روستایی برخوردارند. حس تعلق و هویت محله‌ای، جامعه‌پذیری و مشارکت‌پذیری اجتماعی بخشی از ظرفیت نهفته و توانمندی بالای کودکان روستایی برای مشارکت فعال است. کودکان روستایی نقش حیاتی در تصمیم‌گیری‌های اجتماعی دارند. با شناخت دیدگاه‌های منحصربه‌فرد آن‌ها و مشارکتشان در فرآیندهای مشارکتی، می‌توانیم اطمینان حاصل کنیم که نیازهایشان برآورده شده و صدایشان شنیده می‌شود.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_104223_410a3751d6bf696791e36463f56f1a2c.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 19 The Empowerment Level of Urban and Rural Areas of Bampur County: A Comparative Study وضعیت توانمندی مناطق شهری و روستایی شهرستان بمپور: یک مطالعه مقایسه‌ای 39 54 103433 10.22059/jrur.2024.374136.1927 FA علی رضا کریمی گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-5237-4766 زضا صفری شالی گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-3095-0819 زبیر دستوان گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-5237-4766 Journal Article 2025 04 27 A B S T R A C T The present article evaluates and compares the level of economic, social and psychological empowerment in urban and rural areas of Bampur county in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the views of "Alsop and Heinsohn" (structural opportunity), "Naila Kabeer" (power) and "Robert Chambers" (deprivation trap). The statistical population of the research is citizens aged 18 to 45 living in urban and rural areas, and 475 samples were selected according to Cochran's formula. The sampling method is cluster sampling. The research method is survey and through questionnaire. The main findings showed that in urban society, the empowerment of the respondents is at an average to high level, while in the rural society, the empowerment of the respondents is at an average level. The distribution of total empowerment is located between two dimensions of economic empowerment (at a low level) and psychological empowerment (at a high level). The empowerment average of urban respondents (63.1) was about 7 points higher than the average of rural respondents (56.4). The total empowerment and its dimensions (economic, social and psychological) in urban society are significantly higher than in rural society. The most important suggestions of the research include strengthening structural opportunities, providing the possibility of participation and reducing the feeling of deprivation due to the lack of resources to strengthen human capital in different sectors, especially among rural areas and among women. Extended Abstract Introduction The issue of empowerment is an undeniable necessity for areas like Sistan and Baluchestan, especially underdeveloped areas of this province like Bampur, with special emphasis on rural areas. The effects of empowerment for this county can be used to solve many problems. Empowerment reduces poverty, reduces the feeling of social deprivation, increases entrepreneurship, and increases the feeling of social welfare, the feeling of social justice, and economic development. The prerequisite for empowerment is knowing the level of empowerment of people in the existing conditions, which has not been studied in Bampur county so far. The main aim of the research is to know the empowerment of the residents of rural and urban areas in Bampur county and compare them. In order to achieve this general aim, first, the empowerment of the residents of rural and urban areas is compared in three economic, psychological, and social dimensions. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the views of "Alsop and Heinsohn" (structural opportunity), "Naila Kabeer" (power), and "Robert Chambers" (deprivation trap). Methodology The research method is a survey and questionnaire. Experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was also measured using Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.7 for all variables. The statistical population of the research is citizens aged 18 to 45 living in Bampur county. Based on Cochran's formula, a sample of 384 people was obtained from the statistical population of 60,557 people. Due to the possibility of the questionnaires not being returned and distorted, and with the aim of a more accurate comparison of urban and rural areas, about 25% was added to the sample size, and the number of questionnaires was increased to 475 samples. The sampling method was cluster sampling, and the questionnaires were completed according to the distribution method between the urban and rural communities. Results and discussion About 70% of the urban and about 77% of the rural respondents have low or very low levels of economic empowerment. Most of the villagers have evaluated their level of social empowerment at an average level (42.2%), and most of the urban respondents have evaluated their social empowerment at a high level (about 49%). The level of psychological empowerment of more than 80% of the urban respondents is at a very high level, and it is around 63% for the villagers. In urban society, the empowerment of the respondents tends to be higher, while in rural society, the empowerment of the respondents is more concentrated at the middle level. The distribution of total empowerment is located between two dimensions’ economic empowerment (at a low level) and psychological empowerment (at a high level). There is a significant difference between urban and rural society in terms of empowerment as well as total empowerment. The level of psychological empowerment of citizens is higher than that of economic and social empowerment. Various factors can cause this, the most important of which should be the variable type. Psychological empowerment is related to people's assessment of themselves in relation to their psychological capacities and is less influenced by economic and social structures. In urban areas, provision of life needs such as rice, meat, and oil are faced with many problems, which is far more inappropriate in rural areas. These factors, along with the weakness of educational and health infrastructures, have caused a negative impact on the economic and social empowerment of citizens. In rural areas, agriculture is not an economic source of income due to the lack of sufficient water. The main production of rural areas of Bampur county is wheat and dates. The lack of data processing at the county level has caused the income of the date product to go to the broker more. Youth unemployment, addiction, and delinquency are part of the consequences of the economic situation of Bampur county, which themselves lead to the deterioration of the economic situation. In fact, unemployment, addiction, and other crimes are in a vicious circle with the economic situation of the region, which has made it difficult to get out of this situation. Conclusion The structure of opportunities in Bampur county is limited, especially in rural areas. In the psychological dimension, citizens can make decisions and choose to an acceptable extent, but the limited structure of opportunities limits their choices. The limitation of the opportunity structure includes not only formal laws such as bank laws but also social norms and values (the informal aspect of the opportunity structure). For example, concerning the opportunity structure, the villagers' views regarding the duties of girls and their views on girls' education should be mentioned. Despite the desire of girls to continue their education, the limited informal structures limit this possibility and their empowerment. Citizens are caught in the deprivation trap, which is difficult to escape. Guaranteed purchase of dates or the possibility of processing them at the county level to increase the added value of this product, the government's support for rural home businesses, the creation and strengthening of educational and health infrastructures in rural areas, facilitating the process of receiving loans and considering special quotas in the field of employment and education for the citizens of this county are among the solutions that came from the discussions of citizens, and the research findings can be extracted. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Alireza Karimi (design, data analysis, summarization and coordination of various parts of the research), Reza Safari Shali (question statement and conceptual concept), Zubair Dastaev. Background and data collection, discussion and conclusion were jointly reviewed by all three authors. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. مقاله حاضر به بررسی و مقایسه وضعیت توانمندی در ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و روان‌شناختی در مناطق شهری و روستایی شهرستان بمپور در استان سیستان و بلوچستان پرداخته است. مبانی نظری پژوهش بر اساس دیدگاه "آلسوپ و هینسون" (فرصت ساختاری)، "نایلا کبیر" (قدرت) و "رابرت چمبرز" (تله محرومیت اجتماعی) است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شهروندان 18 تا 45 سال ساکن در مناطق شهری و روستایی هستند که مطابق با فرمول کوکران تعداد 475 نمونه انتخاب شد. شیوه نمونه‌گیری، به‌صورت نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای است. روش اجرای پژوهش به‌صورت پیمایش و با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه است. اهم یافته‌ها نشان داد که در جامعه شهری توانمندی پاسخگویان به سمت بالا میل می‌کند درحالی‌که در جامعه روستایی میزان توانمندی پاسخگویان بیشتر در سطح متوسط متمرکز است. توزیع توانمندی کل در حدفاصل دو بُعد از توانمندی اقتصادی (در سطح پایین) و توانمندی روان‌شناختی (در سطح بالا) قرار دارد. میانگین توانمندی پاسخگویان شهری (با نمره 1/63) حدود 7 نمره بالاتر از میانگین پاسخگویان روستایی (با نمره 4/56) بود. در ارتباط با توانمندی کل و ابعاد آن (اقتصادی، اجتماعی و روان‌شناختی) تفاوت معناداری بین شهر و روستا به سود جامعه شهری وجود داشت. مهم‌ترین پیشنهادهای پژوهش تقویت فرصت‌های ساختاری، فراهم آوردن امکان مشارکت و کاهش احساس محرومیت ناشی از کمبود منابع برای تقویت سرمایه انسانی در بخش‌های مختلف خصوصاً به لحاظ مکانی در بین نقاط روستایی و به لحاظ جنسیتی در بین زنان است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_103433_859681cfc3f9beadbe0042438618d972.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 19 Identifying Obstacles and Facilitators of Digital Agriculture Development in Kermanshah Province: Application of Force Field Analysis شناسایی موانع و تسهیل‌کننده‌های توسعه کشاورزی دیجیتال در استان کرمانشاه: کاربرد تحلیل میدان نیرو 55 71 101585 10.22059/jrur.2024.375063.1933 FA امیرحسین علی بیگی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0001-5776-1116 معصومه تقی بیگی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0002-0979-1692 Journal Article 2025 04 27 A B S T R A C T The current research was conducted to identify barriers and facilitators of digital agriculture development in Kermanshah province in a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) manner. The research community in the qualitative section consisted of 18 experts in the field of digital agriculture. The research community in the qualitative section consisted of 18 experts and experts in the field of digital agriculture, who were selected in a purposeful and snowball manner. Qualitative phase data analysis was done using two stages of open and axial coding, which led to the identification of 35 barriers in the form of six categories of managerial, psychological, economic, infrastructural, institutional, and educational factors and 21 facilitators in the form of four categories of infrastructural and management institutional, and educational factor. Based on the results, there are more obstacles in the path of digital agriculture development than facilitators. In the next step, the identified barriers and facilitators were prepared in the form of a questionnaire, and their current status was examined. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the research was 22 experts from the coordination management headquarters of the province. After completing the questionnaires, the obtained data were coded, described, and analyzed based on the force field analysis method. Based on the results, the brand scored the facilitating forces in the three educational, institutional, and managerial dimensions more than the obstacles. However, overall, the power of the obstacles was greater than that of the facilitators, which shows that the development of digital agriculture requires proper planning and management due to many obstacles. By introducing executive measures by experts and examining their impact on the power of barriers and facilitators, the power of obstacles was reduced, and the power of facilitators was increased. Extended Abstract Introduction It is necessary to quickly implement strategies to improve production techniques and ways of organizing agricultural systems to increase their flexibility for sustainable agricultural development. Meanwhile, digital agricultural technologies have been proposed to achieve increased productivity, sustainable agricultural development, and reduce food insecurity. Based on this, the leading research identifies the barriers and facilitators of digital agriculture development in Kermanshah province using force field analysis. Methodology The approach of the current research was mixed (qualitative-quantitative), and in terms of Sequential research design, it was exploratory. The research community in the qualitative section of experts and experts in the field of digital agriculture technology in knowledge-based companies and agricultural jihad centers of Kermanshah province were 18 people who were selected in a purposeful and snowball manner. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the research was the experts of the coordination management headquarters of the province, consisting of 22 people. According to their number, a complete count was made. Data analysis in the qualitative part was done using two stages of open and central coding, grounded theory using Maxqdawin18 software, which identified barriers and facilitators of digital agriculture development. In the next step, the identified barriers and facilitators were prepared in the form of a questionnaire, and their current status was examined. Results and discussion In order to identify the obstacles and facilitators of digital agriculture development, interviews were conducted with 18 experts in Jihad Agriculture Organization and knowledge-based companies in the first stage. The result of this step was the identification of 35 key concepts in the field of obstacles and 21 concepts in the field of facilitators of digital agriculture development. The categories created for the development of digital agriculture include educational, institutional, infrastructural, and managerial factors, and the categories related to the obstacles to the development of digital agriculture include managerial, infrastructural, educational, psychological, institutional, and economic factors. After identifying the barriers and facilitators, the current status of each related item and factor was examined in the next step. In the educational, institutional, and managerial factors, facilitators had a higher score, while in the infrastructure, psychological, and economic factors, obstacles received a higher score. After identifying the facilitators and barriers to the development of digital agriculture and examining the impact of each on the development or non-development of digital agriculture, the next step was to identify effective enforcement measures on the facilitating forces and barriers. In order to weaken the obstacles, executive measures were identified in this field, six important executive measures, namely, the use of the capacity of domestic knowledge-based companies to build and develop cheap and suitable modern digital technologies for small agricultural production units, investment by the government to prepare and produce native digital tools suitable for Iran's agricultural conditions and their training to farmers, suitable planning for empowering universities and organizations in charge of agricultural education in order to train and improve the digital agriculture literacy of managers, agricultural experts and students, introducing digital technologies, institutionalizing the culture of using them and providing training on how to use them through popular media such as television, development of mechanization of agriculture, improvement of digital agriculture infrastructure such as internet and wireless networks for rural areas and providing practical training and results on the effects of digital technologies on agriculture in order to gain their views on these technologies were identified. Conclusion The fourth revolution of agriculture" is called "digital Agriculture" and, in its form, is the peak of scientific agriculture, as a solution to the future challenges of agricultural and food systems, a promising means to sustainably strengthen food production, improve resource management and the environment is considered better, in this regard, in different countries such as America, Brazil, and even some developing countries, by planning and providing infrastructure, the development and expansion of these technologies have been facilitated, but in Iran, as the results of the research showed in the direction of its development, there are obstacles and facilitators; also the result of the score of obstacles is more than the facilitators, and it shows that there are many obstacles in the development of digital agriculture that it is necessary to get more acquainted with the activists of the agricultural sector and farmers by proper planning and removing the existing obstacles. With this technology and its development, it was expanded. Funding This work is based upon research funded by Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under project No, 4024719. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی موانع و تسهیل‌کننده‌های توسعه کشاورزی دیجیتال در استان کرمانشاه به‌صورت آمیخته (کیفی-کمی) انجام شد. جامعه پژوهش در بخش کیفی کارشناسان و افراد صاحب‌نظر در زمینه کشاورزی دیجیتال به تعداد 18 نفر بودند. تحلیل داده‌های فاز کیفی با استفاده از دو مرحله کدگذاری باز و محوری انجام شد که به شناسایی 35 مانع در قالب شش دسته عامل آموزشی، نهادی، زیرساختی، مدیریتی، روان‌شناختی و اقتصادی و 21 تسهیل‌کننده در قالب چهار دسته عامل آموزشی، نهادی، زیرساختی و مدیریتی انجامید. بر مبنای نتایج، موانع موجود در مسیر توسعه کشاورزی دیجیتال بیش از تسهیل‌کننده‌ها می‌باشد. در مرحله بعدی موانع و تسهیل‌کننده‌های شناسایی‌شده در قالب پرسشنامه تنظیم و به بررسی وضعیت موجود آن‌ها پرداخته شد. جامعه آماری بخش کمی پژوهش کارشناسان ستادی مدیریت هماهنگی ترویج استان به تعداد 22 نفر بودند که با توجه به تعداد آن‌ها تمام شماری انجام شد. پس از تکمیل پرسشنامه‌ها، داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده کدگذاری شده و بر مبنای روش تحلیل میدان نیرو توصیف و تحلیل شدند. بر اساس نتایج، برآیند امتیاز نیروهای تسهیل‌کننده در سه بعد آموزشی، نهادی و مدیریتی بیش از موانع بود. اما در مجموع قدرت موانع بیشتر از تسهیل‌کننده‌ها بود که نشان می‌دهد توسعه کشاورزی دیجیتال با توجه به موانع فراوان نیازمند برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت صحیح برای توسعه می‌باشد. با معرفی اقدامات اجرایی توسط صاحب‌نظران و بررسی تأثیر آن‌ها بر قدرت موانع و تسهیل‌کننده‌ها، نیروی موانع کاهش و بر قدرت تسهیل‌کننده‌ها افزوده شد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101585_978c1d5ac3df2f6b78f5bf4d3184d998.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 20 An Approach To Subject Smart Agriculture Focused on Scientific Research in the SCOPUS Database رهیافتی بر موضوع کشاورزی هوشمند متمرکز بر پژوهش‌های علمی در پایگاه اسکوپوس 73 89 100509 10.22059/jrur.2025.375780.1939 FA سعید نصیری زارع گروه آموزشی جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران، ایران 0000-0003-3709-9289 وحید ریاحی گروه آموزشی جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6970-0625 حسن افراخته گروه آموزشی جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6970-0625 Journal Article 2025 04 28 A B S T R A C T There are many restrictions in the rural areas of our country and the field of agriculture, which can destroy the lives and activities of farmers in rural areas. Meanwhile, other traditional methods are ineffective in providing food resources in society. Therefore, today, we are experiencing a new development in the agricultural sector called "smart agriculture." The research examined the scientific studies in the field of smart agriculture to know the scientific status of this subject by collecting information from the Scopus database. This research examined the studies conducted in the period (1997- 2024). The Bibliometrics library in the R programming environment and the Vosviewer program were used for data analysis. After accepting the "sustainable development" approach, smart agriculture has emerged due to the challenges of food security, natural events, and global warming, which have challenged agricultural activities and sustainable food supply. This issue refers to using information and communication technology in agricultural activities. Based on the results, most of the research in this field has been carried out by India, China, and the United States, and the European Union and the National Natural Science Foundation of China are the most important supporters in the direction of funding for the expansion of the scientific fields of smart agriculture. By adapting the research results shown in recent years, scientific researchers in the rural areas of our country are presenting the "smart village" approach, and smart agriculture can be considered a sector under this topic. This research also calls for continued support for policies and increased investment in smart agriculture research in our country. Extended Abstract Introduction There are many restrictions in the rural areas of our country and in the field of agriculture, which can have destructive effects on the lives and activities of farmers in rural areas. Meanwhile, other traditional methods are not effective in providing food resources in society. Therefore, today, we are experiencing a new development in the agricultural sector called "Smart Agriculture." In this connection, what the review of the latest scientific sources published in the field of smart agriculture specifies, this issue in recent years is due to attention to the issues of food security, global warming, etc., has become one of the main programs of the countries. The growing volume of scientific productions in this sector also shows more attention to this sector. However, in our country, despite addressing issues such as agricultural development and sustainable agriculture, the sectors and fields of smart agriculture are still less considered as a scientific topic. There is no doubt that agricultural activities in the rural areas of our country also have low scientific ability, and being up-to-date with the latest scientific achievements is one of the necessities for realizing the goals of "Agricultural Development" in these areas. Study on smart agriculture research to know the scientific status of this issue among countries, the main issues and the most common methods of improvement in agricultural activities in geographical locations, and most importantly, determine that the issue of Smart Agriculture should be taken seriously in our country and specifically in rural areas were done. Methodology Conducting research related to Scientometrics; identify the main trends and contexts in scientific productions in the field under analysis so that researchers can gain insights into the structure, social networks, and thematic interests. The chosen approach in the research is based on Scientometrics. Analysis methods based on this method are used. Therefore, in terms of approach, the research is a kind of quantitative study, and in terms of applied purpose, it was carried out using the Scientometrics research method. Library study methods were used to study theoretical literature and collect research information. In the information gathering section, to achieve appropriate results, which are highly dependent on more and more complete information in scientific databases, three more important databases were compared. According to this comparison, the Scopus database was determined as the source of information collection. Also, the Bibliometrix library in the R Programming environment and the VOSviewer program were used for analysis. Results and discussion In the subject of Smart Agriculture, most scientific activities have been carried out by India, China, and the United States. These countries have developed this field by allocating major financial resources. The European Union and the National Natural Science Foundation of China have been among the most important national supporters in developing this sector. However, in smart agriculture, emphasis is placed on information and communication technology; many of the changes resulting from innovations also occur through technology. Internet of Things, machine learning, and big data have been formed as emerging technologies in this field. Each of these fields indicates the use of interdisciplinary and applied sciences. Nevertheless, the important point in this context is international cooperation and communication between countries in the field of scientific development and the application of smart agriculture. This leads to expanding scientific fields and global acceptance of the subject. Based on the results, there are three main clusters of cooperation between countries, and most of the cooperation has been limited to the countries of India, the USA, and China. Most scientific cooperation in our country has been limited to Asian countries. Conclusion The issue of "Smart Agriculture" is now at a stage of global acceptance, and it seems that this issue should also be considered in our country. In our country, despite addressing issues such as agricultural development and sustainable agriculture, the sectors and fields of smart agriculture are still less considered scientific topics. There is no doubt that agricultural activities in the rural areas of our country also have low scientific ability, and being up-to-date with the latest scientific achievements is one of the necessities for realizing the goals of "Agricultural Development" in these areas. By adapting the research results that have been shown in recent years, scientific researchers in the rural areas of our country are presenting the "Smart Village" approach. Smart agriculture can be considered a sector under this topic. This research also calls for continued support for policies and increased investment in the field of Smart Agriculture research in our country. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. در مناطق روستایی کشورمان و در حوزه کشاورزی، محدودیت‌های زیادی وجود دارد. محدودیت‌هایی که می‌تواند تأثیرات مخربی بر زندگی و فعالیت کشاورزان در مناطق روستایی برجای بگذارد. این در حالی است که دیگر روش‌های سنتی، برای تأمین منابع غذایی در جامعه نیز کارایی ندارند. بنابراین امروزه در حال تجربه تحول جدیدی در بخش کشاورزی هستیم که «کشاورزی هوشمند» نامیده می‌شود. پژوهش به بررسی پژوهش‌های علمی در زمینه کشاورزی هوشمند برای شناخت جایگاه علمی این موضوع و با جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از پایگاه Scopus پرداخت. در این مطالعه، پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده در دوره زمانی 1997-2024 موردبررسی قرار گرفت. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از کتابخانه بیبلیومتریکس در محیط برنامه‌نویسی R و از برنامه Vosviewer استفاده گردید. پس از پذیرش رویکرد «توسعه پایدار»، اکنون کشاورزی هوشمند بنا بر چالش‌های امنیت غذایی، وقوع رخدادهای طبیعی و گرمایش زمین که فعالیت‌های کشاورزی و تأمین پایدار غذا را با چالش روبه‌رو ساخته، پدیدار گشته است. این موضوع اشاره به استفاده از فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در فعالیت‌های کشاورزی دارد. بر اساس نتایج؛ بیشترین تحقیقات در این زمینه توسط کشورهای هند، چین و آمریکا انجام‌شده و اتحادیه اروپا و بنیاد ملی علوم طبیعی چین مهم‌ترین حامیان در جهت تأمین هزینه‌ها برای گسترش زمینه‌های علمی کشاورزی هوشمند هستند. با اقتباس از نتایج پژوهش و اینکه در سال‌های اخیر پژوهش‌های علمی در مناطق روستایی کشورمان در حال ارائه رویکرد «روستای هوشمند» هستند؛ کشاورزی هوشمند می‌تواند به‌عنوان یک بخش در ذیل این موضوع موردتوجه قرار بگیرد. این پژوهش همچنین خواستار حمایت مداوم از سیاست‌ها و افزایش سرمایه‌گذاری در زمینه تحقیقات کشاورزی هوشمند در کشورمان است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100509_e14b85fcfb57d4892d2057b8c3e8322e.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 09 23 Designing and Explaining the Paradigm Model of Co-creation in the Sustainable Rural Tourism: A case study of Damghan Township طراحی و تبیین مدل پارادایمیِ هم آفرینی در صنعت گردشگری پایدار روستایی مطالعه موردی: شهرستان دامغان 91 106 100508 10.22059/jrur.2025.376828.1949 FA معصومه پازکی گروه تحقیقات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و ترویج کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان سمنان، سمنان، ایران 0000-0003-0884-3208 Journal Article 2025 04 28 A B S T R A C T Co-creation is a new business strategy resulting from effective interaction between organizations and customers. By influencing the production of tourism services according to the tourist's idea, this approach leads companies to produce innovative competitive products. By offering products that are more compatible with tourists' preferences, they reduce the risk of failure of new products. The current research has been conducted to design the paradigm of co-creation in the sustainable rural tourism of Damghan Township. The research method is exploratory and fundamental in terms of its purpose. The statistical sample was 15 specialists in rural tourism. The participants of this research were selected non-probably using the snowball method. The grounded theory method was used to analyze the data, and in-depth interviews were used to collect the data. The results of this research, which is the identification of categories, are: In terms of causal conditions, educational factors, structural factors, and communication factors; in terms of the main phenomenon, co-creationism; about intrusive conditions, formalism, cost orientation; in the context section, brand orientation and about the main strategy, the categories of market orientation, innovation orientation, futurism, and competitor analysis. The implementation of the process of value co-creation with tourists in the rural tourism industry can help to effectively exploit the capacities of tourists to achieve competitive advantage and positive economic, social-cultural, political, and environmental consequences. The result of this can be tourism sustainable development, which is the most important result of this research. Extended Abstract Introduction Tourism is one of the most important business sectors in the global economy. Therefore, paying attention to co-creation as a basic source of competitive advantage and one of the most important concepts of modern marketing science becomes doubly important. The current research was conducted to design and explain an efficient model with a multifaceted view of co-creation innovation in the rural tourism industry of Damghan Township. This research seeks to respond to the nature, manner, and description of the characteristics of co-creation from different aspects and the point of view of experts. The paradigm model has been chosen because it is a desirable and flexible implement to evaluate immeasurable facts in co-creation and its role in rural tourism development. In this regard, the main questions of this research are: What is the main phenomenon in the field of co-creation in the development of rural tourism from the perspective of experts? From experts' views, what are the components of causal, intrusive, and context conditions? What are the consequences of co-creation in the research field? What are the strategies that help to substantiate the main phenomenon? Methodology From a natural point of view, the current research is in the category of applied research, and from a methodological point of view, it is in the qualitative research group. The grounded theory was chosen as a suitable method in the present study because the researcher intended to scrutinize the experts' experiences to formulate a theory on co-creation's role in rural tourism development in Damghan Township. According to the subject area, the statistical community includes experts in the field of rural tourism, and in this research, a problem-oriented and in-depth interview was conducted with 15 experts in this field. The interviewees' perceptions' mentions of co-creation in the development of a sustainable rural tourism industry were investigated to provide a paradigmatic model. Results and discussion Based on the open and axial coding results, the final paradigm model was presented at this stage. The related categories were examined in the previous stages, which led to the discovery and emergence of the theory. In data analysis, the causal conditions were explained in the form of three concepts as educational factors (learning culture and pedagogy), structural factors (strengthening of infrastructure), and communication factors (attention to tourists). Brand orientation (brand creation and brand image) was extracted from the counted codes as contextual factors. Based on the concepts obtained, formalism and cost-orientation are the two basic and general axes that intervene in the effect of co-creation on the development of rural tourism in the studied area. According to the counted codes, the category of co-creationism was chosen as the main phenomenon. In the field of strategies, there are four categories as market orientation (determining the ability of companies to anticipate, react, and capitalize on environmental changes), innovation orientation (cognitive orientation that overvalues the benefits of a new service and does not pay attention to limitations), futurism (functional perspective, program orientation and co-creative policies) and competitor analysis are introduced. Based on the obtained codes, the resilience category, with the characteristics of risk-taking and empowerment, was identified in the consequences section. Conclusion This research showed that co-creation is a joint action for the formation and development of a new product in the field of rural tourism, during which tourists determine the path of product innovation by participating in an active dialogue. The transfer of information, knowledge, and awareness at micro and macro levels in society and organizations depends on the people facilitating and accelerating this transfer. Therefore, communication and interaction between people have a decisive role in expanding and applying knowledge and awareness. Suppose the companies providing rural tourism services in the studied area can increase the effective interactions between employees and tourists; they can be sure of the effectiveness of advertising and marketing to loyal tourists through co-creation. The findings of the current research showed that co-creation can accelerate the process of achieving sustainable development by facilitating innovation, marketing and the use of social platforms, institutionalism, education, awareness raising, human resource development, and skill development, creating new mechanisms to produce new methods of attracting tourists and Production of knowledge in this field. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. هم آفرینی شکل جدیدی از استراتژی کسب‌وکار است که حاصل تعامل مؤثر بین سازمان‌ها و مشتریانشان است. این رویکرد با اثرگذاری بر تولید خدمات گردشگری مطابق با ایده گردشگران، شرکت‌ها را به‌سوی تولید محصولات رقابتی نوآورانه هدایت می‌کند تا با ارائه محصولاتی سازگارتر با ترجیحات گردشگران، ریسک شکست محصولات جدید را کاهش دهند. پژوهش حاضر باهدف طراحی و تبیینِ مدل پارادایمی هم آفرینی در صنعت گردشگری پایدار روستایی شهرستان دامغان انجام‌گرفته است. روش پژوهش، ماهیت اکتشافی دارد و از نظر هدف، بنیادین است. نمونه آماری، 15 نفر از کارشناسان و متخصصین حوزه گردشگری روستایی بوده است. مشارکت‌کنندگان این پژوهش به‌صورت غیر احتمالی و به روش گلوله‌برفی انتخاب‌شده‌اند. به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از روش تئوری داده بنیاد و برای گردآوری داده‌ها از مصاحبه عمیق استفاده‌شده است. نتایج این پژوهش که شناسایی مقوله‌ها است عبارت‌اند از: در زمینه شرایط علی، عوامل آموزشی، عوامل ساختاری، عوامل ارتباطی؛ در زمینه پدیده اصلی، هم آفرینی گرایی؛ در رابطه با شرایط مداخله‌گر، رسمیت‌گرایی، هزینه‌گرایی؛ در بخش شرایط زمینه‌ای، برند گرایی و در رابطه با راهبرد اصلی، مقوله‌های بازارگرایی، نوآوری‌گرایی، آینده‌گرایی و تجزیه‌وتحلیل رقبا شناسایی شد. لازم به ذکر است که تاب‌آوری، توسعه بازار گردشگری، رضایت‌مندی گردشگران و توسعه پایدار گردشگری، پیامد اصلی این مدل بود. پیاده‌سازی فرایند هم آفرینی ارزش با گردشگران در صنعت گردشگری روستایی می‌تواند به بهره‌برداری مؤثر از ظرفیت‌ها و توانمندی‌های گردشگران به‌منظور دستیابی به مزیت رقابتی و پیامدهای مثبت اقتصادی، اجتماعی، فرهنگی، سیاسی و زیست‌محیطی یاری رساند که نتیجه آن می‌تواند توسعه پایدار گردشگری باشد که مهم‌ترین پیامد در این پژوهش است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100508_602755dcc0177f7ab9fd73d86bc9eb54.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 20 A Review of Prioritization Methods in Preserving Valuable Villages مروری بر کاربرد و روش‌های اولویت‌بندی در حفاظت روستاهای باارزش 107 123 100241 10.22059/jrur.2024.377451.1954 FA خاطره طالبی گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0009-0007-9640-1851 محسن سرتیپی پور گروه ساختمان، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-6632-8231 میترا آزاد گروه مطالعات معماری و مرمت، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران اکبر حاج ابراهیم زرگر گروه مطالعات معماری و مرمت، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-8404-7580 Journal Article 2025 04 28 A B S T R A C T Prioritization is a crucial strategy in contemporary planning to establish the order of importance for preserving architectural heritage, especially under constraints like time and budget. This research focuses on applying prioritization in the protection of valuable villages and analyzes various methodologies. The study encompasses several objectives: reviewing research experiences, identifying essential steps and scientific methods, evaluating the pros and cons of each method, identifying the most suitable approach, and assessing the method through case studies of villages. In the first section, the methodology is grounded in library studies and analytical-comparative techniques, which aim to identify necessary steps for prioritization and determine the most effective methods for valuable villages. The second section employs statistical and descriptive-inferential methods. To validate the proposed approach, the study evaluates 55 selected villages as part of a renovation project initiated by the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution. Findings indicate that the MDBD, TOPSIS, and DEA methods are appropriate for addressing the prioritization of valuable villages. These methodologies effectively tackle complex prioritization issues across various criteria and dimensions. Among these, the MDBD method stands out for its simplicity and is identified as the most suitable approach for prioritizing the case study villages. Extended Abstract Introduction The concept of prioritization is a critical step in planning and decision-making, carried out with various goals and approaches across different disciplines. In heritage conservation, prioritization aims to identify priority options for budget allocation to achieve economic efficiency. The prioritization of the conservation of buildings and historical fabrics is undertaken with diverse approaches and criteria worldwide. Global experiences show that prioritization in the form of planning conservation actions has focused more on achieving order and structure to identify the most valuable items. With the help of several criteria, it aims to create a systematic structure for arranging priorities. Although this approach is used in many conservation practices, giving special attention to prioritization and defining specific approaches and objectives is crucial and essential in planning. Village habitation in Iran has a long history. Through interviews with experts from the Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts, and by reviewing documents, records, and working group studies on valuable villages, a total of about 900 valuable villages have been identified. The plan for improving valuable rural fabrics was first approved in the third development plan in 2000, and by the sixth development plan, 120 villages were selected for the improvement project. Among these, the plan has only been completed in 56 villages so far; in each development plan period, some villages are added to those from previous periods. Without proper planning and with economic challenges in funding, villages remain in a waiting queue. Thus, this research aims to examine prioritization in conserving valuable villages and identify scientific steps and methods for prioritization. By applying scientific decision-making methods, prioritization in conserving valuable villages can be conducted more purposefully and practically. Additionally, this research seeks to examine the strengths and weaknesses of each method and identify the appropriate method for prioritization. Methodology This research was conducted using library studies and analytical-comparative methods. In reviewing previous studies, the essential steps for prioritizing architectural heritage conservation were identified, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were examined. Finally, through evaluation and analysis, the most suitable method for prioritizing historical villages in Iran is proposed. In the second part, statistical and descriptive methods have been used. To validate the method, 55 samples of selected villages were evaluated and prioritized in the improvement plan for valuable rural fabric (this plan is one of the essential rural protection plans in Iran). Results and discussion A general review of experiences and theoretical studies indicates that prioritization has been conducted based on different approaches, components, and criteria. Prioritization is a practical method that, with the use of mathematical knowledge, leads to more precise planning. To achieve the goal of prioritization, three essential steps must be taken as determining the approach, the criteria and indicators, and the method. According to research, prioritization can be carried out using various approaches, such as the at-risk heritage approach. There is a direct relationship between the approach and the research objective, and the research objective determines the approach. Criteria and indicators are also determined based on and in accordance with the approach. In prioritization, mixed methods can be used according to the research needs. Additionally, the research might employ mixed approaches, requiring the selected criteria and methods to align with the research approach. In determining the prioritization method, attention to the features of each method is essential since some methods are suitable for multi-objective and multi-criteria research, while others are single-objective. The methods also have different ranking capabilities, and recognizing the most appropriate method based on the research objective and approach is crucial. Applying the prioritization method for conserving valuable villages allows for determining the selection order for valuable villages for implementation and other conservation actions. Types of multi-criteria prioritization methods can be divided into two main categories: a) Primary Methods: Ahp; Anp; Wsm; Topsis; Electre; Promethee; Aras; Vikor; Dea; b) Hybrid Methods Based on Fuzzy Theory. The issue of prioritizing valuable villages is inherently complex. Therefore, WSM, ARAS, and VIKOR methods are not sufficiently adequate for determining the solution. On the other hand, prioritizing valuable villages is a multifaceted issue with diverse goals and numerous options. Consequently, methods like WPM, AHP, ANP, ELECTRE, and PROMETHEE face challenges with extensive calculations and reduced accuracy when dealing with problems that involve many options and criteria. Conversely, the TOPSIS and DEA methods can address the prioritization of valuable villages because they can solve complex, multi-criteria, multi-option, multi-objective, multi-dimensional, and multi-scale problems. However, the DEA method requires knowledge of the impact of criteria on the goal, and finding the quantitative value that represents the criteria's impact on the goal is a challenge that limits the application of DEA in solving the prioritization issue of valuable villages. Ultimately, the TOPSIS method is a suitable approach for solving the given problem, but it also has drawbacks, such as the complexity of the decision-making process and the need to set weight coefficients (criteria prioritization coefficients). Finally, it is suggested that the challenge of weight coefficients be addressed by drawing inspiration from the TOPSIS method and incorporating a search algorithm to determine the valuable village for each criterion. On the other hand, the MDBD method is a newer approach for solving multi-criteria decision-making problems and is considered an enhanced version of the TOPSIS method. Compared to TOPSIS, it offers advantages such as simplicity in decision-making, no need for prioritization coefficients, and the ability to solve multi-objective problems. The MDBD method does not require setting weight coefficients, as precise adjustment of weight coefficients is another challenge in solving multi-criteria decision-making problems that directly affects the decision-making process. Conclusion Considering villages' valuable attributes, the appropriate methods for prioritizing them in sequence are the MDBD, the TOPSIS, and the DEA methods. Utilizing these methodologies enables the resolution of complex, multi-criteria, multi-option, multi-scale, multi-objective, and multi-dimensional prioritization challenges. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. اولویت‌بندی یکی از اقداماتی است که امروزه در برنامه‌ریزی پیش از اقدامات اجرایی استفاده می‌شود و با هدف تعیین تقدم و تأخر در حفاظت میراث معماری، به کار می‌رود. اولویت‌بندی، در شرایطی همچون محدودیت زمان و بودجه و تعدد نمونه، ضرورت می‌یابد. این پژوهش در نظر دارد به کاربرد اولویت‌بندی در حفاظت روستاهای باارزش و نیز تحلیل و بررسی روش‌های آن بپردازد. بر اساس هدف پژوهش، بررسی اولویت‌بندی با 1. بررسی تجارب پژوهشی؛ 2. شناسایی گام‌ها و روش‌های علمی آن؛ 3. بررسی مزایا و معایب هریک از روش‌ها؛ 4. شناسایی و معرفی مناسب‌ترین روش 5. ارزیابی روش در نمونه موردی روستاها و اولویت‌بندی روستاهای موردنظر، انجام‌شده است. روش تحقیق در بخش نخست با تکیه‌بر مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، تحلیلی‌ـ مقایسه‌ای است که در بررسی تجربه‌های پژوهشی، به دنبال شناخت روش‌ها، گام‌های ضروری در اولویت‌بندی و شناسایی مناسب‌ترین روش برای اولویت‌بندی روستاهای باارزش بوده است. در بخش دوم از روش آماری و توصیفی- استنباطی استفاده‌شده است و برای اعتبارسنجی روش موردنظر و اولویت‌بندی روستاهای منتخب طرح بهسازی بافت‌های باارزش روستایی بنیاد مسکن انقلاب اسلامی، 55 نمونه روستای منتخب در این طرح مورد ارزیابی و اولویت‌بندی قرار گرفته است. باتوجه‌به نتایج این تحقیق، روش‌های MDBD و TOPSIS و DEA، برای حل مسئله اولویت‌بندی روستاهای باارزش، مناسب‌اند. با استفاده از این روش‌ها می‌توان مسائل دارای اولویت‌بندی پیچیده، چندمعیاره، چندگزینه‌ای، چند مقیاسی، چندهدفه و چندبعدی را حل کرد. با توجه به سهولت در روش MDBD نسبت به دو روش پیشنهادی دیگر، این روش مناسب‌ترین روش معرفی‌شده و با کمک این روش اولویت‌بندی روستاهای نمونه موردی انجام‌شده است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100241_bdc54139fa7cf8a23477e1a57e479ebd.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 21 Investigating the effects of agricultural land use change on sustainable livelihoods of rural households: A case study of Sistan plain بررسی اثرات تغییر کاربری زمین کشاورزی بر معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی مطالعه موردی: دشت سیستان 125 141 100506 10.22059/jrur.2025.378581.1961 FA طیبه جهانگرد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران سیدهادی طیب نیا گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران 0000-0002-4689-0550 پیمان محمودی گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران فاطمه فیروزی گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی محیطی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 29 A B S T R A C T The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of agricultural land use change on sustainable livelihoods of rural households in the Sistan plain. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical which has been done by two methods of library and field studies. In order to investigate the effects of land use change on sustainable livelihood, in addition to the researcher's questionnaire, GIS and remote sensing have been used. The rural statistical population in this study is four selected villages, Qala-e-Naw, Sarani, Gorg and Gholam Ali. Also, 40 people from the sample community were interviewed according to access conditions. The results of the study show that land changes have been very high in recent years and have had a significant impact on the villagers and their livelihood. These effects have been studied in three sections: resource productivity, agricultural production and livestock production. In the field of resource utilization, the results showed that land use change has led to excessive use of natural and God-given resources in this area, which has led to the destruction of thousands of shrubs and pastures, surface and subsurface water resources, more than Livestock grazing, etc., has led to the destruction of land in the region, especially agricultural land, and has led to soil erosion. In the livestock production sector, land use change has left many negative effects that can be reduced to milk and dairy products, reduce the number of livestock, increase livestock costs such as the cost of buying fodder, etc. Extended Abstract Introduction Changing cover land-use is one of the challenges of rural settlements, which has been the focus of rural research in recent years. Agricultural land-use change is one of the most critical dimensions of cover land-use change. Among the dry areas of the country that are involved with such a problem is the Sistan Plain in the southeast of Iran. The change in land-use in the Sistan region is an important factor in reducing the production of the province, especially in rural areas. Farmers have been forced to leave the agricultural land. Because of the lack of water, the only occupation of the residents in agriculture is planting wheat, barley, watermelon, and melon, which requires much water and faces a big challenge, so the farmers abandon their land. Adaptation to this phenomenon and optimal use of land and water will allow the residents of the region to provide adequate sources of income for their livelihood and the families in the region. This research aims to investigate the effects of agricultural land-use change on the sustainable livelihood of rural households in the Sistan Plain in the southeast of Iran. Methodology The current research is an applied type of research that has been carried out with a descriptive-analytical method. The methodology of this study consists of two separate parts; in the first part, cover land-use changes in Sistan Plain were investigated using Landsat satellite images. In the second part, by preparing a questionnaire and completing it by the villagers living in Sistan Plain, the effects of cover land-use changes on their sustainable livelihood were analyzed. The statistical population of this research included the residents of the villages of the Sistan Plain, which had a population of 165,666. The sampling method in this research was expert-oriented. In this way, at first, the map of the geographical location of all the villages located in the Sistan plain was placed on the cover land-use maps obtained from satellite images. Among the villages from three categories, 4 villages were selected randomly. After selecting the villages, 40 questionnaires were completed in the sample villages. In order to analyze the data and information, statistical methods (descriptive and inferential), using EXCEL and SPSS software, sample t-tests, and descriptive analysis tests were performed. Results and discussion The results of satellite image processing showed that between 1989 and 2018, water and vegetation areas changed, and their area decreased. These changes have occurred more in the east and center of the plain than in other parts. Also, land-use change has caused overuse of this region's natural and God-given resources, which has led to the destruction of bushes and pastures, surface and subsurface water sources, an excessive increase in livestock grazing, etc., which has led to the destruction of land. The areas of the region have been turned into agricultural lands, and soil erosion has followed. It has also caused environmental problems, especially sandstorms and increased pollution in recent years, all of which are caused by human overexploitation of natural resources, which is caused by land-use changes and recent droughts. In the livestock production sector, the change in land-use has left many negative effects, which can be attributed to the reduction of milk and milk products, the reduction of the number of livestock of the villagers, the increase in the cost of keeping livestock and the cost of buying fodder, etc., and the movement of livestock out of the village for grazing. Conclusion In the agricultural production sector of Sistan Plain, the effects of land use change on agricultural production have been greater than in all other sectors. As the Sistan region, known as the grain storehouse of Iran, today, agriculture in this region has decreased so much that most farmers have turned to subsistence farming only to meet their daily needs, and few villages have mass and commercial cultivation. The amount of agricultural products harvested in this region has also decreased drastically compared to previous years. This decrease in production has caused a decrease in the income of the villagers in this region, which has caused the villagers to immigrate to the cities, or those who have not migrated, turn to daily wage labor or fuel smuggling, which are detrimental to the villagers who are the main producers of food products of the country. Among the other negative effects of land-use change on agricultural production, it can be mentioned that the villagers, in recent years, often put their lands under cultivation every year due to the very high volume of cultivation and the abundance of water. Moreover, sometimes, after a few years, they leave their land to fallow to strengthen the soil. Today, due to these changes, most of their land is abandoned, and to a small extent, it is dedicated to subsistence farming. Nowadays, if shipping is done in the villages of Sistan, it is on a very small scale, which is not economical. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. هدف پژوهش حاضر؛ بررسی اثرات تغییر کربری زمین کشاورزی بر معیشت پایدار خانوارهای روستایی در دشت سیستان است. جهت بررسی از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست و همچنین پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. تعداد 40 نفر از جامعه نمونه در روستای در چهار روستای منتخب قلعه‌نو، سارانی، ده گرگ و غلامعلی مورد پرسشگری قرار گرفتند. نتایج تحلیل پوشش زمین-کاربری زمین در بازه زمانی 1368 تا 1397 نشان داد که در سال‌های اخیر از وسعت زمین‌های کشاورزی و کاربری آبی به‌شدت کاسته شده و زمین بایر افزایش‌یافته است. روند این تغییرات در روستاهای منطقه سیستان که اکثر با کشاورزی و دامداری معیشت خود را تأمین می‌کنند بیانگر این است که این تغییرات کاربری زمین در معیشت روستاییان اثرات منفی بسیار زیادی گذاشته است که در نتیجه ناپایداری روستایی را به دنبال داشته است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که تغییرات زمین در سال‌های اخیر بسیار زیاد بوده و اثرات زیادی بر معیشت روستائیان داشته است. در بخش بهره‌برداری از منابع، نتایج نشان داد که تغییر کاربری زمین موجب استفاده بیش‌ازحد از منابع طبیعی این منطقه شده که باعث از بین رفتن بوته‌زارها و مراتع، منابع آب‌های سطحی و زیرسطحی، افزایش بیش‌ازحد چرای دام و غیره شده و منجر به تخریب زمین‌های منطقه بخصوص زمین‌های کشاورزی و فرسایش خاک‌ها شده است. همچنین اثرات منفی دیگری مانند کاهش شیر و فراورده‌های شیری، کاهش تعداد دام‌های روستاییان، افزایش هزینه نگهداری دام همچون هزینه خرید علوفه و غیره، جابجایی و حرکت دام‌ها به خارج از روستا به‌منظور چرا داشته است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100506_030652c03ac462dcb2af0b4e6896444c.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 21 Factors Affecting the Development of Rural Entrepreneurship with an Emphasis on Ecotourism: A case study of Silvana Region, Urmia City عوامل مؤثر بر توسعه کارآفرینی روستایی با تأکید بر بوم گردی مطالعه موردی: بخش سیلوانا، شهرستان ارومیه 143 159 100476 10.22059/jrur.2025.378819.1965 FA ریحانه مهربان زاده گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران 0009-0003-0431-6395 سیدجعفر زنوزی گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران 0000-0002-5715-484X Journal Article 2025 04 29 A B S T R A C T Many rural residents migrate to big cities to find jobs in Iran, while villages have high capacities for earning income. One of these opportunities is to attract ecotourists, who can provide a good income for the villagers. West Azerbaijan province is located in the bordering area of three neighboring countries with a mild climate. Silvana resort area is one of the beautiful places near Urmia, the capital city of this province. It has a high potential to attract nature tourists. Unfortunately, the government and local people have paid little attention to this area to use these potentials. The purpose of this research is to conduct an in-depth investigation to identify the effective factors for attracting nature walkers and developing ecotourism in the villages of this region to improve rural entrepreneurship. In this research, deep and open interviews were conducted with 15 experts who have complete information about the conditions and potentials of the Silvana region. The sampling method was non-probability and in the form of a snowball. For data analysis, thematic analysis and fuzzy hierarchical process methods were used. Based on the results, 43 identified indicators were classified into three dimensions as government, local people, and investors. The government got the first rank with 0.69, the indigenous people got the second rank with 0.28, and the investors got the third rank with 0.03. Among the indicators related to governance, the establishment of health centers and medical services ranked first among the indicators related to the local community, and the hospitality, warm, and friendly behavior of the local community ranked first. Finally, among the indicators related to investors, investment in creating centers for storing and processing agricultural products won first. Extended Abstract Introduction Rural communities face many economic, social, and environmental challenges. Training and promotion of entrepreneurship are effective strategies for reducing unemployment migration and increasing productivity and sustainable development. In Iran, the rural population has decreased, and the villages face economic stagnation, unemployment, and migration. Entrepreneurship can reduce these problems by improving the economic and social conditions of the villagers. Also, tourism, especially ecotourism, plays an important role in economic development and reducing poverty. According to the statistics of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), tourism creates about 220 million jobs in the world. It means that out of every 10 new jobs, one job is related to this field. For 83% of developing countries, tourism is the most important export and source of foreign exchange income. This sector constitutes 6.9% of global GDP and is the third largest service trade in the world. West Azerbaijan province, especially Urmia and Silvana region, is a unique region in terms of nature, which has a high capacity to attract tourists. The question here is: -Which factors have prevented the creation of such conditions for the residents of this region? -Secondly, which factors can lead to the development of rural entrepreneurship by attracting tourists? Moreover, forming ecotourism colonies in the villages of this region. In research, researchers identified factors such as infrastructure development, local people's attitude, destination marketing, government support, private sector participation, education and awareness, and willingness to take risks. Therefore, this research conducted a comprehensive and deep investigation of all the effective factors from different dimensions and their prioritization so that the officials could make more detailed plans. Methodology This research, with a practical aim and an exploratory approach, has studied the current situation of the Silvana region in Urmia. The statistical population includes 15 region experts who were selected through snowball sampling. First, the meta-analysis method identified primary factors through library studies and documents. Then, new factors were identified using the thematic analysis method through in-depth interviews with experts. Finally, a questionnaire with 3 criteria and 43 sub-criteria was prepared, and a survey was conducted. The Fuzzy AHP method with Chang's approach was used to determine the weight of criteria and sub-criteria, combining the hierarchical analysis process and fuzzy logic in the face of uncertainties. Results and discussion According to the findings, the most important influential factor in the rural entrepreneurship model with an emphasis on tourism was the government, with an impact of 69%, then the native people, with an impact of 27%, and finally, investors, with an impact of 3%. Also, based on the findings of this research, among the factors related to the government and governance, the factor of "creating health and treatment service centers" is considered the most important. Among the factors related to the native people, "hospitality of the native community and warm and friendly behavior and welcome of tourists" is one of the most important factors of the rural entrepreneurship model with an emphasis on tourism. On the other hand, among the factors related to investors, "investment to create a strong processing center for agricultural products" was identified as one of the most important factors. The findings showed that among the factors affecting rural entrepreneurship with an emphasis on ecotourism in the Silvana, the government plays the most important role by providing the necessary hardware and software infrastructure. The area's local people, through hospitality, cooperation, and preservation of customs, play an important role. Finally, investors can be effective through advertising and promotional activities, entrepreneurial economic activities, and recreational sports activities. Conclusion Based on this article's findings, it is suggested that the government should provide suitable infrastructure for the private sector to enter for investment, including the creation of quality and safe transportation roads, well-equipped and sufficient health and medical centers, the creation of Parks and public transportation terminals in the region. Providing the necessary training for culture, building and promoting the awareness of the local people about the benefits of tourism and familiarizing them with the way of entrepreneurship, creating security, advertising, and providing the necessary facilities by the district administration and municipality to attract domestic and foreign investors. On the other hand, without the cooperation of the native people of the region, no infrastructure will be successful in the development of rural entrepreneurship. People should actively participate in creating ecotourism fields and training courses. Also, maintaining adherence to local coverage and development of rural arts and crafts, offering them in rural bazaars and regional markets weeks, and creating content in virtual space can be one of the leverage factors to attract tourists. Finally, the presence of investors in the field of tourism can attract more tourists or make potential tourists more familiar with this beautiful and unique region, along with the natural attractions of the Silvana region. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. بسیاری از ساکنین روستا در جستجوی کار و درآمد به شهرها مهاجرت می‌کنند، درحالی‌که روستاها ظرفیت‌های بالایی برای اشتغال دارند. از جمله این فرصت‌ها، جذب گردشگر در حوزه بوم گردی است که می‌تواند درآمد خوبی برای روستاییان فراهم کند. استان آذربایجان غربی با مزیت هم‌مرزی با سه کشور خارجی و آب‌وهوای معتدل خود، به‌ویژه در منطقه ییلاقی سیلوانا، ظرفیت خوبی برای جذب گردشگران طبیعت دارد. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی عوامل مؤثر برای جذب طبیعت گردها و توسعه کارآفرینی در روستاهای این منطقه با تأکید بر بوم گردی می‌باشد. در این پژوهش از 15 نفر از خبرگان آشنا به منطقه سیلوانا مصاحبه‌های عمیق انجام شد. روش نمونه‌گیری غیر احتمالی و به‌صورت گلوله برفی بود. برای شناسایی عوامل از روش‌های تحلیل مضمون استفاده شد و اولویت‌بندی آن‌ها با استفاده از فرآیند سلسله‌مراتبی فازی انجام یافت. این پژوهش مدل جدیدی را که از سه بعد به عوامل اکتشافی می‌نگریست، ارائه داد. بر اساس نتایج، 43 شاخص شناسایی‌شده در سه بعد (دولت، مردم بومی، سرمایه‌گذاران) طبقه‌بندی شدند. حاکمیت با 69/0 رتبه اول، مردم بومی با 27/0 رتبه دوم و سرمایه‌گذاران با 03/0 رتبه سوم را به دست آوردند. از میان شاخص‌های مربوط به حاکمیت، ایجاد مراکز ارائه‌دهنده خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی رتبه اول، از میان شاخص‌های مرتبط با جامعه بومی، مهمان‌نوازی و رفتار گرم رتبه اول، و از میان شاخص‌های مرتبط با سرمایه‌گذاران، ایجاد مراکز نگهداری و فرآوری محصولات کشاورزی رتبه اول را کسب کردند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100476_cbb7d7cc1e0df7a30c201cd179119adf.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 21 Investigating Gardeners' Satisfaction with Drip Irrigation Facilities in Zanjan County بررسی رضایتمندی باغداران نسبت به تسهیلات بلاعوض آبیاری قطره‌ای در شهرستان زنجان 161 179 100504 10.22059/jrur.2025.380390.1974 FA غلامرضا مجردی گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0003-3457-7601 کلثوم حمیدی گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0009-0002-3245-8123 امیر نعیمی گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0000-0001-5423-7917 لیلا ذبیحیان گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران 0009-0005-4353-5528 Journal Article 2025 04 29 A B S T R A C T This study was conducted to investigate gardeners' satisfaction with irrigation facilities and the factors that affect it. The general approach of this research is quantitative, using a descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population included gardeners who had received facilities for drip irrigation in Zanjan County, of which 104 were sampled using the stratified random method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Water and agricultural credit experts confirmed the questionnaire's validity and reliability were approved using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α=0.919-0.966). Based on the results, gardeners’ overall satisfaction with the process of irrigation facilities was below average (2.7). The results of the comparison of the level of satisfaction between different groups of gardeners in terms of water source ownership, experience of participating in new irrigation training courses, location of the garden, type of ownership of the garden, place of residence, field of main occupation, and membership in organizations showed significant differences. According to the correlation results, there was a negative and significant relationship between satisfaction level and garden age, garden area, and drip irrigation area, and there was a positive and significant relationship with the history of using pressurized irrigation, social-communicative characteristics, and educational-informational characteristics. Furthermore, based on the results of the regression analysis (R2adj=0.35), the four variables, including educational-informational features, the benefit of reducing production costs and improving the efficiency of production resources, garden area, and the benefit of improving time management and irrigation water consumption, explain 35% of the variation in gardeners' satisfaction with facilities. Extended Abstract Introduction Recently, due to the necessity of optimal utilization of water resources in agriculture, drip irrigation systems, which are the most efficient irrigation methods, have been of great importance. Iran’s government considers special facilities to develop these technologies annually. Despite the supportive programs, the operation of new irrigation systems is relatively low. This can be caused by problems that occur while receiving facilities. The awareness of client satisfaction is undoubtedly an essential aspect of the development and continuation of new technology in agriculture. This research was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the gardeners' satisfaction with government grants for the implementation of drip irrigation systems in gardens. Methodology This study is based on a quantitative survey with a descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population included 142 gardeners who had received facilities for drip irrigation from 2017 to 2023 in Zanjan County of Zanjan Province in Northwest of Iran. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table and using stratified random sampling technique, 104 gardners were selected as the study sample. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was reviewed by a group of faculty members, specialists, and experts in water and agricultural credit. A pre-test was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also calculated for different questionnaire parts (α=0.919 - 0.966). Results and discussion According to the results, the overall satisfaction of the studied gardeners with the process of drip irrigation facility was below average (2.7). The results of grouping gardeners based on the level of satisfaction were 40.3% (relatively satisfied), 30.8% (relatively dissatisfied), 15.4% (dissatisfied) and 13.5% (satisfied). The results of the comparison of the level of satisfaction with the facility between different groups of studied gardeners in terms of water source ownership, the experience of participating in new irrigation training courses, location of the garden, and type of ownership of the garden, place of residence, field of main occupation, and membership in organizations showed significant differences. In other words, Gardeners who have experience participating in training courses related to new irrigation systems, the type of ownership of their garden is private, and the type of ownership of the water source of their garden is shared, their main occupation is agriculture, their residency place is the village, and those who are members of social and rural organizations; are more satisfied than others. Correlation results indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between the satisfaction level and garden age, garden area, and drip irrigation area, and there is also a significant positive relationship between satisfaction and the history of using pressurized irrigation, social-communicative characteristics, and educational-informational characteristics. The results of categorizing the benefits of using drip irrigation in gardens with exploratory factor analysis led to the identification of three categories of benefits as reducing production costs and improving the efficiency of using production resources, quantitative and qualitative improvement of production and increasing income, and improved time management and irrigation water consumption; that these factors explained 75.81% of the total variance. Based on the results of the results of the regression analysis (R2adj=0.35), the four variables, including educational-informational features, the advantage of reducing production costs and improving the efficiency of production resources, garden area, and the advantage of improving time management and irrigation water consumption, explain 35% of the variation in gardeners' satisfaction with facilities. In line with the results of this research, Charmchian Langerodi & Janbaz (2018) and Chovatia et al. (2019) show that gardeners are less satisfied with the time of receiving facilities and installing the irrigation system. In addition to the study of Hoseinpour et al. (2023), the users of the drip irrigation system have expressed dissatisfaction with the low quality and high cost of the equipment, the administrative bureaucracy, and the complex process of obtaining facilities. In accordance with Charmchian Langerodi and Janbaz's (2018) findings, for gardeners, the benefits of using pressurized irrigation systems, such as the decrease in labor costs, are more important than the increase in production and income. Charmchian Langerodi and Janbaz (2018) also showed that educational and promotional factors explain the gardeners' satisfaction with irrigation facilities. Furthermore, the study of Aazami et al. (2011) showed that the economic characteristics of farmers such as land ownership status affected the level of satisfaction of users of pressurized irrigation systems through facilities. So that people whose land was under private ownership were more satisfied. Conclusion Considering the results of the study of the personal, occupational, social-communicational, educational-informational characteristics of gardeners, as well as their perception of the benefits of using drip irrigation systems and examining the relationship and impact of these variables on their satisfaction with these facilities, a general view of the current situation in terms of satisfaction with the process of this type of facility was obtained. These results, in line with the assessments of the modern irrigation systems development plan at the macro level, can contribute to the flexibility and modification of future implementation guidelines of this plan conforming with the regional conditions and the characteristics of the facility applicants and accelerate the trend of developing modern irrigation systems aligned with the upstream documents. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی رضایتمندی باغداران از تسهیلات بلاعوض آبیاری قطره‌ای و عوامل مؤثر بر آن انجام‌شده است. رویکرد کلی تحقیق، کمّی به روش توصیفی - همبستگی می‌باشد. جامعه آماری تحقیق، باغداران استفاده‌کننده از تسهیلات بلاعوض آبیاری قطره‌ای در شهرستان زنجان بین سال‌های 1396 تا 1401 بودند (142=N)، که تعداد 104 نفر از آنان به روش تصادفی طبقه‌ای نمونه‌گیری شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه بود، که برای بررسی روایی آن از دیدگاه صاحب‌نظران حوزه آب و اعتبارات کشاورزی استفاده شد. پایایی پرسشنامه با استفاده از پیش‌آزمون و محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ (966/0-919/0=α) تأیید شد. طبق نتایج، در مجموع رضایتمندی باغداران از تسهیلات بلاعوض آبیاری زیر متوسط (7/2) بود. نتایج مقایسه میزان رضایتمندی از تسهیلات بین گروه‌های مختلف از باغداران موردمطالعه برحسب «نوع مالکیت منبع آب»، «سابقه شرکت در دوره‌های آموزشی آبیاری تحت‌فشار»، «موقعیت مکانی باغ»، «نوع مالکیت باغ»، «محل سکونت»، «زمینه شغل اصلی» و «عضویت در تشکل‌ها» تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان داد. طبق نتایج همبستگی، بین میزان رضایتمندی از تسهیلات با متغیرهای «قدمت باغ»، «مساحت باغ»، «سطح اجرای آبیاری قطره‌ای در باغ» رابطه منفی و معنی‌دار و با متغیرهای «سابقه استفاده از آبیاری تحت‌فشار»، «ویژگی‌های اجتماعی- ارتباطی» و «ویژگی‌های آموزشی- اطلاعاتی» رابطه مثبت و معنی‌دار وجود داشت. همچنین بر اساس نتایج تحلیل رگرسیونی (35/0= R2adj)، به ترتیب چهار متغیر «ویژگی‌های آموزشی- اطلاعاتی»، «مزیت کاهش هزینه‌های تولید و بهبود راندمان منابع تولید»، «مساحت باغ» و «مزیت بهبود مدیریت زمان و مصرف آب آبیاری» به میزان 35 درصد از تغییرات متغیر رضایتمندی باغداران از تسهیلات را تبیین می‌کنند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100504_8c2ea064d7fcdcb67c45f4b44167ead7.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 22 Study the factors inhibiting the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas with a meta-analysis approach واکاوی عوامل بازدارنده توسعه کارآفرینی در مناطق روستایی با رویکرد فرا تحلیل 181 201 100502 10.22059/jrur.2025.381208.1978 FA محمد ظاهری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران حسین کریم زاده گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0003-0994-0536 نبی الله حسینی شه پریان گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده برنامه‌ریزی و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران 0000-0002-8952-5529 Journal Article 2025 04 30 A B S T R A C T The present study was carried out to quantitatively combine the results of the studies conducted in the field of the factors that inhibit rural entrepreneurship. Using the meta-analysis method and CMA3 software, this research examined 29 domestic and foreign studies from 2010 to 2023, whose information was extracted through reliable scientific databases. Based on the results obtained from the total information of 444 variables entered into the meta-analysis software, 67 variables were repeated 354 times in the reviewed articles. The variables of financial weakness and lack of liquidity, lack of training related to entrepreneurship, weak physical and infrastructure in rural areas, lack of necessary coordination and cooperation between the custodian organizations, and low level of skill and capability have the highest degree of repeatability. The effect size value showed that out of 67 variables, 61.95% had a small effect size, 28.16% had a medium effect size, and 9.89% had a large effect size. The variables of lack of access to the appropriate market, numerous village challenges, and the fear of failure have the most significant effect. Also, among the factors, there are infrastructural factors with an effect size of 0.372, policy making with an effect size of 0.349, educational with an effect size of 0.334, social with an effect size of 0.314, economic with an effect size of 0.308, environmental with an effect size of 0.287, and institutional with an effect size of 0.283, and individual with an effect size of 0.277 were identified as the most important barriers to rural entrepreneurship, respectively. Finally, based on the obtained results, the barriers to entrepreneurship were extracted and prioritized with a comprehensive approach, and based on that, the model of barriers to rural entrepreneurship was drawn. Extended Abstract Introduction Addressing the issue of rural entrepreneurship in order to identify the factors hindering its development is very important and should not be neglected. Therefore, it is necessary to study and examine the challenges and obstacles to its development so that it can be developed through accurate scientific knowledge. This research was conducted to investigate and analyze the barriers to entrepreneurship development in rural areas with a meta-analysis approach. Many studies have been conducted in line with the barriers to rural entrepreneurship. Since several factors create an inhibiting role in entrepreneurship and the relationships between them are complex and heterogeneous, it is necessary to investigate these structures, deficiencies, and bottlenecks with a special methodology that can define the context better and more precisely. In the meta-analysis method, we first reach beyond the primary whole by breaking the components of the whole, and then the primary analysis takes place. Finally, the combined secondary analysis shows the information the primary data does not. In other words, in the meta-analysis, the information is first extracted from the primary sources, then combined with each other, and finally, a new whole is obtained. In the meta-analysis method, the basic principle is to combine different results and, extract new and coherent results, and remove what causes exploitation in the final results. Considering the mentioned cases, this research aims to take an effective step to extract and categorize the obstacles of rural entrepreneurship by reviewing and meta-analyzing the research findings conducted in different time frames. Methodology The present research was carried out using a meta-analysis method. The meta-analysis method is one of the new methods in conducting research, which combines the results of previous studies on a subject statistically. In order to carry out the research, all the studies conducted concerning the obstacles of rural entrepreneurship in Farsi and English were searched in various publications through databases. The keywords studied were entrepreneurship, rural entrepreneurship, obstacles to rural entrepreneurship, new and innovative rural businesses, and entrepreneurial challenges. From the total of 100 studied articles, the information from 29 domestic and foreign articles that included a large number of variables was included in the meta-analysis. For meta-analysis calculations, CMA3 software, which is the latest version of meta-analysis, was used, and the data obtained from previous studies were converted to effect size using the software. Results and discussion The findings showed that infrastructural factors with an effect size of 0.372, policy and legal with an effect size of 0.349, technical-educational with an effect size of 0.334, cultural-social with an effect size of 0.314, financial-economic with an effect size of 0.308, environmental with an effect size of 287 0.0, managerial-institutional with an effect size of 0.283 and individual with an effect size of 0.277 were identified as the most important obstacles to rural entrepreneurship. According to Cohen's effect criterion, 5 factors (infrastructural, policy, educational, social, and economic), i.e., 61.95% have an effect size greater than 0.3, and 3 factors (environmental, institutional, and individual), i.e., 38.05% have an effect size less than 0.3 have been assigned to themselves. For each factor, a total of 67 variables have been extracted according to the effect size, Z value, and P significance level. The total degree of repeatability of these variables was 354 times. The variables are the lack of necessary coordination and cooperation between the organizations in charge of rural development in the field of entrepreneurship, the theoretical nature of people's knowledge, the lack or shortage of training related to entrepreneurship and self-employment in the village, the low level of skills and comprehensive rural capabilities, financial weakness and lack of liquidity of people for starting a business, little support from the government and officials for rural entrepreneurs, weak information and communication technology, lack of suitable physical and infrastructure, and lack of access to production factors have been the most frequent concepts. Also, the components of lack of long-term planning in the field of rural development, inappropriate laws in the field of export and import, lack of familiarity with accounting and financial planning, fear of failure and bankruptcy, weak technical requirements to achieve added value, weak marketing and sale, limited opportunity to repay the loan, non-payment of loans on time by the government and the existence of various challenges in rural settlements, based on meta-analysis calculations, have the most significant effect. Conclusion As stated in the current research, the most important obstacles to rural entrepreneurship are caused by infrastructural factors. This result is consistent with the results and findings of Mendi et al. (2021) and Smith et al. (2024). The second case is the barriers to rural entrepreneurship and policy and legal factors consistent with the results of Sheikhi et al.'s research (2023). Educational factors are also one of the barriers to rural entrepreneurship, which is consistent with the study's results by Virginia et al. (2017). Another critical obstacle to rural entrepreneurship is the economic factor. This is consistent with the research results of Qadiri Masoom et al. (2014), Jomini et al. (2015), Farahani and Alvandi (2018), and Hosseini Kahnuj et al. (2021). Another obstacle to entrepreneurship is the environmental dimension, which aligns with the results of Watankhah et al.'s research (2022). Considering that the villages of our country are full of new and undiscovered opportunities, entrepreneurship can guarantee the continuity of life and the survival of villages. Unfortunately, entrepreneurial culture has not penetrated as much as it should in rural areas, and its obstacles can be found in the structural model of research. Therefore, in order to develop entrepreneurship in rural areas and encourage entrepreneurs and the private sector to invest and start new businesses in rural areas, suggestions were made in accordance with the results of this research. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. پژوهش حاضر باهدف ترکیب کمی نتایج پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده در حوزه عوامل بازدارنده کارآفرینی روستایی صورت گرفته است. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش فرا تحلیل و نرم‌افزار CMA3 تعداد 29 مطالعه داخلی و خارجی طی سال‌های 2010 الی 2023 که اطلاعات آنان از طریق پایگاه‌های علمی معتبر استخراج شد را موردبررسی قرار داد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل‌شده از مجموع اطلاعات 444 متغیر وارده شده به نرم‌افزار فرا تحلیل 67 متغیر 354 مرتبه در مقالات موردبررسی دارای درجه تکرار بوده‌اند. متغیرهای ضعف مالی و کمبود نقدینگی، فقدان یا کمبود آموزش‌های مربوط به کارآفرینی، ضعف زیرساخت‌های فیزیکی و زیربنایی مناسب در مناطق روستایی، عدم هماهنگی و همکاری لازم بین سازمان‌های متولی و پائین بودن سطح مهارت و توانمندی بیشترین درجه تکرارپذیری را داشته‌اند. مقدار اندازه اثر نشان داده که از 67 متغیر 95/61 درصد دارای اندازه اثر کم، 16/28 درصد دارای اندازه اثر متوسط و 89/9 درصد متغیرها دارای اندازه اثر زیاد بوده‌اند. متغیرهای عدم دسترسی به بازار مناسب، وجود چالش‌های متعدد در روستاها و ترس از شکست بیشترین اندازه اثر را به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. همچنین در بین عامل‌ها نیز عوامل زیرساختی با مقدار اندازه اثر 372/0، سیاست‌گذاری با 349/0، آموزشی 334/0، اجتماعی با 314/0، اقتصادی با 308/0، محیطی با 287/0، نهادی با 283/0 و فردی با 277/0 به ترتیب مهم‌ترین موانع کارآفرینی روستایی شناخته شدند. در نهایت بر اساس نتایج حاصل‌شده با رویکردی جامع موانع کارآفرینی استخراج و اولویت‌بندی شدند و بر اساس آن مدل موانع پیش‌روی کارآفرینی روستایی ترسیم‌شده است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100502_40e592f4e1ef7450ddf54a124038f866.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 3 2025 10 22 A Paradigm Model for Developing Rural Smart Tourism Destinations ارائه مدل پارادایمی توسعه مقصدهای گردشگری هوشمند در مناطق روستایی 203 217 102904 10.22059/jrur.2025.389773.2014 FA محمد رضا رضوانی گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران 0000-0003-0830-3666 حسنعلی فرجی سبکبار گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران 0000-0002-5470-4287 مجتبی قدیری معصوم گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران 0000-0002-1699-2855 حسین زینتی فخرآباد گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه‌ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران 0009-0004-9407-6184 Journal Article 2025 04 30 A B S T R A C T Smart tourism is pivotal for optimising resource allocation and enhancing the quality of visitor experiences. In rural areas - which frequently suffer from inadequate technical infrastructure, limited uptake of advanced technologies, and low awareness among local residents - smart tourism can serve as a conduit for unlocking these communities’ latent capacities. Guided by grounded theory, we conducted a qualitative study involving semi structured interviews with 15 purposively selected experts in tourism and rural planning. Data were analysed iteratively through open, axial and selective coding, culminating in the construction of a comprehensive paradigm model for rural smart tourism development. The analysis delineated the causal, contextual and intervening conditions shaping smart tourism, along with the associated strategic actions and outcomes. Economic, cultural, infrastructural and regulatory factors emerged as critical determinants of success. Key strategies include capacity building and empowerment of local communities, targeted investment in digital and physical infrastructure, and the creation of rich digital content. By integrating these elements, the study advances a paradigm model that offers a structured pathway for transforming rural destinations into smart tourism hubs. Policy recommendations centre on empowering local stakeholders, expanding technological infrastructure, enriching visitor experiences through digital content, and bolstering local institutions to ensure effective governance of smart tourism initiatives. Extended Abstract Introduction Smart tourism is pivotal in optimising resource management and enhancing visitor experiences, making it a promising strategy for sustainable development. By leveraging advanced technologies and data‑driven practices, smart tourism delivers innovative solutions, especially in rural areas hampered by inadequate infrastructure, limited technology adoption, and low local awareness. In Iran, however, the lack of a comprehensive model for smart tourism development has impeded the full utilization of the country’s rich rural natural, cultural, and historical assets. Responding to this gap, the study proposes a paradigm model for rural smart‑tourism development that foregrounds the dynamic interplay of economic, social, and technological dimensions. Smart rural tourism—enabled by the Internet of Things, big‑data analytics, and collaborative digital platforms—enhances visitor experiences, boosts destination competitiveness, and supports the conservation of local resources. The COVID‑19 pandemic has underscored the need for targeted visitor management; consequently, we highlight the role of modern technologies in delivering contactless services and widening access to information. Building on successful international precedents—most notably the European Union’s smart‑village initiatives—this study identifies the key determinants of rural smart tourism and offers operational strategies for the digital transformation of Iran’s rural destinations. Methodology This study employs a qualitative, grounded‑theory design. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 tourism‑ and rural‑planning experts recruited via snowball sampling, and interviewing continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Coding proceeded iteratively through three stages—open, axial, and selective—using Atlas. ti 9. During open coding, emergent concepts such as “digital infrastructure” and “local community training” were identified. Axial coding then related these concepts to the core phenomenon of smart rural tourism development, generating a paradigmatic model that specifies causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, strategies, and outcomes. Selective coding integrated the categories into a coherent theoretical narrative. Credibility and dependability were strengthened through purposeful participant selection, constant comparative analysis, and member checking. Results and discussion The findings underscore the pivotal influence of economic, infrastructural, and managerial factors on the advancement of smart rural tourism. Causal conditions—economic (financial resources), infrastructural (communication networks), legal (transparent regulations), technical (modern technologies), and managerial (effective governance)—operate as the primary drivers of smart rural tourism, improving destination accessibility and streamlining tourism services while laying the groundwork for further development. Contextual conditions—cultural (local heritage preservation), social (community interaction), environmental (natural assets) and institutional (local governance structures)—provide the setting within which smart rural tourism takes shape and may either facilitate or constrain progress; strong local culture can motivate resource conservation, whereas weak institutions may hinder development. Recommended strategies comprise capacity‑building and empowerment of local communities, targeted investment in digital infrastructure, and the creation of locally tailored digital content. Collectively, these measures aim to raise awareness, accelerate technology uptake, and bolster destination competitiveness. Community empowerment fosters active resource stewardship and richer host–guest interaction, whereas high‑quality digital content broadens information access and delivers distinctive smart experiences. Intervening conditions consist of local digital literacy and stakeholders’ openness to change, particularly among tourism entrepreneurs and homestay operators. Limited digital literacy can retard technology adoption, whereas broad stakeholder support underpins the sustainable implementation of proposed strategies. The anticipated outcomes are multifaceted, spanning economic (sustained employment), cultural‑social (revival of local traditions), informational (enhanced data accessibility), and spatial (more equitable service distribution) dimensions. Taken together, these benefits reinforce local economies, strengthen place identity and cultural heritage, and elevate the competitive standing of rural destinations. Conclusion The findings underscore the need for an integrated approach to developing smart tourism destinations. Causal and contextual conditions together constitute the foundations and drivers that enable the effective implementation of strategies. A comparison with earlier studies—including Ibrahimpour et al (2021) and Nadali (2020)—confirms this alignment, particularly concerning infrastructure upgrades and enhanced digital literacy. This study, however, is distinctive in its exclusive focus on rural areas and in the paradigmatic model it advances. Successful application of the proposed model may generate sustainable employment, elevate residents’ quality of life, safeguard cultural heritage, and promote spatial justice. To realise these objectives, governments and local institutions should prioritise strengthening ICT infrastructure, expanding digital‑literacy programmes, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. Transparent legal frameworks and targeted financial incentives would further galvanise stakeholder participation. Beyond contributing to the sustainable development of rural areas, the model offers a robust analytical scaffold for future research on smart rural tourism. Funding This research was supported by the National Support Fund for Researchers and Technologists under contract number 4004926, dated April 5, 2022. Authors’ Contributions All authors equally contributed to the conceptualization, design, and writing of this article. They reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all scientific advisors who supported this research. گردشگری هوشمند، نقش اساسی در مدیریت کارآمد منابع و ارتقای کیفیت تجربه گردشگران ایفا می‌کند. در مناطق روستایی که معمولاً با چالش‌هایی نظیر کمبود زیرساخت‌های فنی، ضعف در استفاده از فناوری‌های نوین و نبود آگاهی اجتماعات محلی مواجه هستند، هوشمند سازی گردشگری می‌تواند پلی مؤثر برای بهره‌گیری از ظرفیت‌های بالقوه این مناطق باشد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه مدل پارادایمی توسعه مقصدهای گردشگری هوشمند در انجام‌شده است. روش‌شناسی این پژوهش از نوع کیفی و مبتنی بر نظریه داده بنیاد است که در آن از مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختاریافته با 15 خبره حوزه گردشگری و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی به‌صورت هدفمند استفاده‌شده است. کدگذاری و تحلیل داده‌ها در سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی انجام‌گرفته تا مدل پارادایمی توسعه مقصدهای گردشگری هوشمند طراحی شود. در این پژوهش، شرایط علی، زمینه‌ای، مداخله‌گر، راهبردها و پیامدهای گردشگری هوشمند شناسایی و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که عوامل اقتصادی، فرهنگی، زیرساختی و قانونی تأثیر زیادی بر موفقیت این رویکرد دارند. علاوه بر این، استفاده از راهبردهایی نظیر آموزش و توانمندسازی جامعه محلی، سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌ها و توسعه محتوای دیجیتال، به تحقق گردشگری هوشمند کمک می‌کند. نوآوری پژوهش در ارائه یک مدل پارادایمی برای توسعه مقصدهای گردشگری هوشمند در مناطق روستایی است که از طریق تحلیل شرایط علی، زمینه‌ای، مداخله‌گر، راهبردها و پیامدها صورت گرفته است. راهکارهای حاصل از نتایج این مقاله شامل آموزش و توانمندسازی جوامع محلی، سرمایه‌گذاری در زیرساخت‌های فناوری، توسعه محتوای دیجیتال برای ارتقای تجربه گردشگران، و تقویت نهادهای محلی جهت مدیریت کارآمد گردشگری هوشمند است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_102904_4bd1fb2dd3279549a4a351d40b271b0e.pdf