دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 11 08 Factors Affecting Tourists' Satisfaction with Local Food in Rural Areas of Shushtar County عوامل تاثیرگذار بر رضایتمندی گردشگران از غذای محلی در مناطق روستایی شهرستان شوشتر 1 18 100510 10.22059/jrur.2024.362302.1857 FA زینب همتیان گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران مسلم سواری گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران 0000-0002-1760-8296 مسعود یزدان پناه گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران 0000-0002-1760-8296 Journal Article 2025 05 30 A B S T R A C T This research was conducted with the general purpose of analyzing the factors affecting the tourists’ satisfaction in rural areas with local food. The statistical population of the research included all tourists in the rural areas of Shushtar County. The Karjesi and Morgan table selected four hundred rural tourists for study. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS software. The results of the correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between the variables of cultural experience, emotional factors, sensory appeal, health concerns, attitude towards local food, mental norms, interpersonal factors, self-efficacy, and attachment to local food with tourists' satisfaction. Meanwhile, no statistically significant relationship was found between the satisfaction of local food and the variables of age, income, family size, education, gender, occupation and food neophobia. The results of the regression coefficient showed that the five variables of attitude towards local food, subjective norm, self-efficacy, health risks, and attachment to local food could explain 70.5% of the changes in the dependent variable of the research, i.e., tourists' satisfaction with local food. Extended Abstract Introduction Over the past decades, food tourism has become as a dominant trend in global traveler’s interest. More than one-third of tourism expenditures are spent on food. Previous research has confirmed that food and dining are major elements considered by tourists when traveling and choosing destinations. Food is a major component of a travel experience, and it is a part of travel activities. Tourists eat the local cuisine in a tourism destination to fulfill their travel experiences. Travelers acquire new knowledge and understanding of the traditional local and regional culture of a destination, which are valuable in relation to destination image and future tourist intention. Accordingly, several tourism destinations have emphasized food activities and created gastronomic/culinary experiences to attract international visitors. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the preferences and behavioral intentions of rural tourists to use local food in rural Iranian areas. Food tourism focuses on cultural issues, and in addition to creating memorable memories for travelers, it can help the economy of small sections of society, especially the rural society of Iran. Food tourism represents an opportunity to revive and diversify tourism. In addition, they cause local economic development and lead to job creation. For this reason, food tourism can play a role in branding and increasing demand for tourist destinations while also preserving local traditions and the diversity of communities. In addition, it brings credit and other rewards to different regions. Food tourism is not only a phenomenon rooted in traditions but is also shaped by future influences. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting tourists’ satisfaction, and by knowing the important factors, prepare a basic plan for the expansion of local food. In this context, this research was conducted to identify factors influencing tourists’ satisfaction regarding the use of local food in Shushtar city, located in Khuzestan province. Methodology The research's statistical population included all tourists in the rural areas of Shushtar County. 400 rural tourists were selected for the study using the Karjesi and Morgan table. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done using SPSS software in two sections as descriptive and inferential statistics. Results and discussion Food tourism in rural areas, focusing on cultural issues and creating memorable memories for travelers, can help the economy of small sections of society, especially the rural society of Iran. Food tourism represents an opportunity to revive tourism and diversify it. They also contribute to local economic development and generate job opportunities. For this reason, food tourism can play a role in branding and increasing demand for tourist destinations while preserving local traditions and the diversity of communities. In addition, it brings credit and other rewards to different regions. In addition, it should be known that food tourism is not only a phenomenon that belongs to past traditions but is also influenced by the future. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting tourists’ satisfaction, and by knowing the important factors, prepare a basic plan for the expansion of local food in the field of tourism. The results of the regression coefficients showed that the five variables of attitude towards local food, subjective norm, self-efficacy, health risks, and attachment have a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable of the research, i.e., tourists' satisfaction with local food in the rural areas of Shushtar. The correlation coefficient results showed a significant relationship between the variables of cultural experience, emotional factors, sensory appeal, health concerns, attitude towards local food, mental norms, interpersonal factors, self-efficacy, and attachment to local food with tourists' satisfaction. Meanwhile, no statistically significant relationship was found between the satisfaction of local food and the variables of age, income, family size, education, gender, occupation, and food neophobia. The results of the regression coefficient showed that the five variables of attitude towards local food, subjective norm, self-efficacy, health risks, and attachment to local food could explain 70.5% of the changes in the dependent variable of the research, i.e., tourists' satisfaction with local food. Conclusion This research shows that local foods are more cultural and sensory attractions with unique features that can provide an exciting experience for tourists. In addition, due to the fact that local food is cooked in places that are safe from the point of view of health, tourists can visit places where food is cooked, which ultimately makes them afraid. They want to avoid trying and tasting new foods in this region; in addition, having a unique culture and variety of foods has caused much attachment among tourists to these regions, and they travel to Khuzestan province every year. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Zeinab Hemtian: Researcher, interviewing and gathering views, data analysis. Moslem Savari: Guide to the work, preparing the first draft of the article, reviewing previous studies, data validation. Masoud Yazdanpanah: Consultant for the work, editing the text of the article. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements This article is extracted from the master's thesis of rural development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Thereby we declare our appreciation for their help. این پژوهش با هدف کلی تحلیل عوامل اثرگذار بر رضایتمندی گردشگران مناطق روستایی از غذای محلی انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمامی گردشگران مناطق روستایی شهرستان شوشتر بود. با استفاده جدول کرجسی و مورگان 400 نفر از گردشگران روستایی با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی برای مطالعه انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی تحقیق پرسشنامه‌ای بود که روایی آن توسط پانل متخصصان و پایایی آن توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها در دو بخش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی توسط نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام شد. نتایج ضریب همبستگی نشان داد که بین متغیرهای تجربه فرهنگی،‌ عوامل هیجانی، جذابیت حسی، نگرانی‌های بهداشتی، نگرش نسبت به غذای محلی،‌ هنجارهای ذهنی، عوامل بین فردی، خودکارآمدی و دل‌بستگی به غذای محلی با رضایت گردشگران رابطه معنی‌داری دارد. این در حالی است که بین رضایت از غذای محلی و متغیرهای سن، درآمد، بعد خانوار، تحصیلات، جنسیت، شغل و نوهراسی غذایی رابطه معنی‌داری از نظر آماری یافت نشد. نتایج ضریب رگرسیون نشان داد که پنج متغیر نگرش نسبت به غذای محلی، هنجار ذهنی، خودکارآمدی، خطرات بهداشتی و دل‌بستگی به غذای محلی توانستند 5/70 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته تحقیق یعنی رضایت گردشگران از غذای محلی را تبیین نماید.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100510_650404a0e6e27f3f7dde3afb7237ef94.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 11 08 Analyzing the food components of climate maladaptive in the conditions of climate change: A study based on a systematic review approach واکاوی مؤلفه‌های غذایی اقلیم بد سازگار در شرایط تغییرات اقلیم: مطالعه‌ای مبتنی بر رویکرد مرور سیستماتیک 19 35 100503 10.22059/jrur.2025.380417.1975 FA زینب اسدی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0009-0006-6283-570X فرحناز رستمی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0002-2636-0894 Journal Article 2025 05 30 A B S T R A C T Climate change, as one of the major challenges of this century, has had significant impacts on global food systems. This study, using a systematic review approach, examines the dietary components of climate maladaptation under climate change conditions. A review of previous research indicates the weakness of existing frameworks on the dietary components of climate maladaptation. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a framework for identifying the dietary components of climate maladaptation under climate change conditions and to provide an overall picture of how dietary maladaptation affects climate change. The present study is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and with a systematic review approach of the literature related to food security, climate change, and climate maladaptation between 2013 and 2023, using five keywords (Climate Change, Food Security, Food insecurity, Climate maladaptive and Water) and information was collected from three Persian databases (Magiran, Noormags, and SID) and four Latin databases (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Pubmed). After screening and evaluation, a final analysis was conducted on 127 articles. By analyzing the articles in order to identify the components of Climate maladaptive food in the context of climate change, four components, including policies, economic factors, carbon footprint, and effective water footprint, were identified, which can affect Climate maladaptation and if policies are implemented correctly and strategies are applied according to the culture of each society. Ultimately, they can reduce damage, increase food security, reduce greenhouse gases, and adapt to climate change. Extended Abstract Introduction Household consumption exerts significant pressure on the environment, accounting for approximately 60% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 50–80% of total resource use. The production and consumption of animal products are associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions than others. For example, red meat consumption accounts for 47% and dairy for 14% of greenhouse gas emissions; another dimension is the water footprint in producing high-carbon food products, which contributes significantly to water scarcity and depletion. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential to ensure that future generations have access to food, requiring changes in consumer behavior reinforced by actions taken by governments, international cooperation, and industry. Healthy eating habits based on sustainable food systems can help reduce environmental impacts. Thus, given the lack of documented studies on food climate maladaptation, the first step should be to identify the components and, ultimately, what model can be used to achieve an adaptive climate in the context of climate change. Accordingly, in order to fill the gap of a comprehensive framework for formulating food maladaptation, citing experiences and studies conducted in various fields of climate change, food security, and climate maladaptation can help formulate an efficient model. Therefore, a systematic review, as a comprehensive approach, examined studies conducted in the fields of climate change, food security, and climate maladaptation, and a theoretical framework was developed based on the frequency of studies. Methodology The statistical population of this systematic study includes all research articles published in general in the field of climate change on food security and climate maladaptation, which have been evaluated from quantitative and qualitative studies. This article aims to answer the main question of this study, which is to analyze the food components of a climate that is maladaptive under climate change conditions. In the initial search, 932 study titles were identified based on keywords. Duplicate and common articles in the aforementioned databases were eliminated, and 548 studies entered the screening stage. The screening criteria at this stage were relevance to the study topic (title, abstract) and the elimination of unrelated articles, articles presented at conferences, and educational articles, ultimately leaving 127 studies. The results of the review of the considered articles will be presented below. Results and discussion The main adaptation strategy used by consumers involves changing consumer choices towards climate-friendly food behavior that can help combat climate change, such as reducing the consumption of high-carbon and high-water animal products such as red meat, which is responsible for 47% of greenhouse gas emissions and replacing it with plant-based products such as legumes, which have a low water and carbon footprint, which reduces and adapts to climate change. This is consistent with the results of (Paul et al., 2023; Al-Amin & Ahmed., 2016; Geber et al., 2023; Adesete et al., 2022). In this regard, the results (Ali & Erenstein, 2017; Hilemelekot et al., 2021; Ayal et al., 2023; Bairagi et al., 2020; Ndiritu & Muricho, 2021; Amare & Simane, 2018; Day et al., 2023; Geber et al., 2023; Palanivel & Shah, 2021; Belay, 2023; Al Dirani et al., 2021; Kogo et al., 2021) show that young people with higher levels of education use coping strategies that are associated with education, extension services, access to credit, awareness, and training. People who adopt more coping strategies have higher levels of food security. On the other hand, achieving appropriate technology for food systems and adapting to them must be appropriate to the culture of each society, which is consistent with the results of (Ho et al., 2016; Asrari et al., 2022; Alvi et al., 2021). Considering the theoretical foundations and reviewing the results of domestic and foreign studies, most researchers have examined the impact of climate change on food security and, vice versa, the impact of consumers on climate change. Their results showed that policies and economic factors are two key components that could cause human societies to adapt to climate change because the availability of resources in the form of projects, programs, technologies, and practices are opportunities for policymakers, consultants, and villagers. New policy frameworks and work programs are needed to transition from unsustainable consumption patterns to a more resilient food system. To ensure stable and sustainable food security for communities. Also, carbon and water footprint components play a very important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Because both of these components are directly related to climate change. An increase in carbon footprint leads to global warming and excessive water consumption. Reducing these footprints through changing food patterns and eating habits is an important step towards reducing climate change. Conclusion The results showed that sustainable food behaviors compatible with climate change reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We can accept political, economic, and other factors as factors affecting food security when people have chosen an appropriate consumption pattern and diet. Suppose people cannot adapt their food patterns to climate change. In that case, we have not been able to transform the concept of dietary maladaptation into dietary adaptation to climate change. Therefore, we are looking for this missing link (dietary maladaptation), that is, consumer behavior, to show what place it has between climate change and food security. In this study, which was conducted as a systematic review, the results of the articles studied showed that most studies were conducted on the impact of climate change on food security and a small number on climate maladaptation. However, they did not address the issue of food maladaptation from the consumers' perspective. This research gap was not mentioned in previous studies, and as a missing link, it is necessary to address this issue in future research. Funding This article is derived from a PhD thesis in Agricultural Development under the financial support of the National Science Foundation of Iran (INSF) under project number “4032785”. Authors’ Contribution The authors had equal contributions in all stages and parts of the research (ideation, review of sources, analysis, preparation of the initial version of the article, editing the article). Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We hereby express our gratitude and appreciation for the financial support of the National Science Foundation of Iran. تغییرات اقلیمی به‌عنوان یکی از چالش‌های اصلی قرن حاضر، اثرات قابل‌توجهی بر سیستم‌های غذایی جهانی گذاشته است. این مطالعه با استفاده از رویکرد مرور نظام‌مند، به بررسی مؤلفه‌های غذایی اقلیم بد سازگار در شرایط تغییرات اقلیمی می‌پردازد. مرور پژوهش‌های پیشین نشان‌دهنده ضعف چارچوب‌های موجود در مؤلفه‌های غذایی اقلیم بد سازگار است. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر تدوین چارچوبی بر شناسایی مؤلفه‌های غذایی اقلیم بد سازگار در شرایط تغییرات اقلیم و ارائه یک تصویر کلی از چگونگی تأثیر بد سازگاری غذایی بر تغییرات اقلیمی است. پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدف، بنیادی است، و با رویکرد مرور نظام‌مند ادبیات مرتبط با امنیت غذایی، تغییرات اقلیمی و بد سازگاری اقلیمی در فاصله سال‌های 2013 تا 2023، با استفاده از پنج کلیدواژه (Climate Change، Food security، Food insecurity، Climate maladaptive و Water) مشخص و از سه پایگاه فارسی (Magiran،Noormags و SID) و چهار پایگاه لاتین (google Scholar,Sincedirect، Wiley و Pubmed) اطلاعات، جمع‌آوری شد. پس از غربالگری و ارزیابی، تحلیل نهایی روی 127 مقاله انجام شد. با تحلیل مقاله‌ها به‌منظور شناسایی مؤلفه‌های غذایی اقلیم بد سازگار در شرایط تغییرات اقلیم، چهار مؤلفه شامل سیاست‌گذاری‌ها، عوامل اقتصادی، ردپای کربن و ردپای آب مؤثر مشخص شدند، که این عوامل می‌توانند بر بد سازگاری اقلیمی تأثیر بگذارند و اگر سیاست به‌درستی اجرا شوند و راهبردها رو با توجه به فرهنگ هر جامعه به کار ببرند. در نهایت می‌توانند باعث کاهش آسیب‌ها، افزایش امنیت غذایی، کاهش گازهای گلخانه‌ای و سازگاری در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی شود.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100503_9015e536b1458c33bd7f595a7c832b5e.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 22 Study of the Foundations of the Differentiation of Time and Space from the Perspective of Indigenous Knowledge of Users of Summer Pastures: A case study Rangelands of the Qaleh Miran Region, Golestan Province بررسی مبانی تفکیک زمان و مکان از منظر دانش بومی بهره‌برداران مراتع ییلاقی مطالعه موردی: مراتع منطقه قلعه میران استان گلستان 37 55 100499 10.22059/jrur.2025.383234.1989 FA محمد رحیم فروزه گروه مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0002-3347-5526 محمد سمیعی گروه مرتع، دانشکده مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشگاه منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی گرگان، گرگان، ایران 0009-0008-2231-3960 Journal Article 2025 07 05 A B S T R A C T Villagers and nomads have a long history of place-based living and long-standing traditions that produce complex knowledge systems about the world and their surroundings. These complex knowledge and activities are indigenous, local, or traditional. This knowledge encompasses various fields, one of which is ethnoecology. Ethnoecology includes a broad perspective from which one can understand the resources of the living environment and sustainable management from the viewpoint of indigenous people. In this research, the knowledge of local communities in the Qaleh-Miran region was studied and examined to understand the components and environmental factors and classify them. The necessary information for the research was collected from individuals through semi-structured interviews and participatory observation. The interviews were conducted purposefully with local experts, and to better understand their statements, permission was obtained to record their voices during the conversation. Overall, this research showed that the local people of this region have a particular expertise in recognizing the components and elements of their natural environment and using them. They use specific terms for each component, which are unwritten and oral, and recognize factors such as temperature, climate, surface landforms, elevation, land use, soil type, vegetation cover, types of roads, sun exposure and shade, geographical directions, and other factors and classify each component into different categories, using them in their daily lives. Extended Abstract Introduction Indigenous knowledge is a collection of knowledge, practices, and beliefs. This knowledge originates from real needs, environmental possibilities, and limitations and is created through the interaction and harmony of indigenous people with their surroundings. This knowledge defines and classifies phenomena in specific physical, natural, and social environments. In fact, local people in various regions utilize it to meet their needs. These systems of knowledge and activities have been transmitted orally, through culture, rituals, and customs, experiential learning based on location, and recently in written form from generation to generation. It can be said that neglecting this knowledge leads to the destruction of the environment globally. One of the systems of indigenous knowledge is the classification of the components of place and environment based on the needs and living conditions in the place of residence, known as ethnoecology. This knowledge emphasizes the role of human understanding and cognition in systematic and regulated interaction with nature and encompasses a broad perspective that can be used to understand the resources of the living environment and sustainable management from the viewpoint of indigenous people. Overall, this field can be considered an interdisciplinary study of the dynamic relationships between people, living beings, and the environment, facilitating and creating a multi-faceted relationship between indigenous people and policymakers. It can also significantly help in understanding contemporary issues such as water scarcity, biodiversity loss, climate change, and land degradation. Methodology Free and semi-structured interviews and participatory observation methods were used to conduct this research. Information was collected, and interviews were conducted repeatedly from spring 2022 to summer 2023 in the region. All interviews were purposefully conducted with local experts. The initial identification of these individuals was facilitated by the researcher being a native, but to collect accurate information, the snowball method was used to select these individuals. Interviews on each topic continued until no new information was added to previous ones. Thus, the quality of the interviews was confirmed by the repetition of similar responses from different interviewees. In this study, a total of 40 people were interviewed, including 28 men and 12 women, with ages ranging from 35 to 87 years. Most interviews were conducted in the natural environment of the indigenous people during observation and participation, as this facilitated a better understanding of the respondents’ statements and made it easier for the researcher to record this information. Additionally, to shorten the interview time and prevent respondent fatigue, their voices were recorded with their permission, which allowed their information to be documented in both written and audio-visual formats. Results and discussion The results of the research conducted in the Qaleh-Miran region indicate that the local people of this area have particular expertise in recognizing the components and elements of their natural environment and using them. They know all these components well and assign specific names and classifications to each. These names have special meanings for them, all rooted in the culture and beliefs of the local communities of this region, learned from their ancestors. It was also found that the people of this region classify the components of their environment into different categories based on various factors such as temperature, climate, land surface features, elevation, land use, soil type, sun exposure, vegetation cover, types of roads, geographical directions, and the availability of conditions for agriculture and livestock maintenance or grazing. Another result of this research is that, given the agricultural and pastoral nature of the inhabitants of this region, the role of time and calendar in their lives is more prominent than in other areas. They had daily and annual calendars for each task. For example, they considered specific times for moving livestock from warm to cold areas or vice versa, recognizing livestock activities based on weather changes, planting, and harvesting crops, determining prayer times, fasting during Ramadan, milking, and even sometimes making tools from tree wood. The most important discussion in analyzing the above findings is the deep and rich knowledge of the local people about the types of soil in their living environment. They recognize all the soils in their living environment and classify and name them based on characteristics such as color, texture, depth, moisture content, softness, or hardness. Conclusion Based on the stated points, it was found that indigenous knowledge and ethnoecology play an undeniable role in the daily activities and lives of the local people of this region. This knowledge can be considered the knowledge of utilizing resources according to ecological, cultural, and social conditions, which these people have used to meet their past and present needs. Additionally, because it results from centuries of human experience and life, it contains valuable information and is non-structured and unwritten, requiring protection and documentation to preserve these valuable treasures for future generations. Moreover, indigenous knowledge can be optimally used alongside modern knowledge, as the use of both formal and indigenous knowledge together leads to local and national development and can create a way for indigenous people to participate in this process. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. روستائیان و عشایر تاریخچه طولانی از زندگی مکان‌محور و سنت‌هایی با قدمت طولانی دارند که تولیدکننده نظام‌های پیچیده از دانش در رابطه با دنیا و محیط اطراف است. این مجموعه‌های پیچیده از دانش و فعالیت‌ها به‌عنوان دانش بومی، محلی یا سنتی شناخته می‌شوند. این دانش زمینه‌های مختلفی را در برگرفته که یکی از آن‌ها اتنواکولوژی می‌باشد. اتنواکولوژی در برگیرنده چشم‌انداز وسیعی است که از آن می‌توان آشنایی با منابع محیط زندگی و مدیریت پایدار را از دید مردم بومی درک کرد. در این پژوهش، دانش جوامع محلی منطقه قلعه میران به‌منظور شناخت اجزا و عوامل محیطی و طبقه‌بندی آنان، موردمطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفت. اطلاعات موردنیاز تحقیق از افراد به‌صورت مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختاریافته و مشاهده مشارکتی جمع‌آوری شد. مصاحبه‌ها به‌صورت هدفمند از خبرگان محلی صورت پذیرفت و برای درک بهتر گفته‌ها از ایشان اجازه گرفته شد تا حین گفتگو، صدایشان ضبط شود. در مجموع در این تحقیق مشخص شد که مردم محلی این منطقه در شناخت اجزاء و عناصر محیط طبیعی اطراف خود و استفاده از آن‌ها دارای تبحر خاصی هستند و برای هر جزء از اصطلاحاتی استفاده می‌کنند که همگی نامکتوب و روایی هستند. به‌طوری که عوامل مختلفی همچون دما، اقلیم، عوارض موجود در سطح زمین، ارتفاع، کاربری اراضی، جنس زمین، نوع خاک، پوشش گیاهی، انواع راه‌ها، آفتاب‌گیر و سایه‌گیر بودن، جهات جغرافیایی و دیگر عوامل را شناخته و هر جزء را به طبقات مختلفی تقسیم‌بندی کرده و در زندگی روزمره خود از آن‌ها استفاده می‌کنند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100499_a39a2f6d0275a781c018a968abd7af43.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 22 Analysis of Psychological Factors Affecting Water Conservation Behavior among Farmers in Delfan County تحلیل عوامل روان‌شناختی مؤثر بر رفتار حفاظت از آب در بین کشاورزان شهرستان دلفان 57 75 100501 10.22059/jrur.2025.382635.1984 FA طیبه فلاحیان گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران 0000-0002-3366-559X رضوان قنبری موحد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران مهدی رحیمیان گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران 0000-0003-3102-2299 فاطمه رحیمی فیض آبادی گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران 0000-0003-0755-4244 Journal Article 2025 07 05 A B S T R A C T One of the most important issues that has emerged in the world in recent decades and has limited the environment is the reduction of water resources. Water resources are considered one of the most essential development elements, especially in the agricultural sector. Thus, water conservation behavior among farmers is very important for ensuring the long-term sustainability of agriculture. Therefore, this study aims to analyze water conservation behavior among farmers in Delfan County, Lorestan Province. The statistical population of this study includes all irrigated wheat farmers in Delfan County (N=3614), and based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, 350 farmers were selected as samples using the cluster sampling method with proportional assignment. A standard questionnaire of the developed theory of planned behavior was used to collect data. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data using Smart-PLS4 software. Based on the developed theory of planned behavior, this study showed that the variables of attitude and descriptive norms, emphatic norms, and intention had a positive and significant effect on behavior and could predict 33% of the variability of the behavior variable in total. Therefore, efforts to promote agricultural water conservation should have a multifaceted approach, focusing on strengthening intention and positive attitudes and using descriptive and emphatic social norms to create an environment conducive to sustainable water use. Extended Abstract Introduction Today, the reduction of water resources is one of the most critical threats to humans and living organisms and, at the same time, a serious global challenge in the current era. On the other hand, the increasing water shortage is one of the most important bottlenecks in agricultural development. Irrigated agriculture accounts for a major share of water consumption and surface and groundwater withdrawal. This is especially true in developing countries that have faced severe water shortages in recent years due to poor utilization of water resources and low acceptance of improved methods. Available statistics show that Iran is one of the countries with severe water stress in terms of water resources and also faces water shortages due to its location in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Middle East and frequent droughts so its average annual rainfall reaches 250 mm. In Iran, 70 percent of total water withdrawal is carried out by agricultural activities. In the agricultural sector, factors such as the lack of cropping patterns appropriate to the water conditions of the target areas and the low productivity of traditional irrigation systems have exacerbated the water crisis in most parts of Iran. Therefore, the conservation of water resources by farmers is very important for the success of water conservation programs in Iran and should be one of farmers' main responsibilities and goals. However, growing literature shows that farmers' adoption of water conservation technologies requires an understanding of the conditions under which the adoption of water conservation technologies occurs. Understanding farmers' behavior is an important part of the decision-making process, so examining farmers' perceptions of water conservation and the adoption of water conservation practices is essential. By understanding how farmers use and manage water, decision-makers can identify gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices that hinder efficient water use. This insight helps inform policies that promote sustainable agricultural practices and ensure long-term water availability. In addition, it supports the development of incentives and subsidies that encourage the adoption of water-saving technologies. Adapting educational programs and extension services based on farmers' behavior can also improve outreach efforts. Furthermore, effective analysis allows policymakers to design region-specific solutions, addressing the unique challenges of different farming communities. Thus, this research aims to analyze the factors influencing water conservation behavior among farmers in Delfan County. Methodology This research is applied in terms of its purpose, in terms of controlling variables, in terms of field-based, and in terms of collecting statistical data; it is non-experimental (descriptive research). Survey and correlational research methods were used to achieve the research objectives. The statistical population of this research was irrigated wheat farmers in Delfan County, Lorestan Province, which, according to the statistics obtained, was 3614 people. The sample size was determined as 350 people using the Krejcie and Morgan table. A three-stage cluster sampling method was used to select the research samples. The instrument of this research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose items were designed based on the components of the developed theory of planned behavior and previous studies. The validity of the research instrument was examined using experts, researchers, and professors' opinions on water engineering, rural development, and agriculture. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability, and the values obtained were within the desired range (above 0.7). Mean and standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis. The correlation test was used in the inferential analysis section, and the structural equation modeling method was used using Smart-PLS4 software to test the research hypotheses. Results and discussion The results showed that four of the seven hypotheses were confirmed based on the developed theory of planned behavior. The attitude and descriptive norms variables had a positive and significant effect on intention and jointly predicted 52.2% of the variance in the intention variable. However, the grammatical norms, self-efficacy, and perceived behavioral control variables did not have a significant effect on intention, and these hypotheses were not confirmed. On the other hand, the intention and grammatical norms variables had a positive and significant direct effect on behavior. They predicted a total of 33.2% of the variance in the behavior variable. The results of structural equation modeling showed that behavioral intention plays the most positive and significant role in predicting actual water conservation behavior among farmers. This means that farmers with a strong intention or desire to conserve water are more likely to engage in actions that reflect this intention. If a farmer is mentally prepared and determined to conserve water, he or she is likely to pursue practical actions. Furthermore, to increase water conservation behavior, efforts should focus on strengthening farmers’ intentions to conserve water. This can be achieved by creating programs that foster strong personal commitment, such as pledges or goal setting, and by aligning conservation practices with farmers’ values or long-term benefits (such as cost savings or increased productivity). The results also showed that farmers’ attitudes toward water conservation are key in shaping their intention to adopt these behaviors. Farmers who have a positive attitude towards water conservation are more likely to engage in water conservation practices. This highlights the importance of psychological and perceptual factors in influencing behavior, possibly more than external factors such as policy or economic incentives. Therefore, programs and interventions should focus on changing farmers’ attitudes to strengthen water conservation efforts. The results also showed that descriptive norms have a positive and significant effect on farmers’ intention to engage in water conservation behavior. In other words, when farmers observe or believe that their peers or other farmers are conserving water, they are more likely to adopt similar conservation behaviors. So, to encourage widespread water conservation, it is important to create visible examples of farmers adopting these practices. Emphasis norms also have a positive and significant effect on farmers’ water conservation behavior. This means that farmers are more likely to engage in water conservation if they believe their community, peers, or influential figures expect or encourage them to do so. Farmers’ water conservation behavior is strongly influenced by social approval and perceived obligations. Thus, to encourage water conservation behavior, initiatives should focus on reinforcing affirmative norms by highlighting social approval for conservation. This can be done by encouraging respected community members or local leaders to support and promote water-saving practices publicly. Conclusion Ultimately, promoting water conservation among farmers requires cultivating strong personal intentions and positive attitudes and exercising social influence through descriptive and affirmative norms. Programs encouraging peer participation, community expectations, and positive attitudes toward conservation can significantly increase farmer participation in water conservation practices. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائلی که طی دهههای اخیر در جهان نمود یافته و محیط‌زیست را با محدودیت مواجهه ساخته است کاهش منابع آبی است. منابع آبی به‌عنوان یکی از ضروری‌ترین عناصر توسعه به‌ویژه در بخش کشاورزی به شمار می‌رود. بنابراین رفتار حفاظت از آب در میان کشاورزان برای تضمین پایداری درازمدت کشاورزی بسیار مهم است. لذا هدف این تحقیق تحلیل رفتار حفاظت از آب در بین کشاورزان شهرستان دلفان واقع در استان لرستان هست. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه کشاورزان گندم‌کار آبی شهرستان دلفان (N=3614) هست که بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان 350 نفر از کشاورزان با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای با انتساب متناسب به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. جهت جمع‌آوری دادهها از پرسش‌نامه استاندارد تئوری توسعه‌یافته رفتار برنامهریزی شده استفاده شد. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل دادهها از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری با به‌کارگیری نرم‌افزار Smart PLS4 استفاده شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که بر اساس تئوری توسعه‌یافته رفتار برنامهریزی شده، متغیرهای نگرش و هنجارهای توصیفی، هنجارهای تأکیدی و قصد تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌داری بر رفتار داشتند و در مجموع قادر بودند 33 درصد از تغییرپذیری متغیر رفتار را پیشبینی نمایند. بنابراین، تلاش‌ها برای ترویج حفاظت از آب کشاورزی باید رویکردی چندوجهی داشته باشد، با تمرکز بر تقویت قصد، نگرش‌های مثبت، و استفاده از هنجارهای اجتماعی توصیفی و تأکیدی برای ایجاد محیطی که برای استفاده پایدار از آب مفید باشد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100501_8e30032004d7744a9e3c33e8e81471ec.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 23 The Impact of Urmia Lake Restoration Measures on the Economic and Social Resilience of Local Communities: A case study of Aghdash Village, Miandoab County تأثیر اقدامات احیایی دریاچه ارومیه بر میزان تاب‌آوری اقتصادی و اجتماعی جوامع محلی مطالعه موردی: روستای آغداش از توابع شهرستان میاندوآب 77 92 101034 10.22059/jrur.2025.380098.1972 FA ثمیه آذربار گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران 0000-0002-9234-6863 مرتضی مفیدی چلان گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران 0000-0002-9234-6863 اسماعیل شیدای کرکج گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران 0000-0003-2281-0357 Journal Article 2025 07 06 A B S T R A C T One of the fundamental ways to reduce the vulnerability of social systems is to enhance their resilience against disturbances and disruptions caused by ecological systems. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Urmia Lake restoration measures on the economic and social resilience of villagers in Aghdash village, located in Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province. A qualitative survey method was employed for data collection. To assess the attitudes of local communities, a researcher-designed questionnaire was administered to a sample of 62 individuals using the purposive snowball sampling technique. The findings revealed that, from the perspective of local communities, the efforts of the Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters have positively influenced the social dimension by improving agricultural education and extension services, enhancing skills, promoting health and hygiene, and fostering greater cooperation among the residents of Aghdash village in support of Urmia Lake's restoration. In the economic dimension, the activities of the Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters have effectively diversified agricultural crops among farmers and created job opportunities for the villagers of Aghdash. Based on the results of the factor analysis model, indicators such as migration, education and extension services, skill development, food security, women's employment, alternative income sources, and crop diversity were identified as suitable metrics for evaluating the resilience of local communities. To further support livelihood diversification, it is recommended to utilize a variety of educational and extension methods to enhance villagers' knowledge and skills in areas such as modifying cultivation patterns, water conservation techniques, adopting high-yield crops, and exploring alternative income-generating activities. In this context, the value chain of medicinal plants is proposed as a promising option for creating employment and providing alternative livelihoods in the region. Extended Abstract Introduction Iran, located within the drought belt, is highly vulnerable to losses and damages caused by drought risks. In recent years, one of the most significant natural hazards has been the drastic reduction in the water level of Lake Urmia. A key strategy to reduce vulnerability in social systems and enhance the stability of local communities in the face of environmental crises is to strengthen their resilience against disruptions and chaos in ecological systems. However, due to the lack of comprehensive evaluation and monitoring of the activities and measures implemented by the Lake Urmia Rehabilitation Headquarters across different regions, there have been varying reports and outcomes regarding the effectiveness of these efforts. Specifically, questions remain about the extent to which the actions taken by the Lake Urmia Restoration Headquarters have successfully reduced vulnerability and increased the resilience of local communities across various dimensions. In line with the need to evaluate and monitor Lake Urmia restoration activities, this research aims to assess the impact of these restoration efforts on the economic and social resilience of local communities. Methodology This research is of an applied nature, employing a descriptive, correlational, and analytical approach. A qualitative survey research method was utilized to conduct the study. Indicators for measuring the resilience of local communities were identified through exploratory interviews and a review of ethnographic references. The statistical population of the research consists of all heads of households residing in Aghdash village. Aghdash village is located in the Merhamtabad district of Miandoab city, in the West Azarbaijan province of Iran. A qualitative survey method was employed for data collection. A questionnaire was used to assess the attitudes of local communities, which was completed with a sample size of 62 individuals selected through the snowball sampling method. Results and discussion The findings revealed that, from the perspective of local communities, the efforts of the Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters have positively influenced the social dimension by improving agricultural education and extension services, enhancing skills, promoting health and hygiene, and fostering greater cooperation among the residents of Aghdash village in support of Urmia Lake's restoration. In the economic dimension, the activities of the Urmia Lake Restoration Headquarters have been effective in diversifying agricultural crops among farmers and creating job opportunities for the villagers of Aghdash. In this regard, the indicators of crop diversity, job opportunities, entrepreneurship, employment, and alternative income sources had the highest average rankings with means of 10.50, 9.17, 8.93, and 8.70, respectively, compared to other indicators. Based on the results of the factor analysis model, indicators such as migration, education and extension services, skill development, food security, women's employment, alternative income sources, and crop diversity were identified as suitable metrics for evaluating the resilience of local communities. Although the efforts of the rehabilitation headquarters have improved several social indicators, the results indicate that social stability has not been significantly enhanced. According to field observations, the life satisfaction level among Aghdash village residents remains low, subsequently leading to increased migration to urban areas. Drought is identified as one of the key factors contributing to the destruction of agricultural fields and the rise in migration from villages to cities. In this study, the prolonged drying of Lake Urmia is highlighted as a major cause of unemployment, increased poverty, migration, displacement of residents from villages and small towns in the surrounding region, and a rise in crime and social issues. On a positive note, the activities of the rehabilitation headquarters regarding entrepreneurship, employment indicators, and the promotion of alternative income sources have been evaluated favorably. However, in areas such as women's employment, food security, economic well-being, and tourism, the rehabilitation headquarters have been less effective, and further measures are still needed to address these economic challenges. It is suggested that long-term investments be made in line with the region's physical capacities to address these issues. Additionally, reforming the decision-making structure and providing banking facilities could strengthen the economic foundations of the villages, create diverse job opportunities, and generate alternative income sources for residents. Such measures would reduce the heavy reliance of villagers on agriculture and contribute to sustainable development. Conclusion In the context of adopting diversification strategies for livelihood resources, it is recommended that villagers enhance their knowledge and skills in areas such as modifying cultivation patterns, implementing water-saving techniques, utilizing high-yield products, and exploring alternative income-generating activities through various educational approaches. In this regard, the value chain of medicinal plants is proposed as a viable option for generating employment and providing alternative livelihoods in the region. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. یکی از راهکارهای اساسی کاهش آسیب‏پذیری در نظام‏های اجتماعی افزایش میزان تاب‏آوری این جوامع در برابر اختلال و آشفتگی ایجادشده در نظام‏های بوم‏شناختی است. این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر اقدامات احیایی دریاچه ارومیه بر میزان تابآوری اقتصادی و اجتماعی ساکنین روستای آغداش از توابع شهرستان میاندوآب که در استان آذربایجان غربی قرار دارد، انجام‌شده است. برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از روش نظرسنجی کیفی استفاده‌شده است. برای ارزیابی نگرش جوامع محلی پرسشنامه محقق ساخته با حجم نمونه 62 نفر با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند گلوله برفی تکمیل شد. نتایج نشان داد از دیدگاه جوامع محلی در بعد اجتماعی، اقدامات ستاد احیای دریاچه ارومیه، سبب بهبود آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، بهبود مهارت، افزایش سلامت و بهداشت و افزایش شاخص تعاون و همکاری در بین ساکنین شده است. در بعد اقتصادی فعالیت‌های ستاد احیای دریاچه ارومیه در زمینه تنوع کشت محصولات کشاورزی و ایجاد فرصت‌های شغلی مؤثر بوده است. طبق نتایج مدل تحلیل عاملی شاخص‌های مهاجرت، آموزش و ترویج، مهارت‏افزایی، امنیت غذایی، اشتغال زنان، منابع درآمدی جایگزین، تنوع کشت به‌عنوان شاخص‌های مناسب برای ارزیابی تاب‌آوری جوامع محلی معرفی شد. در زمینۀ اتخاذ رویکردهای تنوع‌بخشی به منابع معیشتی پیشنهاد می‌شود با استفاده از انواع روش‌های آموزشی و ترویجی، دانش و مهارت روستائیان در زمینه‌هایی چون اصلاح الگوی کشت، راهکارهای صرفه‌جویی در مصرف آب، استفاده از محصولات پربازده، استفاده از سایر مشاغل درآمد افزایش یابد. در این راستا، توسعه زنجیره ارزش گیاهان دارویی، به عنوان گزینهای مطلوب جهت ایجاد اشتغال و فراهم آوردن معیشت جایگزین در منطقه موردمطالعه پیشنهاد می‏شود.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101034_058fbd9bd8df116b3f18c20e237d257f.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 23 Legal Policies of Rural Development in Indonesia: Transforming Villages to Subjects of Development سیاست‏های‏ قانونی توسعه روستایی در اندونزی: تبدیل روستاها به عامل توسعه 93 110 100500 10.22059/jrur.2025.382706.1986 FA فاطمه سادات میراحمدی دفتر مطالعات سیاسی، معاونت پژوهش‏های سیاسی و حقوقی، مرکز پژوهش‏های مجلس، تهران، ایران 0009-0000-2223-632X Journal Article 2025 07 06 A B S T R A C T Rural development is a multi-level, multi-actor, and multifaceted process, dependent on a large number of interconnected processes. Its realization requires consideration of various political, economic, social, environmental, and legal factors. Rural development, in particular, needs robust legal frameworks. Indonesia, renowned for its profound decentralization policies, has focused on decentralization at the village level in recent years and steered its development agenda toward rural development. In this regard, "LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 6 OF 2014 CONCERNING VILLAGES" was enacted as the national policy of this country for community-based rural development. One of the main objectives of this law is to transform villages from mere objects into subjects of development. This study, which is an applied research study in terms of its purpose, employs a Directed Content Analysis method with an Explication approach, seeking to answer the question of what legal strategies the Indonesian government has adopted to turn villages into subjects of development. The research findings indicate that establishing robust institutional arrangements with extensive authority through decentralization policies, mandating rural development planning with a "bottom-up approach," adopting multiple mechanisms for the participation of the community in the administration and rural development, and financial decentralization through the transfer of sustainable financial resources to villages are the four main strategies of the Indonesian government for rural development. In particular, the legal mechanism established regarding the direct allocation of funds to villages is a unique initiative on a global scale. Indonesia's experience demonstrates that the ideal approach to rural development is a bottom-up model complemented by the guidance, leadership, oversight, and facilitation of the government. Extended Abstract Introduction Rural development is a multi-level, multi-actor, and multifaceted process that relies on a large number of interconnected processes. Its realization requires consideration of various aspects, such as political, economic, social, environmental, and legal factors. In particular, rural development demands the establishment of robust legal frameworks. The present study examines the legal policies for rural development in Indonesia. In recent years, Indonesia has implemented decentralization policies at the village level and shifted its development agenda towards rural development. In this context, the Government of Indonesia enacted "law of the republic of indonesia number 6 of 2014 concerning villages," which serves as the country's national policy for community-based rural development. This study seeks to address the key question of what strategies law 6/2014 on Villages and its derivative regulations have prescribed for transforming villages from objects of development into subjects of development. Methodology This research is an applied study in terms of purpose, employing a Directed Content Analysis method with an Explication approach. The data for the research includes legal documents (such as government laws and regulations), reports from research institutions, and academic texts. Data collection was carried out through library resources and online databases. Results and discussion The Indonesian government has institutionalized four key strategies in law 6/2014 to transform villages into subjects of development: First, robust institutional arrangements with extensive authority were adopted. Law 6/2014 triggered significant changes in rural governance in Indonesia, transforming the status of villages from mere administrative units under the regency/municipality to independent entities with the authority to regulate and manage their own governmental affairs and community interests. By freeing villages from the jurisdiction of higher government levels, the law grants broad powers to them. To enable villages to exercise such extensive authority, the law envisions the establishment of empowered, capable, and authoritative village governments. Second, the law mandates a "bottom-up" development planning model. The village development plan is formulated and approved by the rural government with the participation of the rural community. In this model, the community targets the fund allocation based on their developmental needs, encouraging alignment between the people's needs and governmental programs. Third, the law places significant emphasis on community participation in realizing development. Such participation is evident from the planning stage to all stages of the decision-making, implementation, and monitoring processes. The law provides for several mechanisms, including the establishment of a village consultative assembly, which includes the village head, village council, and all stakeholders from various socio-economic and cultural groups in the village to discuss and make decisions on strategic issues related to village governance. This assembly is designated as the highest decision-making body in the village, tasked with approving critical decisions made by the village government. The law also mandates annual reporting by the village head to the community regarding village governance at the end of each fiscal year and grants the community the right to provide input on draft village regulations. Fourth, the most unique strategy institutionalized by the Indonesian government for rural development in this law is financial decentralization and the provision of sustainable financial resources to villages to realize development. In addition to the village's income and financial transfers from city/regency governments, which were stipulated by previous laws, the law mandates financial support for villages through allocations from the national budget. According to the law, the government must allocate 10 percent of all annual transfers to regional governments directly to the villages. Realizing the capacities of villages requires viewing them as independent legal entities, having an efficient local institution to manage village affairs, and possessing the authority to regulate administrative, financial, and other matters. It also demands an appropriate mechanism for establishing connections between village governance and higher levels of government, a proper approach to rural development, and development programs with clear timeframes. Additionally, efficient human resources, specialized expertise, sustainable financial resources to fulfill duties and exercise authority, and the creation of infrastructure for delivering services to the village community are essential. An examination of Indonesia's Law 6/2014 on Villages reveals that all these elements have been addressed in the legislation. Conclusion Indonesia's Law 6/2014 on Villages represents a shift from a state-based development discourse, in which the government plays a key role in directing rural development, to a community-based discourse where the village and rural community lead the development process. Although Indonesia has adopted administrative and financial decentralization at the village level and a community-based development approach as a national policy for achieving rural development, national and regional institutions still play a crucial role in its implementation. Indonesia's experience demonstrates that the ideal approach to rural development is bottom-up, complemented by government guidance, oversight, facilitation, and support. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Author declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank the Islamic Parliament Research Center for providing the opportunity to conduct this research. توسعه روستایی یک فرایند چندسطحی، چند کنشگر و چندوجهی است که به تعداد زیادی از فرایندهای به‌هم‌پیوسته متکی است و تحقق آن مستلزم درنظرگرفتن جنبه‏های مختلف نظیر فاکتورهای سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی، قانونی و محیطی است. به‏ویژه توسعه روستایی نیازمند وجود احکام قانونی مستحکم است. کشور اندونزی که به دلیل سیاست تمرکززدایی عمیق در دنیا معروف است، طی سال‏های اخیر تمرکززدایی در مقیاس روستا را موردتوجه قرار داده و دستور کار توسعه خود را به سمت توسعه روستایی سوق داده است. در این راستا «قانون 6/2014، جمهوری اندونزی درباره روستا» به‏مثابه سیاست ملی اندونزی برای توسعه روستایی جامعه‏محور تصویب شده است. ازجمله اهداف این قانون تبدیل روستاها از هدف توسعه به عامل توسعه است. مقاله حاضر که ازمنظر هدف از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی است و از روش تحلیل محتوای جهت‏دار با رویکرد تشریح بهره می‏گیرد، قصد پاسخ به این سؤال را دارد که دولت اندونزی برای تبدیل روستاها به عامل توسعه چه استراتژی‏های قانونی را اتخاذ کرده است. یافته‏های پژوهش نشان می‏دهد ایجاد ترتیبات نهادی قوی با اختیارات گسترده از طریق سیاست تمرکززدایی؛ الزام به برنامه‏ریزی توسعه روستایی با «رویکرد پایین‌به‌بالا»؛ اتخاذ سازوکارهای چندگانه برای مشارکت جامعه در اداره و نیز تحقق توسعه روستا؛ و تمرکززدایی مالی و انتقال منابع مالی پایدار به روستاها، چهار استراتژی اصلی دولت اندونزی برای توسعه روستایی است. به‏ویژه سازوکار قانونی تعیین‏شده در خصوص تخصیص مستقیم اعتبارات به روستاها در دنیا منحصربه‏فرد است. تجربه اندونزی نشان می‏دهد رویکرد ایده‏آل برای توسعه روستایی یک مدل از پایین‌به‌بالا است که با هدایت، راهبری، نظارت و تسهیل دولت تکمیل شود.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_100500_e745a6bad4ffe5a1b35aac134ea148c7.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 23 Reverse Migration in Eastern Kakavand Villages: Reasons and Consequences مهاجرت معکوس در روستاهای کاکاوند شرقی: دلایل و پیامدها 111 127 101586 10.22059/jrur.2025.384322.1996 FA سیاوش قلی پور گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0001-9559-6246 همایون مرادخانی گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0003-3235-0358 نیکزاد نوری گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0001-9559-6246 Journal Article 2025 07 06 A B S T R A C T This article tries to explore the reasons and consequences of reverse migration in Eastern Kakavand. The theoretical approach is based on Harris' opinions about government welfare policies. The research method is ethnography and data collection techniques are observation and interview. Observations in the field of behavior and environment were carried out continuously for two years. The number of interviewees was 22, and they were selected by theoretical sampling. The findings show that the migration of the villagers of Eastern Kakavand to the cities of Harsin, Sahne, and Kermanshah started after land reforms and continued until the 1980s. The main reasons were the lack of resources, population increase, and consecutive droughts. Immigrants in the city were divided into two groups: lower class and upper class. Since the early 80s, rural development has been on the government agenda. Poor immigrants returned to the village to eliminate economic problems, and rich immigrants to build villas and invest in agricultural and livestock projects. The reverse migration of the Kakavands was mostly economic in nature. Among its consequences, we can mention the revival of ruralism, the introduction of new lifestyles, active participation in modern rural institutions, the decline of the traditional authority of landowners, the decline of traditional architecture, the decline of assistance, the destruction of the environment, and the humiliation of traditional village culture. Extended Abstract Introduction In the last two decades, rural life has flourished in Eastern Kakavand region of Noorabad Delfan, and a number of immigrants who had left the villages before are returning to the village. This trend has various reasons related to the repulsion of city life and the charms of village life. The presence of immigrants in the village has many consequences. They are likely to change the use of some lands and take them out of the production state and towards recreational and consumption use. During the construction of housing, they encroach on the river borders and canals. They make various interventions in the morphology of the village, which leads to the change of the rural morphology. The social structure of the village changes and the local leaders lose their previous position. The lifestyle of the ancestors will not be reproduced, and new elements will be added to it. This article tries to increase our understanding of this process by answering the following questions: What were the reasons for the migration of the villagers of Eastern Kakavand to the cities in the past? What are the reasons for the migration of Kakavandi citizens to the village? What opportunities and threats has reverse migration created for the Eastern Kakavand region? Methodology The research method is ethnography, and the data collection techniques are participatory observation and interview. Observation was done in two dimensions as physical environment and interactions. Twenty-two people were interviewed through theoretical sampling. The data were analyzed in three steps as analysis stage (data management, coding, content analysis, qualitative description of codes, extraction of patterns, and classification of data); interpretation (findings of each section are connected to explain the desired concepts), and report writing. Results and discussion The social system of the Kakavand tribe is hierarchical and includes ill, clan, tribe, and mall. The common form of land ownership is small ownership in this area. 70% of agriculture is done traditionally, and its productivity is low; the first migration to the city after land reforms was made to Harsin and Sanhe. The lack of production resources and the increase in population caused an increase in immigration and its continuation until the early 2000s. The immigrants in the city were divided into three groups. The first group were local grain merchants, building architects, and carpet sellers who were financially well off. The second group achieved social mobility through education. The third group was young people who often did not succeed and worked in informal and low-income jobs. In the 90s and 2000s, there were changes in the village that increased its attractions. School buildings, health centers, asphalt roads, electricity, and plumbing are among them. In addition, the rural housing loan, which was also low-interest, played a role in the renovation of the village's residential structure. Wealthy immigrants returned to the village for relaxation and weekend entertainment, and low-income immigrants returned to the village for livelihood. This return brought various consequences for the village. The positive consequences are the renewal of worn-out texture, the revival of rural life, the introduction of new lifestyles, active participation in the village council, and the deterioration of traditional structures. The negative consequences are the destruction of the environment, the humiliation of village culture, the deterioration of traditional architecture, the deterioration of assistance, and the stagnation of private capital in some villages. Conclusion Migration always has various reasons and consequences that are understandable in the historical context. The return of Kakavand immigrants is affected by the macro conditions of the country, which led to the improvement of the status of rural settlements in terms of infrastructure services, banking facilities and the possibility of earning money. Immigrants brought about significant changes in the fabric of villages, which have both positive and negative consequences. In the first case, the village regained its past prosperity. In the second case, the village lost many of its traditional assets. The collectivist lifestyle gave way to the individualistic lifestyle. As a result of this trend, traditional architecture that had different functions corresponding to animal husbandry and agriculture gave way to architecture whose only function is emotional relationships and raising children. Traditional assistance faded away, and wages entered the labor relations in the village. Social hierarchies faded, and new personality types such as Shura, Dehyar, Behvarz, and Dispute Resolution Council members replaced landowners and herders. These changes pushed rural life towards urban life and indicated the "urbanization of the village." Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Qholipour and Moradkhani designed the concepts and research design. Nouri collected the data. Qholipour and Nouri analyzed and interpreted the data. Qholipour wrote the article. Qholipour and Nouri participated in the discussion and conclusions. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. مهاجرت معکوس پدیده‌ای است که سال‌های اخیر در حال رشد است. دلایل این مهم به دافعه زندگی شهری و جاذبه روستا مربوط است. این پدیده پیامدهای گوناگونی برای روستاها به همراه داشت و تا کنون بسیاری از ساختارهای سنتی در روستا را دستخوش تغییر کرده است. مقاله حاضر تلاش دارد دلایل و پیامدهای مهاجرت معکوس در کاکاوند شرقی از توابع نورآباد دلفان را واکاوی کند. رویکرد نظری مبتنی بر آراء هریس در باب سیاست‌های رفاهیِ دولت است. روش پژوهش مردم‌نگاری و فنون گردآوری داده، مشاهده و مصاحبه است. مشاهدات در حوزه رفتار و کالبد به مدت دو سال و مستمر انجام گرفت. تعداد مصاحبه‌شوندگان نیز 22 نفر بود که به شیوۀ نمونه‌گیری نظری انتخاب شدند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند: مهاجرت روستاییان کاکاوند شرقی به شهرهای هرسین، صحنه و کرمانشاه پس از اصلاحات ارضی شروع شد و تا دهه 80 خورشیدی ادامه داشت. کمبود منابع، افزایش جمعیت و خشکسالی‌های پی‌درپی از دلایل اصلی آن بودند. مهاجران در شهر به دو گروه فرودست و فرادست تقسیم شدند. از اوایل دهۀ 80، عمران روستایی در دستور کار دولت‌ قرار گرفت. مهاجران فقیر برای رهایی از مشکلات اقتصادی و مهاجران ثروتمند برای ویلاسازی، سرمایه‌گذاری در طرح‌های کشاورزی و دامداری به روستا بازگشتند. مهاجرت معکوس کاکاوندی‌ها غالباً ماهیت اقتصادی داشت. از جمله پیامدهای آن می‌توان به رونق دوبارۀ روستانشینی، ورود سبک‌های زندگی جدید، حضور فعال در نهادهای مدرن روستایی، زوال اقتدار سنتی زمین‌داران، زوال معماری سنتی، زوال یاریگری، تخریب محیط‌زیست و تحقیر فرهنگ سنتی روستا اشاره کرد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101586_2d92ca43ded5c9ae12aedfb323329196.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 23 The Importance of Agro-Processing Industries in Promoting Sustainable Development in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Mardagh Region, Maragheh اهمیت صنایع تبدیلی در ارتقای توسعه پایدار در مناطق روستایی مطالعه موردی منطقه مردق مراغه 129 146 104222 10.22059/jrur.2025.400963.2057 FA رباب سائلی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-8097-4985 بیژن رحمانی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران علی اکبر عنابستانی گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-1461-5893 Journal Article 2025 07 06 A B S T R A C T This paper examines the role of agro-processing industries, particularly those related to apple production, in sustainable development in the Mardagh region of Maragheh. The research aims to identify the capacities, challenges, and practical solutions for developing agro-processing industries in the region. The Mardagh region, with its favorable climatic and agricultural characteristics, especially in apple production, has significant potential for agro-processing development. However, this potential is hindered by challenges such as a lack of processing infrastructure, market fluctuations, insufficient government support, and limited access to modern technologies. To analyze this issue, the study employs various statistical methods, including the one-sample t-test, linear regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicate that the development of apple agro-processing industries in the Mardagh region can not only increase rural household income and create sustainable employment but also reduce rural-urban migration and strengthen local production identity. Furthermore, regression results show that processing infrastructure, participation in processing, institutional support, and technical awareness among beneficiaries are key factors in this process. Finally, the paper emphasizes that achieving sustainable regional development and a knowledge-based economy requires targeted investment, technical education, and government support. Effective policymaking in this area can enhance the added value of agricultural products and create a successful model for other similar regions in the country. Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, the concept of sustainable development has emerged as a critical principle in planning and managing rural areas. This approach aims to balance economic, social, and environmental dimensions and has gained significant attention, particularly in developing countries. One of the key factors for sustainable rural development is the utilization of local capacities and the enhancement of agricultural value chains, which are considered fundamental to achieving sustainable development goals (WCED, 1987). Agro-processing industries, which convert raw agricultural products into consumable or semi-processed materials, not only create economic value but also help local livelihoods, reduce rural-urban migration, and contribute to rural sustainability (Poulton et al., 2010). Despite the abundant agricultural potential in various regions of Iran, the development of agro-processing industries has not been fully realized, particularly in the Mardagh region of Maragheh, which is one of the agricultural hubs in East Azerbaijan. The region, known for its diverse agricultural production, especially apples, faces challenges such as raw product sales, high waste rates, and insufficient processing infrastructure. The development of agro-processing industries can mitigate these challenges by reducing waste, improving productivity, and creating added value, but infrastructure limitations have prevented effective utilization of these potentials. The research aims to analyze the current state of agro-processing industries in the Mardagh region and identify opportunities and challenges for their development. Specifically, this study focuses on how agro-processing, particularly apple-based industries, can promote sustainable development by improving the local economy, creating jobs, reducing migration, and increasing rural household incomes. Methodology This study employs a quantitative research design and targets stakeholders in the apple value chain in the Mardagh region, including farmers, cooperatives, and local actors in apple production and processing. Due to a lack of exact statistics on the number of eligible participants, the Cochran formula was used for sample size calculation, assuming an infinite population. With a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error, the estimated sample size was 384 respondents. The sampling method was stratified random sampling, categorizing participants based on their geographical location and role in the apple supply chain. The data collection tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire, which included sections on demographic information, attitudes toward agro-processing, barriers to industry development, and local capacities. The questionnaire consisted of 30 items measured using a five-point Likert scale (ranging from strongly disagree = 1 to strongly agree = 5). The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by five experts in rural economics and sustainable development. The reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was found to be 0.87 for the entire questionnaire, indicating good reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Statistical methods such as independent samples t-test, multiple linear regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed to test hypotheses and analyze relationships among the variables. The analysis examined the impact of processing infrastructure, local participation in processing, and technical awareness on the development of agro-processing industries in the region. Results and discussion The findings from the statistical analyses revealed significant effects of agro-processing industries on various economic, social, and environmental dimensions in the Mardagh region. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the development of agro-processing industries in the region significantly increased sustainable employment opportunities (p < 0.001). The regression analysis identified five key factors influencing sustainable employment: access to processing infrastructure, participation in processing, institutional support, technical knowledge of beneficiaries, and market access (R² = 0.481). Further analysis confirmed that improved processing infrastructure, such as local cold storage facilities and workshops for apple processing, played a critical role in reducing migration, especially among young people. The data indicated that the establishment of local processing units significantly reduced youth migration by providing job opportunities and increasing local economic stability. In addition, the results demonstrated that local knowledge and involvement in processing activities contributed to the enhancement of added value and increased household incomes. The regression model indicated that technical knowledge, packaging skills, and participation in processing workshops had a positive and substantial impact on increasing income (R² = 0.475). The SEM analysis highlighted that technical awareness (Beta = 0.82) and added value (Beta = 0.63) were the most influential factors in increasing household income. Income, in turn, had a significant positive effect on sustainable employment and a negative impact on migration (Beta = 0.38). Conclusion The study concluded that the development of apple agro-processing industries in the Mardagh region is not only an economic strategy but also a multidimensional tool for achieving sustainable rural development. Agro-processing significantly impacts infrastructure, the technical skills of local farmers, participation in processing, and market interaction, thereby increasing value-added production, boosting household income, and reducing migration. The SEM model emphasized the importance of technical awareness and added value in enhancing income and employment opportunities in rural communities. The research underscores that focusing on local capacity-building, including technical education, active participation, and market development, can drive economic growth, preserve local identity, and reduce economic vulnerability. Developing agro-processing industries in Mardagh serves as a successful model for other similar regions, transitioning from a raw-production-based economy to a sustainable, people-centered economy. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for investing in processing infrastructure, providing technical training for local farmers, and offering financial support to small and medium-sized agro-processing businesses. These efforts can significantly contribute to sustainable development in rural areas, creating a robust framework for reducing migration and enhancing local economic resilience. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. مقاله حاضر به بررسی جایگاه صنایع تبدیلی در توسعه پایدار منطقه مردق مراغه پرداخته است. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی ظرفیت‌ها، چالش‌ها و راهکارهای اجرایی برای توسعه صنایع تبدیلی در این منطقه انجام شده است. منطقه مردق مراغه با داشتن ویژگی‌های اقلیمی و کشاورزی مناسب، به‌ویژه در تولید سیب، پتانسیل بالایی برای توسعه صنایع تبدیلی دارد. اما این پتانسیل‌ها با چالش‌هایی نظیر کمبود زیرساخت‌های فرآوری، نوسانات بازار، کمبود حمایت‌های دولتی و عدم دسترسی به فناوری‌های نوین روبه‌رو است که مانع بهره‌برداری کامل از این ظرفیت‌ها می‌شود. برای تحلیل این مسأله، پژوهش حاضر از روش‌های آماری مختلف مانند آزمون t تک‌نمونه‌ای، رگرسیون خطی و مدل معادلات ساختاری (SEM) استفاده کرده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهند که توسعه صنایع تبدیلی سیب در منطقه مردق، علاوه بر افزایش درآمد خانوارهای روستایی و افزایش اشتغال پایدار، می‌تواند مهاجرت روستایی را کاهش داده و موجب تقویت هویت تولید محلی شود. همچنین، نتایج رگرسیون نشان داد که زیرساخت‌های فرآوری، مشارکت در فرآوری، حمایت نهادی و آگاهی فنی بهره‌برداران از عوامل مؤثر در این فرآیند هستند. در نهایت، مقاله تأکید دارد که برای توسعه پایدار منطقه‌ای و تحقق اقتصاد دانش‌محور، نیاز به سرمایه‌گذاری هدفمند، آموزش‌های فنی و حمایت‌های دولتی است. سیاست‌گذاری‌های مؤثر در این زمینه می‌تواند منجر به ارتقای ارزش افزوده محصولات کشاورزی و ایجاد الگویی موفق برای سایر مناطق مشابه در کشور شود.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_104222_46fb9b2c8f44c481fd5647dd22aeb84d.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 24 The Causes and Consequences of Reverse Migration to Rural Communities in Iran: A Meta Synthesis Approach علل و پیامدهای مهاجرت معکوس به جوامع روستایی در ایران: رویکرد فراترکیب 147 167 106390 10.22059/jrur.2025.379346.1968 FA حسن ایزدی بخش شهرسازی ، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-9635-7076 فاطمه ضرغامی فر بخش شهرسازی ، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0009-0002-1077-5056 Journal Article 2025 07 07 A B S T R A C T Rural communities and peri-urban areas in Iran have been experiencing a new phenomenon of reverse migration in recent years. In the last few years, some researchers have focused on migrants' motives and the causes and consequences of this phenomenon. This research aims to identify the causes and consequences of reverse migration to rural communities in Iran through a synthesis-based approach. The unit of analysis in this study consists of Persian-language research articles with domestic case studies found in databases such as Noormags, Magiran, SID, ISC, Google Scholar, Civilica, the Comprehensive Human Sciences Portal, and Elmnet, covering the period from 2011 to 2024. By searching the above databases, 61 articles were found. They were reviewed using the Critical Assessment Skills Program (CASP) and eventually reduced to 35 articles. The selected articles were analyzed using Sandlowski and Barroso's seven-step model. The findings show that 7 components and 32 concepts were effective in shaping reverse migration, the most important of which were employment status and income. The consequences of reverse migration are also classified into 7 components and 27 concepts, with the creation of jobs and income and the Importing of different facilities to the villages, entrepreneurial growth, and economic development among the most important consequences of this phenomenon. Researchers, planners, and managers can potentially utilize the findings to improve their understanding and planning of the phenomenon. Extended Abstract Introduction The phenomenon of reverse migration (population movement from urban to rural areas) has gained attention in recent years in many societies, including Iran, for various reasons such as lifestyle changes, infrastructure development in rural areas, and increased awareness of healthy living. In the past, migration from rural to urban areas was a prevalent trend, but in some regions, the trend is now reversed. This phenomenon is significant not only for the migrants but also for society and the economy. Rural areas are popular destinations for people because they want to escape city noise and pollution and have access to clean air and pristine nature. Rural infrastructure development, changes in lifestyle, and perspectives on work and income are other factors that contribute to this migration. The significant shift in migration patterns leads to new opportunities and diverse economic, social, cultural, and environmental consequences. Some Iranian researchers are paying attention to the recognition of reverse migration as a new socio-economic phenomenon and its causes and consequences. The primary purpose of this article is to identify the reasons and effects of reverse migration in rural communities in Iran by employing the meta-synthesis approach. Methodology The purpose of this research is applied, while the methodology is descriptive-analytical. The data required was collected using documentary and library methods. The research objective was achieved through the meta-synthesis method, a powerful technique for combining the results of multiple studies and allowing researchers to gain a comprehensive view of the subject under study. The unit of analysis in this research comprises Persian-language scientific research articles with domestic case studies published in databases such as Noormags, Magiran, SID, ISC, Google Scholar, the Comprehensive Human Sciences Portal, and ElmNet during the period 1390-1403 (2011-2024). At first, 61 articles were discovered, but after several reviews and the use of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP), 26 articles were eliminated, leading to the selection of 35 articles that were most relevant to the research topic. Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step method was employed to analyze these articles. Results and discussion Rural attraction and urban repulsion factors have a significant impact on reverse migration in Iran. Given the significance of the subject and the occurrence of this phenomenon in Iran, as well as the availability of adequate research in this field, Analyzing the content of these studies through the meta-synthesis method is necessary to identify the causes and consequences of this phenomenon, identify knowledge gaps, develop theoretical knowledge, and help with policy-making and intervention planning. The causes and consequences of this phenomenon in Iran were analyzed by evaluating 35 selected articles. The findings indicate that reverse migration to rural areas is influenced by seven components (environmental-natural, social, cultural, economic, psychological, physical, and political), and 32 concepts, as well as six components (environmental-natural, social, cultural, economic, psychological, and physical) and 27 concepts related to their consequences, were identified. Among the factors influencing the occurrence of reverse migration in Iran, job status, capital and income level, housing prices, living costs, climate conditions, pollution levels, and kinship relations were most emphasized by Iranian researchers. Additionally, among the consequences of reverse migration, job creation, and income generation, the influx of various facilities in rural areas, entrepreneurship, growth, rural economic development, land-use change, rural reconstruction, and population distribution and balance were highlighted. Overall, the findings of Iranian researchers in this field align with the results of similar foreign studies in some cases. According to researchers like Silvie and Shaw (2011), Stockdale and Catney (2014), Stark (2018), Kotzé and Bosman (2020), Anwar et al. (2021), and Desmond et al. (2024), reverse migration occurs nationally and internationally, mostly for broad economic and social goals. In developed countries, reverse migration can provide opportunities to strengthen investment and economic growth in rural areas facing population decline. Reverse migration in foreign countries often happens due to limited access to resources and facilities, family ties and social networks, economic opportunities, investment, and employment, with consequences including economic growth, innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategies for broader population and economic development and balance. However, reverse migration in Iran is driven by job opportunities, affordable housing, suitable and clean weather in rural areas, and escaping the problems of urban life. Conclusion In recent years, reverse migration has attracted the attention of many countries, including Iran, and various studies have been conducted using different methods to investigate the causes and consequences of this phenomenon in different dimensions. Through the meta-synthesis of these studies, we obtained a comprehensive and coherent picture of the state of reverse migration in Iran. The causes and consequences of this phenomenon were analyzed by reviewing 35 selected articles. According to the findings, reverse migration in Iran is mostly due to economic factors, and it has been successful in creating job opportunities, increasing income, and encouraging entrepreneurship in rural communities. It has also led to land-use change and rural reconstruction and contributed to population distribution and balance. The results of this research are valuable for decision-making at various levels, including policy-making, planning, and individual decision-making, and can also be used by researchers in future studies. Given that this research only focused on domestic studies, it is recommended that a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of reverse migration with an analysis of foreign studies be conducted. Furthermore, topics such as the role of modern technology, the impact of climate change on reverse migration, examining reverse migration patterns in different regions of Iran, future foresight of this subject, and its impact on sustainable rural development should be considered by Iranian researchers. By combining the results of various studies (domestic and foreign), more comprehensive theoretical models can be developed to explain better and interpret the phenomenon of reverse migration, predict future trends, and plan accordingly. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. در سال‌های اخیر مهاجرت معکوس به اجتماعات روستایی و نواحی پیراشهری به‌عنوان یک پدیده نوین درایران مطرح شده است. برخی از پژوهشگران در سال‌های اخیر بر روی انگیزه‌های مهاجران، علل و پیامدهای این پدیده تمرکز کرده‌اند. هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی علل و پیامدهای مهاجرت معکوس به اجتماع روستایی در ایران با بهره‌گیری از رویکرد سنتزپژوهی( فراترکیب) است. واحد تحلیل در این پژوهش، مقاله‏های علمی – پژوهشی فارسی‌زبان با نمونه مطالعاتی داخلی است که در پایگاه اطلاعاتی نظیر Noormags، Magiran، SID، ISC، گوگل اسکالر، سیویلیکا، پرتال جامع علوم‌انسانی و علم نت، در دوره زمانی(1403-1390) یافت شده‌اند. با جستجو در پایگاه‏های اطلاعاتی فوق 61 مقاله یافت شد که با استفاده از برنامه مهارت‌های ارزیابی حیاتی (CASP)، میزان روایی این مقالات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و درنهایت به 35 مقاله کاهش یافت. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل مقالات منتخب از الگوی هفت‌مرحله‌ای سندلوسکی و باروسو استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که 7 مؤلفه و 32 مفهوم در شکل‌گیری مهاجرت معکوس مؤثر بوده اند که مهم‌ترین آن‌ها وضعیت شغلی و میزان درآمد بوده است. پیامدهای مهاجرت معکوس نیز در7 مؤلفه و 27 مفهوم طبقه‌بندی شده‌اند که ایجاد شغل و درآمد و واردکردن تسهیلات مختلف به روستاها، رشد کارآفرینی و توسعه اقتصادی از جمله مهم‌ترین پیامدهای این پدیده است. یافته‌های این تحقیق می‌تواند مورداستفاده پژوهشگران، برنامه‌ریزان و مدیران جهت شناخت و برنامه‌ریزی بهتر این پدیده قرار گیرد.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_106390_b0217d5da980a155b8e5068ec921b2e9.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 24 Scrutinizing the architectural horizon with a round plan in the early Neolithic villages in the central Zagros basin of Iran پایش افق معماری با پلان گرد در روستاهای اولیه دوره‌ نوسنگی در حوضه زاگرس مرکزی ایران 169 188 101711 10.22059/jrur.2025.386217.2005 FA ذبیح اله فتحی گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0009-0008-9784-3421 فرشید ایروانی قدیم گروه باستان شناسی، دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، ایران 0000-0002-5107-6561 احمد چایچی امیرخیز پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی کشور 0009-0004-7449-8718 حمیدرضا قربانی گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده حفاظت و مرمت، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0002-9954-9516 احمد علی یاری گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-7052-7700 Journal Article 2025 07 07 A B S T R A C T The circular plan, a key architectural characteristic of the early villages (PPNA) in the Near East, has been the subject of numerous archaeological studies aimed at understanding the circular architectural horizon in the Levant, Anatolia, and northern Mesopotamia basins. However, the Central Zagros, as one of the most important basins in Neolithic studies, has been largely overlooked in this field. In this study, to gain a more fundamental and comprehensive understanding of the circular architectural horizon, the existence or absence of this type of architecture in the Central Zagros of Iran will be examined as the primary focus of this research. Two basic questions raised in this field are: What is the earliest architectural evidence in the Early Neolithic villages in the Central Zagros of Iran? Moreover, what type of human communities was the earliest architectural evidence of the Early Neolithic villages in the Central Zagros of Iran associated with? In this context, architectural works and biological evidence related to the villages of the early phase of the Neolithic period in important Neolithic sites of the Central Zagros of Iran, including Asiab, Sarab, Ganj dareh, Goran, Abdul hosein, East Chia sbez and Kapargah, will constitute the sources of answers to our research questions. According to the results of this research, architecture with a circular plan in early villages in the Central Zagros of Iran, as well as in neighboring basins, was common in the Neolithic period in connection with hunter-gatherer groups, which was replaced by architecture with a rectangular plan in the next stage of the Neolithic period (the expansion and development of villages). Extended Abstract Introduction Architectural structures with a circular plan are considered the earliest and most common village architectural plans in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) throughout the ancient East. This type of architectural plan has been widely obtained from archaeological sites of the PPNA period (the first stage of the formation of rural communities) in the Zagros-Torres and Levant basins, such as Qermez Dere, M'lefaat, Nemrik, Zawi Chemi, Karim Shahir, Çemka Höyük, Körtik Tepe, Çayönü, Hallan Çemi, Gusir Höyük, Hasankeyf Höyük, Jerf el Ahmar, Hatoula, Tell Aswad, Dhra', Netiv Hagdud, Gesher, Beidha, etc. However, no research has been conducted in this field in the Central Zagros of Iran, as one of the most important basins for Neolithic studies in the Near East. Given that the Central Zagros of Iran is one of the important basins of the Fertile Crescent and had many cultural similarities with Northern Mesopotamia and southeastern Anatolia in the Neolithic period, and that, unlike other parts of the Fertile Crescent, the first architectural evidence in the Early Neolithic period in the Central Zagros of Iran has not been properly studied, this research gap has caused the results of research in the field of circular-plan architecture and hunter-gatherer groups to be incomplete across the region. In this study, in order to gain a more fundamental and comprehensive understanding of the horizon of circular-plan architecture in early Neolithic villages in the Near East, the presence or absence of circular-plan architecture in the Central Zagros of Iran as one of the most important foci of the Neolithic process will be studied as the main issue of this research. Two basic questions raised in this context are: 1- What is the earliest evidence of architecture in Early Neolithic villages in the Central Zagros of Iran? 2- What type of human communities was the earliest evidence of architecture in Early Neolithic villages in the Central Zagros of Iran associated with? Methodology This research, based on fundamental studies, aims to understand the scope of architecture with a round plan during the initial stage of village formation in the Central Zagros Basin of Iran. The strategy of this research is qualitative based on the nature of the data studied (areas with a round architectural plan in the Central Zagros Basin of Iran), and sampling has been carried out using a quota method. The general design of this research is descriptive-historical and case study, considering the method of data collection. The strategy of this research has been carried out systematically, involving the examination of documents, records, and databases. Results and discussion In order to monitor the horizon of circular architecture, architectural remains and biological evidence related to early Neolithic villages in important Neolithic sites in the Central Zagros of Iran, including Asiab, Sarab, Ganj dareh, Goran, Abdul hosein, East Chia sbez and Kapargah, have been examined and studied. Archaeological evidence related to the earliest layers of these sites suggests an economy based on hunting and gathering wild plant resources; however, the architecture of these layers remains unknown. Several reasons have contributed to the preservation of the remains of circular architecture in the Central Zagros Basin of Iran. For example, the re-excavations of Tape Asiab have clearly shown that in the initial excavations of this site, the excavators did not notice the circular architecture of this site and only recognized 30 centimeters of its wall height. The architectural evidence obtained from Layer E of Ganj dareh, some of which were up to 180 centimeters in diameter, is the first layer of the Abdul hosein site. In describing its architectural works, the explorer has limited himself to their similarity to Layer E of Ganj Dareh. The first layers of the sites of Asiab, Sarab, Ganj dareh, Goran, Abdul hosein, East Chia sbez and Kapargah, show that the central Zagros of Iran, along with the adjacent cultural areas, were part of the circular architecture horizon basin in the Neolithic period, and the diet relying on wild plant and animal species clearly indicates the hunter-gatherer biogroups as the dominant type of human communities in this period, who lived in circular-plan huts. During the first phase of the Pre-Precipitation Period (PPNA) in Southwest Asia, hunting and gathering were the predominant economic activities. The population was sparse and small, and the dominant type of human community was characterized by circular-plan architecture. After the first phase of this period, during the PPNB, changes in architectural traditions, material culture, social identities, and the gradual emergence of widespread domestication have become the most important indicators of this basin. In the archaeology of the ancient Near East, it is widely accepted that this type of evidence is associated with hunter-gatherer societies and that their architecture typically features a circular plan. Conclusion The Central Zagros of Iran, as a significant part of the geography of Southwest Asia and one of the key geographical areas with rural sites, cannot be considered a distinct basin from the rest of Southwest Asia. Since the excavation of important Neolithic (rural) sites in the Central Zagros began in the 1960s and 1970s, aimed at identifying evidence of domestication (plants and animals), our knowledge of the details of the PPNA period (economic style, human communities, and architecture) remains incomplete. According to the results of this study, circular architecture in early villages in the Central Zagros of Iran, as well as its eastern part, southeastern Anatolia and the Levant, was common in connection with hunter-gatherer groups in the first phase of the Neolithic period, and this basin was an important part of the horizon of circular architecture in the Neolithic period. It seems that hunter-gatherer societies (the first stage of the formation of rural societies) in the central Zagros Mountains of Iran, in the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent, as well as in its northern and western parts, lived in underground and semi-underground huts with a circular plan, which was replaced by a rectangular architectural plan in the later stages of the Neolithic period. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. پلان گرد به‌عنوان مهم‌ترین مشخصة معماری گروههای شکارچی-گردآورندة روستاهای اولیه (PPNA)، در خاور نزدیک، با هدف شناخت افق معماری گرد در حوضههای لوانت، آناتولی و بین‌النهرین شمالی موضوع بسیاری از تحقیقات باستانشناسی بوده است. اما زاگرس مرکزی به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین حوضههای مطالعات نوسنگی، در این زمینه نادیده گرفته شده است. در این پژوهش به‌منظور درک اساسیتر و جامعتر از افق معماری با پلان گرد، وجود یا عدم وجود این نوع معماری در زاگرس مرکزی ایران، به‌عنوان مسئلة اصلی این پژوهش موردمطالعه قرار خواهد گرفت. دو سؤال اساسی مطرح شده در این زمینه عبارت‌اند از:1-نخستین شواهد معماری در روستاهای دوره نوسنگی اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی ایران چگونه است؟2-اولین شواهد معماری روستاهای دوره نوسنگی اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی ایران در ارتباط با چه گونهای از اجتماعات انسانی بوده است؟ در این زمینه آثار معماری و شواهد زیستی مربوط به روستاهای فاز اولیة دورة نوسنگی در محوطههای مهم نوسنگی زاگرس مرکزی ایران از جمله آسیاب، سراب، گنجدرّه، گوران، عبدالحسین، چیا سبز شرقی و کپرگاه، منابع پاسخگویی به سؤالات تحقیق ما را تشکیل خواهند داد. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، معماری با پلان گرد در روستاهای اولیه در زاگرس مرکزی ایران همانند حوضههای مجاور، در دورة نوسنگی، در ارتباط با گروه‌های شکارچی-گردآورنده عمومیت داشته است، که در مرحلة بعدی دورة نوسنگی(گسترش و تکامل روستاها)، معماری با پلان راستگوشه جایگزین آن شده است.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101711_881b67fe058f4e2ec4e4041bc2407f72.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 12 25 The Analysis of Effective Factors on Structural-functional Changes in Rural Areas of the Tonekabon County واکاوی عوامل موثر بر تغییرات ساختاری-کارکردی روستاهای شهرستان تنکابن 189 204 101974 10.22059/jrur.2025.384182.1994 FA ثمره سلیمانی نژاد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0009-0008-5678-9430 امید جمشیدی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0000-0002-0307-0173 فاطمه شفیعی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران 0000-0001-9209-8671 Journal Article 2025 07 08 A B S T R A C T The sustainability or instability of rural areas is one of the fundamental issues in achieving the sustainable development of a country. In this process, attention to the economic, social, physical, spatial, and ecological dimensions of rural areas is inevitable. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the factors affecting the structural-functional changes of villages in Tonekabon County. This research was a survey conducted using a quantitative approach; the statistical population consisted of rural households residing in the villages of Tonekabon County (central district), with 250 households selected using Daniel's formula and a multistage sampling method with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a questionnaire in which a panel of experts and specialists confirmed its face validity, and its reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was found to be appropriate. For data analysis, SPSSV26 and SmartPLSV4 software were used. The findings of the reflective evaluation model showed that the convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs were estimated to be appropriate. The results of the hierarchical component model identified five factors among 55 variables of structural-functional changes. Based on the path coefficients, the political-institutional factors (0.452), physical-structural factors (0.409), and socio-cultural factors (0.289) were the most influential constructs on the structural-functional changes of villages. These results emphasize the importance of comprehensive and participatory planning to improve the condition of villages and prevent negative structural-functional changes in the studied villages. Extended Abstract Introduction Nowadays, structural-functional changes in the villages often have negative consequences. Some of these changes have caused the instability of the rural communities and settlements, which is a serious threat to the development phenomenon. The sustainability or instability of rural areas is a key issue in achieving sustainable development in a country. This development should encompass economic, social, spatial, and physical aspects of the villages, as well as their changes over time. Structural-functional changes refer to the changes that occur in the structural and functional fields of the villages and possess profound impacts on the way of life, economy, and social organization in these areas. These changes comprise changes in the economic structure, such as the transition from traditional agriculture to non-agricultural activities, alterations in the social and family structure, and changes in social and economic roles. They could also encompass development policies, immigration, technology, and economic issues. Moreover, there are changes that are distinguishable in the infrastructure, institutions, and livelihood methods of the villages. In terms of agriculture, Mazandaran province is one of the leading provinces of the country, having an important part in crop and livestock production. Nevertheless, the rural and agricultural areas of this province have faced many problems in recent years. The villages of Tankabon County are not exempted from this rule, especially in the areas close to the urban spheres. In fact, they are among the areas that have undergone extensive changes in their economic structure and function over the last few decades. These villages have experienced significant structural-functional changes; so, during the last five years, 10% of the agricultural and horticultural lands of the county have changed their use and have been removed from the production cycle. Many county villages have already lost their agricultural function and turned into recreational garden villas due to natural attractions, tourism purposes, and increased land prices in recent years. Hence, the present study attempted to investigate the factors influencing functional changes in the rural areas of Tonekabon County. Methodology The data required for this descriptive-analytical research was gathered through a survey. The statistical population was the rural households residing in the villages of Tonekabon County (central district) (N=10737), and the sample size was determined using the Daniel formula. Based on that, 255 questionnaires were distributed, of which 250 of them were returned. The respondents were selected using a multi-stage proportional stratified random sampling method. The data collection instrument was the questionnaire. A panel of experts in the fields of agricultural extension, education, and rural development confirmed its face and content validity. The reliability of its scales was also evaluated through a pilot study. Cronbach's alpha coefficients indicated the appropriate reliability of the scales used in the research. The SPSSV26 and SmartPLSV4 software were applied for data analysis. Results and discussion The findings in the descriptive statistics section showed that the majority of respondents (89.2%) were male, and their average age was 42 years. In terms of education level, most of the participants had a school diploma. In terms of occupation, 80.8% of them had agricultural profession as their second career. Considering the findings of the reflective part of the evaluation model, the convergent and diagnostic validity of the constructs were estimated at an appropriate level. Based on the results of the hierarchical components model, a total of five factors were identified to be effective on 37 variables of the structural-functional changes in rural areas. These factors included political-institutional, physical-spatial, socio-cultural, economic-livelihood, and environmental-ecological factors. Correspondingly, reflective modeling used in the study revealed that the most significant factors affecting structural-functional changes in the villages were political-institutional factors (0.452), physical-spatial factors (0.409), and socio-cultural factors (0.289). Conclusion In sum, according to the factors identified for the growth and sustainable development of the agricultural sector, the provision of agricultural and rural sustainable development in the aforementioned area is recommended. This must be accomplished by adopting a comprehensive and systematic approach, considering the county's conditions, and exploiting the potential and opportunities in the county's geographical area. Furthermore, proper policymaking, improvement of administrative structures, and governmental support of agriculture and other rural economic activities seem to be indispensable. Additionally, attention to cultural and social changes and the advancement of local institutions can lead to stronger sustainable development and improved circumstances in rural areas. Policymakers and program planners are expected to consider these factors and materialize effective measures to enhance rural areas' economic and social conditions. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The paper has extracted from the Ms.c thesis of the first author in the Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agriculture and Natural Resource. پایداری یا ناپایداری مناطق روستایی، یکی از مباحث اساسی در دستیابی به توسعه پایدار کشور به شمار می‌رود. در این فرایند، توجه به ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی، کالبدی، فضایی و اکولوژیکی روستاها ضروری است. ازاین‌رو، مطالعه حاضر قصد دارد عوامل مؤثر بر تغییرات ساختاری-کارکردی روستاها را در شهرستان تنکابن واکاوی کند. این تحقیق از نوع پیمایشی با رویکرد کمی بود و جامعه آماری آن را خانوارهای روستایی ساکن در روستاهای شهرستان تنکابن (بخش مرکزی) تشکیل دادند که 250 خانوار با استفاده از فرمول دانیل و به روش نمونه‌گیری چندمرحله‌ای با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسش‌نامه بود که روایی صوری آن توسط گروهی از متخصصان و صاحب‌نظران تأیید شد و برای تعیین پایایی آن از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد که مقدار آن مناسب بود. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزارهای Win26 SPSS و SmartPLS V4 بهره گرفته شد. یافته‌های بخش انعکاسی مدل ارزیابی نشان داد که روایی همگرا و تشخیصی سازه‌ها در حد مناسب برآورد شدند. نتایج حاصل از مدل مؤلفه‌های سلسله‌مراتبی بر روی 55 متغیر تغییرات ساختاری-کارکردی پنج عامل را شناسایی کرد. باتوجه‌به مقدار ضرایب مسیر به ترتیب سازه‌های عوامل سیاسی- نهادی (452/0)، عوامل فیزیکی- کالبدی (409/0) و سپس عوامل اجتماعی- فرهنگی (289/0) از مهم‌ترین سازه‌های مؤثر بر تغییرات ساختاری-کارکردی روستاها بودند. این نتایج بر اهمیت برنامه‌ریزی جامع و مشارکت‌محور برای بهبود وضعیت روستاها و جلوگیری از بروز تغییرات ساختاری-کارکردی منفی در روستاهای موردمطالعه تأکید میکند.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_101974_9456b9acfab36a98fccb3dcd9d56e464.pdf

دانشگاه تهران پژوهش های روستائی 2008-7373 16 4 2025 10 23 Cocoa Extension Public-Private Partnership in Ghana: A New Path for Rural Development? Cocoa Extension Public-Private Partnership in Ghana: A New Path for Rural Development 205 221 105451 10.22059/jrur.2024.366727.1875 FA Frank Kofi Osei Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension Collins Osei Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension Kwadwo Amankwah Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension Enoch Kwame Tham-Agyekum Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension Faculty of Agriculture College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, KNUST 0000-0003-1657-1409 Journal Article 2023 10 15 After many decades, the cocoa industry opened up to various partnerships to enhance its activities and essentially chart a new path toward rural development. This paper used a descriptive survey design to assess farmers’ perception of the Cocoa Extension Public-Private Partnership (CEPPP). We selected 400 cocoa farmers and analyzed the data using descriptive and inferential statistics. Farmers expressed positive perceptions of the CEPPP and all investigated attributes. Farmers were also satisfied with the quality of extension services provided under the CEPPP. Age, education level, cooperative membership, household size, gender, access to extension and credit services, land ownership, and farm size influenced farmers’ perceptions. Cocoa farmers need to be made aware of the full range of services offered by the CEPPP through targeted campaigns and training programs. Since most of these services are free, farmers can take advantage of them to improve their livelihoods After many decades, the cocoa industry opened up to various partnerships to enhance its activities and essentially chart a new path toward rural development. This paper used a descriptive survey design to assess farmers’ perception of the Cocoa Extension Public-Private Partnership (CEPPP). We selected 400 cocoa farmers and analyzed the data using descriptive and inferential statistics. Farmers expressed positive perceptions of the CEPPP and all investigated attributes. Farmers were also satisfied with the quality of extension services provided under the CEPPP. Age, education level, cooperative membership, household size, gender, access to extension and credit services, land ownership, and farm size influenced farmers’ perceptions. Cocoa farmers need to be made aware of the full range of services offered by the CEPPP through targeted campaigns and training programs. Since most of these services are free, farmers can take advantage of them to improve their livelihoods.

https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_105451_119af3a0932c69887636ccf1d77929ce.pdf