Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521Ranking the Development of Tourism and its Backgrounds in Rural Areas, Using Gray Topsis
(Case Study: Rrual Areas of Varzaghan Township)Ranking the Development of Tourism and its Backgrounds in Rural Areas, Using Gray Topsis
(Case Study: Rrual Areas of Varzaghan Township)1242472210.22059/jrur.2012.24722FAHasanaliFaraji Sabokbar0000-0002-5470-4287Seyed HasanMotiee LangroodiJahangirYadollahi FarsiHoseinKarimzadehJournal ArticleIntroduction
The touristic Resources and the attractions based on tourism, constitute the main topics in this field. Studies of these two topics, form the foundations of tourism. Resources and tourist attractions of the constituent elements of tourism are considered. Varzaquan County has a great potential for tourism development. There are pristine natural areas, climatic conditions, naturally beautiful landscapes such as forests Arasbaran, Chychaklu, all hands in have to make this city a special place for attracting the tourists. In this research, rankings of the city are based on ability and suitability for tourism development. In analysis and application of spatial data there are usually same uncertainities. Different reasons form these uncertainties in the data model and the presented model in this paper and is based on the spatial data, reduces the mentioned problem. The present approach is based on gray theory has recently been presented in scientific circles. A major focus of this paper is to enhance the effectiveness of the Original TOPSIS Method to evaluate the system of indicator-based model. Therefore, the authers have introduced the weight of each index to the Original TOPSIS Method for improvement. Initially, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method is utilized to calculate the weight of each index. In the recent years, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method has been widely used in the fields of geology, ecology, economic and so on. It is an effective method to examine the relationship between statisticd data by judging the interrelationship between the two indices based on the extent of their links. Secondly, the calculated weights are added to the Original TOPSIS Method. Evidently, the indicator-based model (based on selected indices) is applied in all kinds of field in terms of decision-making. Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.
Methodology
The gray theory has been described in paper. It also surveys the evaluations of tourist attractions, rural areas prone to invest in Varzaquan County eith its touristic attractions. Unfortunately, no or little atlention has paid to these attractions. Combining the mentioned method with evaluated Topsis tourist attractions, rural areas tend to invest in the tourism sector in Varzaquan County.
Results
The Original TOPSIS Method is failed to take the weights of indices into account. Consequently, the evaluation results calculated by the Original TOPSIS Method are essentially accord with the physical circumstances. In an attempt to reflect the actual impact of each index, some researchers have utilized the Subjective Evaluation Method. However, this method is proved to be largely influenced by various subjective situations. In this Paper, the authors have proposed a new method named Modified TOPSIS Method utilizing Gray theory to improve the evaluation system of indicator-based model.
Conclusion
Compared with the Original TOPSIS Method, the Modified TOPSIS Method is more objective. It is able to avoid the mistakes caused by the indices which are essentially measured by the same factors, without which they would wrongly magnify the impacts growing in the same direction on the evaluation system. Natural resources and ecotourism attractions of Iran treasures of this country. For optimal use, every one should try attract domestic and foreign tourists to the of rural regions under an effective manageme. Optimum utilization of existing opportunities in the field of tourism, like any other activity, requires fundamental studies as wellas designing programs based on scientific researches. Different areas of investment locations, have particular characteristics. There fore, each location could have high potentials for investment. One of the most important scientific activities in the field of tourism is resources assessment. Rural areas have a lot of touristic attractions with the ability for investment. The best result obtained among other attractions for investment attraction, has been Arasbaran fores.Introduction
The touristic Resources and the attractions based on tourism, constitute the main topics in this field. Studies of these two topics, form the foundations of tourism. Resources and tourist attractions of the constituent elements of tourism are considered. Varzaquan County has a great potential for tourism development. There are pristine natural areas, climatic conditions, naturally beautiful landscapes such as forests Arasbaran, Chychaklu, all hands in have to make this city a special place for attracting the tourists. In this research, rankings of the city are based on ability and suitability for tourism development. In analysis and application of spatial data there are usually same uncertainities. Different reasons form these uncertainties in the data model and the presented model in this paper and is based on the spatial data, reduces the mentioned problem. The present approach is based on gray theory has recently been presented in scientific circles. A major focus of this paper is to enhance the effectiveness of the Original TOPSIS Method to evaluate the system of indicator-based model. Therefore, the authers have introduced the weight of each index to the Original TOPSIS Method for improvement. Initially, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method is utilized to calculate the weight of each index. In the recent years, the Gray Correlation Analysis Method has been widely used in the fields of geology, ecology, economic and so on. It is an effective method to examine the relationship between statisticd data by judging the interrelationship between the two indices based on the extent of their links. Secondly, the calculated weights are added to the Original TOPSIS Method. Evidently, the indicator-based model (based on selected indices) is applied in all kinds of field in terms of decision-making. Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.Thus the evaluation system of indicator-based model plays an essential role. In recent years, the Original TOPSIS Method has been widely applied in evaluating the performance of indicator-based model, which has no restriction of sample size and data distribution pattern. Unfortunately, it’s undeniable that the selected indices have always some certain relationships with the effectiveness of the structuredmodels. Additionally, the changes of each index may lead to the internal change of the interactions between indices. All defects mentioned above may contribute to the deviation, which causes negative affects on decision-making.
Methodology
The gray theory has been described in paper. It also surveys the evaluations of tourist attractions, rural areas prone to invest in Varzaquan County eith its touristic attractions. Unfortunately, no or little atlention has paid to these attractions. Combining the mentioned method with evaluated Topsis tourist attractions, rural areas tend to invest in the tourism sector in Varzaquan County.
Results
The Original TOPSIS Method is failed to take the weights of indices into account. Consequently, the evaluation results calculated by the Original TOPSIS Method are essentially accord with the physical circumstances. In an attempt to reflect the actual impact of each index, some researchers have utilized the Subjective Evaluation Method. However, this method is proved to be largely influenced by various subjective situations. In this Paper, the authors have proposed a new method named Modified TOPSIS Method utilizing Gray theory to improve the evaluation system of indicator-based model.
Conclusion
Compared with the Original TOPSIS Method, the Modified TOPSIS Method is more objective. It is able to avoid the mistakes caused by the indices which are essentially measured by the same factors, without which they would wrongly magnify the impacts growing in the same direction on the evaluation system. Natural resources and ecotourism attractions of Iran treasures of this country. For optimal use, every one should try attract domestic and foreign tourists to the of rural regions under an effective manageme. Optimum utilization of existing opportunities in the field of tourism, like any other activity, requires fundamental studies as wellas designing programs based on scientific researches. Different areas of investment locations, have particular characteristics. There fore, each location could have high potentials for investment. One of the most important scientific activities in the field of tourism is resources assessment. Rural areas have a lot of touristic attractions with the ability for investment. The best result obtained among other attractions for investment attraction, has been Arasbaran fores.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24722_dc826746e1b7919b6275ea3f14c5e1bd.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521The Study of Relationship between Rural Administrator's Entrepreneurial Skills and Organizational Performance
(Case study: Qazvin Rural Administration Province)The Study of Relationship between Rural Administrator's Entrepreneurial Skills and Organizational Performance
(Case study: Qazvin Rural Administration Province)27592472310.22059/jrur.2012.24723FAAlirezaDarban Astane0000-0002-7977-7116MoahmmadaliFirooziMojtabaGhadiri MasoomJournal ArticleIntroduction
The Experts believe that the Entrepreneurs are powerful engines of economic growth and Producing wealth, and crucial for improving the quality, number and variety of employment opportunities for the poor People as well as the villagers. In this situation, one of the best solutions for unemployment and progress of economic base of villagers is developing small scale businesses in rural areas. In this relation Dehyaries as rural administrators (RD) and potential entrepreneurs can play important roles in creating new opportunities and income resources in rural areas.In this relation Dehyaries as rural administrators (RD) and potential entrepreneurs can play important roles in creating new opportunities and income resources in rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was identifying the relationship between entrepreneurial skills of rural administrators and rural administration's performance and personal characteristics of rural administrators in Qazvin province. Research questions of this study were:
1. What is the level of entrepreneurial skills rural administrators?
2. What relation exists between manager's entrepreneurial skills and rural administrator's performances?
3. Are there a kind relation between individual characteristics of managers and their entrepreneurial skills?
Methodology
This study is an applied research that is conducted using survey method. The statistical population study included all of the rural administrators of Qazvin province in 2010 that were active in fiscal year 2009. According to the Qazvin Governor, the number of rural administrator's provinces in the year was 32 0RDs. In order to estimate and determine the sample size, the Cochran statistic was used and the sample size, 116 RDs was calculated. In order to increase the validity of results, statistical population size was increased to 125. People were selected using multistage stratified sampling with optimal allocation method. Sampling, the list of active RDs was used. Independent variables in this research were include performance indicators and variables of RD's individual characteristics such as age, education, income level, participation in training, family income, gender entrepreneurs and participation in social activities and the dependent variable, was the level of RD's entrepreneurial skills. The studies were conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability measures, their reliability and validity were confirmed. To assess the validity of the questionnaire scales, after qualifying and the early editions, were used the opinion of a group of experts. In this stage, four questions were removed from the set of questions. Also Cronbach's alpha statistic was used to assess the validity of the scale factor. Coefficient of 0.77 indicates acceptable internal consistency of the used questionnaires.
Results
The results showed that the RD's average skill of entrepreneurship was 3.246 (medium high) and the average technical, personal and management skills were respectively 3.326, 3.311 and 3.299. On this basis it can be concluded that Average triple skills and total entrepreneurial skills of RD's are in average level. RD's Performance evaluation results showed that the average performance of RDs is 53.06 percent. The results frequency distribution show that 16 percent of RDs have a poor performance, 48 percent of average performance, 34.4 percent with strong performance, and finally only1.6 percent had a very strong performance. In order to investigate the relationship between potential entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial individual variables, Pearson Spearman correlation analysis was used. Results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial skills and performance RDs. In other words, RDs who have higher entrepreneurial spirit, they have better organizational performance. Also between education, participation in social activities, participation intraining courses, income of the entrepreneur and his family, and interact with relevant institutions and organizations, there has been observed a significant positive relationship. Also, in order to assess the variables role of gender, marital status and occupation of parents having a nominal scale, T and F tests have been used. T tests for gender and marital status variables that are binary variables and one-way analysis of variance test for occupation of parents that is multi-state variable was used. The results of these four variables showed that marital status, gender, the occupation of parents has/ no impact on their entrepreneurial skills. With regard to the results of results, entrepreneurship skills of RDs aren't acceptable levels, and it is necessary to enhance the entrepreneurial spirit and strengthening the economic diversification of rural economic activities, identifying and implementing effective measures to enhance the capabilities and potential of individuals, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.
Conclusion
In this context, paying more serious attention is recommended in order to create a competitive spirit and entrepreneurial skills training, field activities, to be held and in selecting managers, education level, experience and skills and the extent of their participation in activities and social institutions.Introduction
The Experts believe that the Entrepreneurs are powerful engines of economic growth and Producing wealth, and crucial for improving the quality, number and variety of employment opportunities for the poor People as well as the villagers. In this situation, one of the best solutions for unemployment and progress of economic base of villagers is developing small scale businesses in rural areas. In this relation Dehyaries as rural administrators (RD) and potential entrepreneurs can play important roles in creating new opportunities and income resources in rural areas.In this relation Dehyaries as rural administrators (RD) and potential entrepreneurs can play important roles in creating new opportunities and income resources in rural areas. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was identifying the relationship between entrepreneurial skills of rural administrators and rural administration's performance and personal characteristics of rural administrators in Qazvin province. Research questions of this study were:
1. What is the level of entrepreneurial skills rural administrators?
2. What relation exists between manager's entrepreneurial skills and rural administrator's performances?
3. Are there a kind relation between individual characteristics of managers and their entrepreneurial skills?
Methodology
This study is an applied research that is conducted using survey method. The statistical population study included all of the rural administrators of Qazvin province in 2010 that were active in fiscal year 2009. According to the Qazvin Governor, the number of rural administrator's provinces in the year was 32 0RDs. In order to estimate and determine the sample size, the Cochran statistic was used and the sample size, 116 RDs was calculated. In order to increase the validity of results, statistical population size was increased to 125. People were selected using multistage stratified sampling with optimal allocation method. Sampling, the list of active RDs was used. Independent variables in this research were include performance indicators and variables of RD's individual characteristics such as age, education, income level, participation in training, family income, gender entrepreneurs and participation in social activities and the dependent variable, was the level of RD's entrepreneurial skills. The studies were conducted to evaluate the validity and reliability measures, their reliability and validity were confirmed. To assess the validity of the questionnaire scales, after qualifying and the early editions, were used the opinion of a group of experts. In this stage, four questions were removed from the set of questions. Also Cronbach's alpha statistic was used to assess the validity of the scale factor. Coefficient of 0.77 indicates acceptable internal consistency of the used questionnaires.
Results
The results showed that the RD's average skill of entrepreneurship was 3.246 (medium high) and the average technical, personal and management skills were respectively 3.326, 3.311 and 3.299. On this basis it can be concluded that Average triple skills and total entrepreneurial skills of RD's are in average level. RD's Performance evaluation results showed that the average performance of RDs is 53.06 percent. The results frequency distribution show that 16 percent of RDs have a poor performance, 48 percent of average performance, 34.4 percent with strong performance, and finally only1.6 percent had a very strong performance. In order to investigate the relationship between potential entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial individual variables, Pearson Spearman correlation analysis was used. Results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial skills and performance RDs. In other words, RDs who have higher entrepreneurial spirit, they have better organizational performance. Also between education, participation in social activities, participation intraining courses, income of the entrepreneur and his family, and interact with relevant institutions and organizations, there has been observed a significant positive relationship. Also, in order to assess the variables role of gender, marital status and occupation of parents having a nominal scale, T and F tests have been used. T tests for gender and marital status variables that are binary variables and one-way analysis of variance test for occupation of parents that is multi-state variable was used. The results of these four variables showed that marital status, gender, the occupation of parents has/ no impact on their entrepreneurial skills. With regard to the results of results, entrepreneurship skills of RDs aren't acceptable levels, and it is necessary to enhance the entrepreneurial spirit and strengthening the economic diversification of rural economic activities, identifying and implementing effective measures to enhance the capabilities and potential of individuals, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.
Conclusion
In this context, paying more serious attention is recommended in order to create a competitive spirit and entrepreneurial skills training, field activities, to be held and in selecting managers, education level, experience and skills and the extent of their participation in activities and social institutions.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24723_c09461ce85141b05d3ee6f2aea257935.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521The Villagers’ Satisfaction of Dehyari
(Rural Management Unit) Performance
(The case study: Ghazvin Province villages)The Villagers’ Satisfaction of Dehyari
(Rural Management Unit) Performance
(The case study: Ghazvin Province villages)61912472410.22059/jrur.2012.24724FAHoseinFiroozabadiHoseinImani JajarmiJournal ArticleYou cannot find any modern society without organizations. All societies need the organizations for achieving their diverse goals. Modern professional organizations are doing many functions for their host societies such as: producing and distributing high quality products, provision of health, education, recreation and entertainment services, security and safety. The specialized organizations could be found in the public sector too. Examples of these organizations are: parliament or government organizations in the national or macro level, organizations such as housing and urban planning office in middle or provincial level and municipalities, rural management organizations, as well as rural and urban councils in the local or micro level.
Dehyaris similar to other public organizations should be aware of their performances for satisfying the rural population. It's important because village councils are elected by the people's direct votes. The councils are very sensitive to the people's satisfaction for two reasons: one for themselves and the other for the Dehyari as an organization in their command. The present research is one of the first projects in the field of villagers' satisfaction of Dehyari.
one for themselves and the other for the Dehyari as an organization in their command. The present research is one of the first projects in the field of villagers' satisfaction of Dehyari.
People's satisfaction has an important role in The performances and objectives of any public organization. Villagers with satisfaction of their rural management organization undertake their public duties such as paying local taxes and participating in public programs more confidently. The managers and officials who know the public opinion try to value the people's points of view. If they find any incorrect views, they would seek better tools for informing people and avoid using pressure and force for changing people's views. Therefore, awareness of people satisfaction includes many advantages for Dehyaris, such as:
• Increasing of Dehyari' efficiency;
• Increasing of Dehyari' responsiveness to the demands and need of villagers;
• Increasing of general trust to Dehyari organization;
• Increasing of public participation in Dehyari programs and plans;
• Increasing of Dehyari legitimacy in the villagers' public opinion and views.
The rural management organizations that have measured and studied villagers' views are aware of the existing problems of the villages, as well as, public needs and demands. This knowledge can help for better prioritization. They can go forward for solving the problems and respond better to people's needs. In the other hand, those organizations without respect for villagers' views might do worthless works based on the watchful eye of people. Although they have spent money and resources for diverse works but they couldn't go ahead for more people's satisfaction on Dehyari performance.
People satisfaction of Dehyari (Rural Management Unit) is an indication of rural management achievements in the fields of efficiency and responsiveness.
The main questions of the research are as follows: what’s the situation of people’s satisfaction in the field of Dehyari’s performance? What’s the people’s satisfaction in comparison with their evaluation of Dehyari organizational performance? What are the aspects and weights of people’s satisfaction typologies of Dehyari’s performance? How significant are the influences of the variables on satisfaction of Dehyaris?
The research has been done by using survey method in 9 villages of Ghazvin, Abeeyek and Alborz districts. It had 200 respondents and they were chosen by laws of probability sampling method in the villages with 3 types of performances: high, medium and low.
The findings showed that almost 70 percent of respondents have satisfied from their Dehyaris. If the organizational satisfaction evaluation is high, then the amount of village’s satisfaction will be high too.
This amount of satisfaction for a one decade born organization is considerable. These two factors of the findings should be mentioned: one is the generality of Dehyari’s performances and the other is the disorders of rural managements because of land reforms in the 1960’s. These new rural management organizations could get villagers satisfaction by doing constructional activities such as preparing the roads and repairing them, if necessary; making their surrounding spaces clean, etc.
Rural societies are not as complicated as the urban ones. The villagers are similar together and there are no major differences between them. There has been no stable management organization from 1960s until the establishment of Dehyari in 2000s. Although there were some experiences such as Khane-ye- Omran Roostayee (Village's Construction House) and Khane-ye- Hamyar (The Helper House) but they didn't have institutionalization and judicial stability that are essential factors for organizational precise performance, Therefore, Dehyaris are capable for obtaining people's satisfaction by doing mostly constructional works in a field without competition.You cannot find any modern society without organizations. All societies need the organizations for achieving their diverse goals. Modern professional organizations are doing many functions for their host societies such as: producing and distributing high quality products, provision of health, education, recreation and entertainment services, security and safety. The specialized organizations could be found in the public sector too. Examples of these organizations are: parliament or government organizations in the national or macro level, organizations such as housing and urban planning office in middle or provincial level and municipalities, rural management organizations, as well as rural and urban councils in the local or micro level.
Dehyaris similar to other public organizations should be aware of their performances for satisfying the rural population. It's important because village councils are elected by the people's direct votes. The councils are very sensitive to the people's satisfaction for two reasons: one for themselves and the other for the Dehyari as an organization in their command. The present research is one of the first projects in the field of villagers' satisfaction of Dehyari.
one for themselves and the other for the Dehyari as an organization in their command. The present research is one of the first projects in the field of villagers' satisfaction of Dehyari.
People's satisfaction has an important role in The performances and objectives of any public organization. Villagers with satisfaction of their rural management organization undertake their public duties such as paying local taxes and participating in public programs more confidently. The managers and officials who know the public opinion try to value the people's points of view. If they find any incorrect views, they would seek better tools for informing people and avoid using pressure and force for changing people's views. Therefore, awareness of people satisfaction includes many advantages for Dehyaris, such as:
• Increasing of Dehyari' efficiency;
• Increasing of Dehyari' responsiveness to the demands and need of villagers;
• Increasing of general trust to Dehyari organization;
• Increasing of public participation in Dehyari programs and plans;
• Increasing of Dehyari legitimacy in the villagers' public opinion and views.
The rural management organizations that have measured and studied villagers' views are aware of the existing problems of the villages, as well as, public needs and demands. This knowledge can help for better prioritization. They can go forward for solving the problems and respond better to people's needs. In the other hand, those organizations without respect for villagers' views might do worthless works based on the watchful eye of people. Although they have spent money and resources for diverse works but they couldn't go ahead for more people's satisfaction on Dehyari performance.
People satisfaction of Dehyari (Rural Management Unit) is an indication of rural management achievements in the fields of efficiency and responsiveness.
The main questions of the research are as follows: what’s the situation of people’s satisfaction in the field of Dehyari’s performance? What’s the people’s satisfaction in comparison with their evaluation of Dehyari organizational performance? What are the aspects and weights of people’s satisfaction typologies of Dehyari’s performance? How significant are the influences of the variables on satisfaction of Dehyaris?
The research has been done by using survey method in 9 villages of Ghazvin, Abeeyek and Alborz districts. It had 200 respondents and they were chosen by laws of probability sampling method in the villages with 3 types of performances: high, medium and low.
The findings showed that almost 70 percent of respondents have satisfied from their Dehyaris. If the organizational satisfaction evaluation is high, then the amount of village’s satisfaction will be high too.
This amount of satisfaction for a one decade born organization is considerable. These two factors of the findings should be mentioned: one is the generality of Dehyari’s performances and the other is the disorders of rural managements because of land reforms in the 1960’s. These new rural management organizations could get villagers satisfaction by doing constructional activities such as preparing the roads and repairing them, if necessary; making their surrounding spaces clean, etc.
Rural societies are not as complicated as the urban ones. The villagers are similar together and there are no major differences between them. There has been no stable management organization from 1960s until the establishment of Dehyari in 2000s. Although there were some experiences such as Khane-ye- Omran Roostayee (Village's Construction House) and Khane-ye- Hamyar (The Helper House) but they didn't have institutionalization and judicial stability that are essential factors for organizational precise performance, Therefore, Dehyaris are capable for obtaining people's satisfaction by doing mostly constructional works in a field without competition.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24724_d744c4e196f729df5fa41bcb8df27eab.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521Evolution of the Process of the Rural Settlement Recovery Damaged of the Silakhor in the Province of the LorestanEvolution of the Process of the Rural Settlement Recovery Damaged of the Silakhor in the Province of the Lorestan931172472510.22059/jrur.2012.24725FAHoseinFarahaniMojtabaHajipoorJournal ArticleIntroduction
After occurring an earthquake, providing recovery and reconstruction programs and its quality and quantities very necessitate for returning to before disaster condition from point of providing habitats and infrastructures. In reconstruction after the earthquake, it must be considered in a manner of comprehensive, scientific and applied method. The dimensions of a successful reconstruction includes: considering the native architecture, supporting systems, extensive participation of all people, and finally satisfaction of the habitants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the process of reconstruction and the variables affecting the success of the reconstruction process in Shirvan County, in Borujerd Township. This study follows the method of measuring based on questionnaires. The were studied community includes the heads of the households, that used the proportional sampling method with sample volume of 190 people (Cochran). The method of this research is descriptive and analytic. For analyzing the variables, the statistic correlative method, regression, the T test, and the nonparametric statistic test have been used. The results of this research indicates that there has been a meaningful relation between successful reconstruction and using supportive systems in which the loans, by governments increased the chance of success for the reconstruction process. None of the variables- people participation and the native architecture- has been effective in this regard. Moreover, there is no relation between people participation and reconstruction and native architecture and their conformation with implemented reconstructions.
Methodology
This research studied the recovery process of the rural settlement of the Silakhor Earthquake in the province of the Lorestan. For this mean the descriptive and analytical research methods have been used, and for collecting data the documentary methods and field studies have been used. In the Field studied area some of tools like observation; interviews and completing the questionnaires have been used to collect data and information. By considering the objective of the research and analyzing reconstruction process of the damaged rural settlement of Lorestan earthquake 1385, the Spearman correlative coefficient, partial correlative, and single sample T and path analysis model have been used. So, for analyzing the reconstruction process in the mentioned area, at first, the appropriate question was the component including people participation, reconstruction accordance to local and native architecture and supportive system. The needed data were considering these issues collected by questionnaires. The statistic community was consisted of households that habitant in Shirvan county in Borujerd township. In order to determining the volume of sample that is about 190 households the Cochran equation has been used and distribution of questionnaires has been randomly completed in correspondence to amount of population of villages.
Results
By the theoretical implemented survey and by considering combinational method in this study, 58 questions in 4 dimensions including the people participation, reconstruction process, supportive systems and native architecture were designed and tested. The results indicate that in spite of the importance of people participation and emphasizing it, based on spearman test and single sample T, the first hypothesis based on a direct correlation the people participation rate with reconstruction process efficiency is rejected. So the ratio of participation in the study area is very low and the reconstruction in future should be a risk. The Lake accordance of the constructed buildings to local and native architecture is indicated to ignore the ideas. Of people because the constructed buildings based on predetermined maps by responsible organization have the least correspondence with rural predetermined maps by responsible organization have the least correspondence with rural people necessities. Constructing small houses in accordance with urban culture, with warehouse, barn, etc. has been ignored. Interviews indicated that the participation of people was only for constructing in a defined framework. Finally an important point is the remained incompletion and semi constructed houses after passing about four and half years.
Conclusion
As it was confirmed in our hypothesis, the rate of reconstruction successfulness had a direct relation with supportive systems. According to field observing the majority of the habitauts of studied area is consisted of farmer or worker and their living level and income are low, if the supportive systems have not been support the damaged people from disasters, the progress percent of reconstruction would be very low, because most people, about 85.8 percent of respondents have used the loans. A very important point about the loans is the unsatisfied of the people for obtaining them. The amount of loans that must be paid was 6 to 8 millions, one million cash and the remaining in form of construction materials. A point that most people mentioned and believed it was the unbalancing between price and material quantity that this caused the unsatisfied and displeasure of damaged people.Introduction
After occurring an earthquake, providing recovery and reconstruction programs and its quality and quantities very necessitate for returning to before disaster condition from point of providing habitats and infrastructures. In reconstruction after the earthquake, it must be considered in a manner of comprehensive, scientific and applied method. The dimensions of a successful reconstruction includes: considering the native architecture, supporting systems, extensive participation of all people, and finally satisfaction of the habitants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the process of reconstruction and the variables affecting the success of the reconstruction process in Shirvan County, in Borujerd Township. This study follows the method of measuring based on questionnaires. The were studied community includes the heads of the households, that used the proportional sampling method with sample volume of 190 people (Cochran). The method of this research is descriptive and analytic. For analyzing the variables, the statistic correlative method, regression, the T test, and the nonparametric statistic test have been used. The results of this research indicates that there has been a meaningful relation between successful reconstruction and using supportive systems in which the loans, by governments increased the chance of success for the reconstruction process. None of the variables- people participation and the native architecture- has been effective in this regard. Moreover, there is no relation between people participation and reconstruction and native architecture and their conformation with implemented reconstructions.
Methodology
This research studied the recovery process of the rural settlement of the Silakhor Earthquake in the province of the Lorestan. For this mean the descriptive and analytical research methods have been used, and for collecting data the documentary methods and field studies have been used. In the Field studied area some of tools like observation; interviews and completing the questionnaires have been used to collect data and information. By considering the objective of the research and analyzing reconstruction process of the damaged rural settlement of Lorestan earthquake 1385, the Spearman correlative coefficient, partial correlative, and single sample T and path analysis model have been used. So, for analyzing the reconstruction process in the mentioned area, at first, the appropriate question was the component including people participation, reconstruction accordance to local and native architecture and supportive system. The needed data were considering these issues collected by questionnaires. The statistic community was consisted of households that habitant in Shirvan county in Borujerd township. In order to determining the volume of sample that is about 190 households the Cochran equation has been used and distribution of questionnaires has been randomly completed in correspondence to amount of population of villages.
Results
By the theoretical implemented survey and by considering combinational method in this study, 58 questions in 4 dimensions including the people participation, reconstruction process, supportive systems and native architecture were designed and tested. The results indicate that in spite of the importance of people participation and emphasizing it, based on spearman test and single sample T, the first hypothesis based on a direct correlation the people participation rate with reconstruction process efficiency is rejected. So the ratio of participation in the study area is very low and the reconstruction in future should be a risk. The Lake accordance of the constructed buildings to local and native architecture is indicated to ignore the ideas. Of people because the constructed buildings based on predetermined maps by responsible organization have the least correspondence with rural predetermined maps by responsible organization have the least correspondence with rural people necessities. Constructing small houses in accordance with urban culture, with warehouse, barn, etc. has been ignored. Interviews indicated that the participation of people was only for constructing in a defined framework. Finally an important point is the remained incompletion and semi constructed houses after passing about four and half years.
Conclusion
As it was confirmed in our hypothesis, the rate of reconstruction successfulness had a direct relation with supportive systems. According to field observing the majority of the habitauts of studied area is consisted of farmer or worker and their living level and income are low, if the supportive systems have not been support the damaged people from disasters, the progress percent of reconstruction would be very low, because most people, about 85.8 percent of respondents have used the loans. A very important point about the loans is the unsatisfied of the people for obtaining them. The amount of loans that must be paid was 6 to 8 millions, one million cash and the remaining in form of construction materials. A point that most people mentioned and believed it was the unbalancing between price and material quantity that this caused the unsatisfied and displeasure of damaged people.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24725_bbeaf32ca49221a91a7ea7cf3e994069.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521Survey of Rural Linkages with Zahedan City and its Impact on the Rural Development LevelsSurvey of Rural Linkages with Zahedan City and its Impact on the Rural Development Levels1191462472610.22059/jrur.2012.24726FAHabibollahKhobfekr BarabadiSalahoddinGhoreyshiJournal ArticleIntroduction
It this study it is attempted to find out the nature of relationships between rural-urban linkages by statistical analysis regarding the impact of the city on the levels of rural development. Rural-urban relationships in the developing countries have rapidly expanded in the recent decades. Because, city and village comprise an integrated system, and the development of each part of this system regardless to the other part(s) is irrational and impossible. UN-Habitat (2004) announced that Cities are engines of rural development. Many scholars and researches in Iran and abroad have emphasized on the effects of cities on rural development and they have suggested a simultaneous rural-urban planning in regional level.
Methodology
The authors have employed field survey method of inquiry. Data for the statistical analysis, were obtained from a variety of sources, primary and secondary data. Primary data generated by the questionnaires technique, case interviews and field observations. Secondary data have been obtained from the published texts and researches, governmental reports, journals, census, unpublished records, etc. of the public administration and semi- governmental agencies, as well as the internet sources. The basic analysis unit is the villages with a population of 20 households and over, which comprise 243 villages in Zahedan Township. Complex Random Sampling (in the first step, Stratified Sampling was used and in the second step, Simple Random Sampling was applied). Sample Size is 90 villages which constitutes 45 percent of the total villages.
Results
Examination of significant relationship between these variables shows that there are significant relationship between Zahedan’s economic impact and rural development levels in the region either in Spearman's test (R= 0.403, Sig = 0.000) or Kendall’s tau-b test(R= 0.376, Sig = 0.000). On this basis, relationships are at the 99 percent confidence level for both the tests. These correlations are in the medium level and a kind of positive i.e., wherever the degree of economic factor of Zahedan city with rural areas have been more, those villages have been in higher level of rural development. Out of 6 variables of this factor, 3ones have significant relationships others have not. It means that 3 variables cause direct impacts and 3 variables cause indirect impacts. Examination of significant relationship between Zahedan’s impact of socio-cultural factor and rural development levels reveals that there are positive significant relationships between them with 99 percent confidence level for both the tests. It means that, wherever the degree of socio-cultural factor connections of Zahedan city with rural areas have been higher, the corresponding villages have been in the higher level of rural development. Out of 5 variables of this factor, 4 variables form significant relationships and only one of them does not so. It means that 4 variables have direct impact and 1 variable has indirect impact. Examination of significant relationship between Zahedan’s politico- administrative factors impact and rural development levels reveals that there are significant relationships between in 99 percent confidence level for both the tests. It means that, the more degree of administrative factor connections of Zahedan city with rural areas, the higher level of rural development. Out of 4 variables of this factor, 3 variables have significant positive relationships with rural development levels. Multiple linear regression has been used for multiple correlation coefficient between dependent variables and independent ones which is R = 0.853 at P< 0.01 significance level. Therefore, there is a significant correlation between rural development levels and independent variables (impact of the city) with 99 percont confidence. Adjusted R Square = 0.694, which It means that 69.4 percent of the variance in rural development levels has been determined by ten independent variables. Hence, the impact of Zahedan city as a generative city on rural development levels is examined.
Conclusion
Zahedan is a primate city up to a radius of 900 km. in Iran. Despite a modest primate city, Zahedan's economy and functional impact is much bigger than its size. Zahedan region is more than a developing region, because 45.6 percent of villages are in the developing category, 26.7 percent villages are in the developed category, and 27.7 percent villages in are in the deprived one. Out of 15 independent variables, 10 variables had a positive significant correlation with the Levels of Rural Development (LRD). The other 5 independent variables indicate not significant correlation on the LRD. It means that, these variables have indirect impact on the LRD in the region. The multiple correlation coefficients among them also show a positive significant correlation with R square adjusted 0.694. Hence, the impact of Zahedan city on the LRD is positive and generative with 69.4 per cent. Among the major component effects, the most important ones were the politico-administrative component effects or the government role with the number of official branches in the village and economic component effects with number of rural loan borrowers and the number of rural inhabitants with bank accounts variables. Hence, the results of this components show that the government has the main role in steering the villages which are deprived in rural development.
For optimizing the results of positive impact of city, it is suggested that the planners while making rural development and plans, should pay relatively more attention to the impact of government and economic factors. Rural development needs to open interest free rural development banks with Islamic System in few nodal villages to mobilize the capital flow in their respective nodal regions. Emphasis should be put on improving educational levels with priority on professional training and workshops in the nodal villages. This will create new capacities of work force for the regional development and planning. Rural development oriented government at policies need to invest more by the government in big employment generative projects in the region and encourage the entrepreneurs for taking their ideas and projects to the villages at first and then gradually absorbing the villagers. Forming and organizing of NGOs as well as expert cooperatives is necessary as well.Introduction
It this study it is attempted to find out the nature of relationships between rural-urban linkages by statistical analysis regarding the impact of the city on the levels of rural development. Rural-urban relationships in the developing countries have rapidly expanded in the recent decades. Because, city and village comprise an integrated system, and the development of each part of this system regardless to the other part(s) is irrational and impossible. UN-Habitat (2004) announced that Cities are engines of rural development. Many scholars and researches in Iran and abroad have emphasized on the effects of cities on rural development and they have suggested a simultaneous rural-urban planning in regional level.
Methodology
The authors have employed field survey method of inquiry. Data for the statistical analysis, were obtained from a variety of sources, primary and secondary data. Primary data generated by the questionnaires technique, case interviews and field observations. Secondary data have been obtained from the published texts and researches, governmental reports, journals, census, unpublished records, etc. of the public administration and semi- governmental agencies, as well as the internet sources. The basic analysis unit is the villages with a population of 20 households and over, which comprise 243 villages in Zahedan Township. Complex Random Sampling (in the first step, Stratified Sampling was used and in the second step, Simple Random Sampling was applied). Sample Size is 90 villages which constitutes 45 percent of the total villages.
Results
Examination of significant relationship between these variables shows that there are significant relationship between Zahedan’s economic impact and rural development levels in the region either in Spearman's test (R= 0.403, Sig = 0.000) or Kendall’s tau-b test(R= 0.376, Sig = 0.000). On this basis, relationships are at the 99 percent confidence level for both the tests. These correlations are in the medium level and a kind of positive i.e., wherever the degree of economic factor of Zahedan city with rural areas have been more, those villages have been in higher level of rural development. Out of 6 variables of this factor, 3ones have significant relationships others have not. It means that 3 variables cause direct impacts and 3 variables cause indirect impacts. Examination of significant relationship between Zahedan’s impact of socio-cultural factor and rural development levels reveals that there are positive significant relationships between them with 99 percent confidence level for both the tests. It means that, wherever the degree of socio-cultural factor connections of Zahedan city with rural areas have been higher, the corresponding villages have been in the higher level of rural development. Out of 5 variables of this factor, 4 variables form significant relationships and only one of them does not so. It means that 4 variables have direct impact and 1 variable has indirect impact. Examination of significant relationship between Zahedan’s politico- administrative factors impact and rural development levels reveals that there are significant relationships between in 99 percent confidence level for both the tests. It means that, the more degree of administrative factor connections of Zahedan city with rural areas, the higher level of rural development. Out of 4 variables of this factor, 3 variables have significant positive relationships with rural development levels. Multiple linear regression has been used for multiple correlation coefficient between dependent variables and independent ones which is R = 0.853 at P< 0.01 significance level. Therefore, there is a significant correlation between rural development levels and independent variables (impact of the city) with 99 percont confidence. Adjusted R Square = 0.694, which It means that 69.4 percent of the variance in rural development levels has been determined by ten independent variables. Hence, the impact of Zahedan city as a generative city on rural development levels is examined.
Conclusion
Zahedan is a primate city up to a radius of 900 km. in Iran. Despite a modest primate city, Zahedan's economy and functional impact is much bigger than its size. Zahedan region is more than a developing region, because 45.6 percent of villages are in the developing category, 26.7 percent villages are in the developed category, and 27.7 percent villages in are in the deprived one. Out of 15 independent variables, 10 variables had a positive significant correlation with the Levels of Rural Development (LRD). The other 5 independent variables indicate not significant correlation on the LRD. It means that, these variables have indirect impact on the LRD in the region. The multiple correlation coefficients among them also show a positive significant correlation with R square adjusted 0.694. Hence, the impact of Zahedan city on the LRD is positive and generative with 69.4 per cent. Among the major component effects, the most important ones were the politico-administrative component effects or the government role with the number of official branches in the village and economic component effects with number of rural loan borrowers and the number of rural inhabitants with bank accounts variables. Hence, the results of this components show that the government has the main role in steering the villages which are deprived in rural development.
For optimizing the results of positive impact of city, it is suggested that the planners while making rural development and plans, should pay relatively more attention to the impact of government and economic factors. Rural development needs to open interest free rural development banks with Islamic System in few nodal villages to mobilize the capital flow in their respective nodal regions. Emphasis should be put on improving educational levels with priority on professional training and workshops in the nodal villages. This will create new capacities of work force for the regional development and planning. Rural development oriented government at policies need to invest more by the government in big employment generative projects in the region and encourage the entrepreneurs for taking their ideas and projects to the villages at first and then gradually absorbing the villagers. Forming and organizing of NGOs as well as expert cooperatives is necessary as well.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24726_6c275a693a0e1764550078ac710873cf.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521Analyzing the Human and Technical Factors that Affect the Level of Intensive Cultivation in the Household Farming System
(Case study: the Household Farming of Kermanshah)Analyzing the Human and Technical Factors that Affect the Level of Intensive Cultivation in the Household Farming System
(Case study: the Household Farming of Kermanshah)1471762472710.22059/jrur.2012.24727FAMehdiTalebMohsenEbrahimpoorShapoorSalmanvandiJournal ArticleIntroduction
Agriculture has a long-time connection with living in village. Agriculture is constituted the most important part of Iran’s economy. It constitutes about ¼ of GDP and 30 percent of employed peoples who work in agriculture-related activities. Green revolution has had positive effects, though it has faced with issues such as equality and continuity and endurance of land ownership that in turn, needs a new phase of research and development in agriculture. Prior to the land improvements, the major land owners had had 56 percent of ownership of whole of the agricultural lands in their hands; that figure did included 34 percent of all villages of the country. Meager owners, with 41/ 93 percent, were living while they had had just 10/13 percent of ownership of whole agricultural lands of the country. Meanwhile, land ownership was the main source of political power in Iran but after the land improvements, farmer households had had 36 percent of whole agricultural lands. During the 1970s and 1980s when many of Asian countries went through industrialization and urbanization rapidly, small farms were regarded as barriers to Is process. According to some studies, however, it was found out that small farms had had more productivity than big ones. This study tries to find out the answers to 4 questions: Is there any correlation between increasing the level of education of farmers and intensive method of agriculture? Is there any relationship between the household aspect of farmers as working forces and intensive cultivation? It is correct that the tendency toward modernization will lead to intensive cultivation? Is there any relationship between using technology and facilities and intensive cultivation?
Methodology
This study is among applied and developmental researches; given the phases and the goals of the study, it uses the survey method. In this respect, 340 questionnaires were distributed among farmers, then after data collection using SPSS software, the relationship between variables was tested within 4 hypotheses. Firstly, RRA method was used for collecting preliminary data, then collected data were analyzed and the questionnaires were designed. Statistical population included 2000 farmers of Kermanshah; 322 farmers were selected as sample population via Cochran formula. In order to avoiding the error and to increase the accuracy of choosing the sample population, that figure increased to 340 farmers. In the study, Content Validity (especially Face Validity) has been used. After designing the questionnaires and involving measures for research indicators, the questionnaires were analyzed by the experts. They stated their views after analyzing and matching the obtained measures with the indicators and observing the context of the research. The views of the experts along with societal and cultural characteristics of the studied region gave birth to the final questionnaire. For evaluating the validity of questionnaire, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient has been used. Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.63 that represents internal correlation between the measures and the studied indicator in a considerable level.
Findings
T Test has been used to testify the hypotheses of the research. The findings show a significant (99 percent) relationship the between the level of education of farmers, scale of using the agricultural facilities and technology, the level tendency toward modernization, the household aspect of farmers, and the level of intensive cultivation. Regression analysis also showed that the variables of tendency toward modernization, scale of using the agricultural facilities and technology, and the household aspect of farmers constitute the 0.55 variance of the level of intensive cultivation. The amount of multitude coefficient of correlation is 0.63 and it shows a significant correlation between the significant variables in regression equation and the variable of intensive cultivation. Standard coefficient of correlation showed the most correlation (0.507) between the household aspect or labor force and the intensive cultivation level, and the least correlation (0.23) is occurred in the level of education of farmers. The high Beta of household factor as the most important one in this regression equation shows the importance of labor force in the process of intensive cultivation. The interesting point, however, was that the variable of the education level had lost its significance compared with other effective variables in the process of intensive cultivation, while the other variables have had a significant correlation with the level of intensive cultivation, in addition to the analytical power of regression model, that also finally shows which variables with which degree had effected on dependent variable. According to the coefficients of standardized Betas of independent variables, it could be observed that the household aspect, the level of tendency toward modernization in agricultural affairs, and the level of using the modern technology of agriculture have had the greatest effects on the explanation of the dependent variable, the level of intensive cultivation.
Conclusion
The growth in the agriculture section with the focus on household farmers in the villages has always been a precondition for agricultural and rural development. Moreover, the household unit of farming and its maintenance as an organizational unit can help to agricultural and rural development. The results of the study showed that labor force and the use of modern technologies of agriculture were significant as the factors in process of intensive cultivation. The outcomes of these two factors, the increasing of labor force and technology livelihood, should be implied in the intensive cultivation.Introduction
Agriculture has a long-time connection with living in village. Agriculture is constituted the most important part of Iran’s economy. It constitutes about ¼ of GDP and 30 percent of employed peoples who work in agriculture-related activities. Green revolution has had positive effects, though it has faced with issues such as equality and continuity and endurance of land ownership that in turn, needs a new phase of research and development in agriculture. Prior to the land improvements, the major land owners had had 56 percent of ownership of whole of the agricultural lands in their hands; that figure did included 34 percent of all villages of the country. Meager owners, with 41/ 93 percent, were living while they had had just 10/13 percent of ownership of whole agricultural lands of the country. Meanwhile, land ownership was the main source of political power in Iran but after the land improvements, farmer households had had 36 percent of whole agricultural lands. During the 1970s and 1980s when many of Asian countries went through industrialization and urbanization rapidly, small farms were regarded as barriers to Is process. According to some studies, however, it was found out that small farms had had more productivity than big ones. This study tries to find out the answers to 4 questions: Is there any correlation between increasing the level of education of farmers and intensive method of agriculture? Is there any relationship between the household aspect of farmers as working forces and intensive cultivation? It is correct that the tendency toward modernization will lead to intensive cultivation? Is there any relationship between using technology and facilities and intensive cultivation?
Methodology
This study is among applied and developmental researches; given the phases and the goals of the study, it uses the survey method. In this respect, 340 questionnaires were distributed among farmers, then after data collection using SPSS software, the relationship between variables was tested within 4 hypotheses. Firstly, RRA method was used for collecting preliminary data, then collected data were analyzed and the questionnaires were designed. Statistical population included 2000 farmers of Kermanshah; 322 farmers were selected as sample population via Cochran formula. In order to avoiding the error and to increase the accuracy of choosing the sample population, that figure increased to 340 farmers. In the study, Content Validity (especially Face Validity) has been used. After designing the questionnaires and involving measures for research indicators, the questionnaires were analyzed by the experts. They stated their views after analyzing and matching the obtained measures with the indicators and observing the context of the research. The views of the experts along with societal and cultural characteristics of the studied region gave birth to the final questionnaire. For evaluating the validity of questionnaire, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient has been used. Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.63 that represents internal correlation between the measures and the studied indicator in a considerable level.
Findings
T Test has been used to testify the hypotheses of the research. The findings show a significant (99 percent) relationship the between the level of education of farmers, scale of using the agricultural facilities and technology, the level tendency toward modernization, the household aspect of farmers, and the level of intensive cultivation. Regression analysis also showed that the variables of tendency toward modernization, scale of using the agricultural facilities and technology, and the household aspect of farmers constitute the 0.55 variance of the level of intensive cultivation. The amount of multitude coefficient of correlation is 0.63 and it shows a significant correlation between the significant variables in regression equation and the variable of intensive cultivation. Standard coefficient of correlation showed the most correlation (0.507) between the household aspect or labor force and the intensive cultivation level, and the least correlation (0.23) is occurred in the level of education of farmers. The high Beta of household factor as the most important one in this regression equation shows the importance of labor force in the process of intensive cultivation. The interesting point, however, was that the variable of the education level had lost its significance compared with other effective variables in the process of intensive cultivation, while the other variables have had a significant correlation with the level of intensive cultivation, in addition to the analytical power of regression model, that also finally shows which variables with which degree had effected on dependent variable. According to the coefficients of standardized Betas of independent variables, it could be observed that the household aspect, the level of tendency toward modernization in agricultural affairs, and the level of using the modern technology of agriculture have had the greatest effects on the explanation of the dependent variable, the level of intensive cultivation.
Conclusion
The growth in the agriculture section with the focus on household farmers in the villages has always been a precondition for agricultural and rural development. Moreover, the household unit of farming and its maintenance as an organizational unit can help to agricultural and rural development. The results of the study showed that labor force and the use of modern technologies of agriculture were significant as the factors in process of intensive cultivation. The outcomes of these two factors, the increasing of labor force and technology livelihood, should be implied in the intensive cultivation.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24727_91d34433e0793908f20c5e6fdbcba61c.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521A Comparative Analysis of the Iranian Land Tenure Systems in pre 1962 Land Reform; Kurdistan Tenure System versus BonehA Comparative Analysis of the Iranian Land Tenure Systems in pre 1962 Land Reform; Kurdistan Tenure System versus Boneh1771982472810.22059/jrur.2012.24728FAHamidAbdollahianSarvehFatahiJournal ArticleIntroduction
Generally speaking, this article offers a critical analysis of the land tenure systems in Iran with an emphasis on land tenure system in Kurdistan and prior to the land reform in 1962. The objective of this article is to address the contradictory narratives that have taken shape regarding the geographical boundaries of Boneh in Iran. This is an attempt to offer a new and fundamental analytical alternative compared the existing literature, about the pre-capitalist land tenure systems in Iran. The article then attempts to provide a more comprehensive insight regarding the nature of the Bonehs, their variants and their characteristics exactly as they represented collective land tenure system. This system was the dominant land tenure system prior to the land reform of 1962 more known as Muzare-eh or sharecropping system. The Kurdistan's land tenure system is also compared with Bonehs which is known as a collective tenure system in Iran sometimes known as Muzare-eh.
The authors claim here that Kurdistan's Muzare-eh system used to be different from Bonehs or its variants; nevertheless the plausibility of this claim require them to answer the question of how it could have been neglected by the existing literature that claim it was also a variant of Boneh. The authors think that answering such a question generates an epistemological gap between what they know about Iran and what they assume knowing about Kurdistan, while they collected ample evidence that indicate we don't know much about Kurdistan's land tenure system. The bigger issue is revealed where The authors came to learn about many literatures on rural development that have been produced based on the assumption that Kurdistan's sharecropping is also a variant of Boneh. Lambton, for example, studied land tenure system in Hasanabad village near Sanandaj (Kurdistan Prouince) in which she discussed the mode of division of crop among landlords and peasants. The authors launched an explorative study that helped them to her its findings for establishing a new argument on rural Kurdistan. This preliminary study motivated the second round of their study on other parts of Kurdistan. Parts of this study are presented in this paper.
Methodology
In order to introduce a more thorough and different knowledge on land tenure system in Kurdistan of pre-land reform, the authors assumed a socio-historical approach with a reliance on compiling historical documents as narratives. Such narrative could contribute to rereading historical specificities of land tenure system in Kurdistan. This approach was first introduced by Hayden White in his ‘Content of the Form’ in which he argues about how historical events cannot be, in themselves, represented but first need to be taken out of their discursive reflections and be reconstructed as narratives. These narratives can, in turn, be treated as historical evidence and when they are put together they can help the researchers to extract a more realistic understanding and knowledge about past history than the discursive versions of describing historical phenomena.
Comparative historical research has also been chosen as a research method. The qualitative data including the narratives were gathered by documentary studies and through semi-intensive and semi-structured field interviews with the traditional and experienced landlords. These data were first classified in accordance with such elements as what the landlords said about Mozare-eh system to exist in various parts of Kurdistan; how the crop was decided and how the landlord participated in cultivation of land and who contributed what to the production process And then these materials have been analyzed based on the question of whether they addressed the existence of two different types of tenure systems; i.e. Kurdistan type and Mozare-eh (Boneh).
In the end the data were collected from 23 interviews with landlords. As the authors went further through selecting more landlords they figured out that the content of the information provided by the new interviews were becoming repetitive, and where they felt there was a kind of saturation and we decided to stop collecting further data from interviews.
Results
Describing the specificities of land tenure systems both in Iran, in general, and in Kurdistan in Particular, The authors realized that the sharecropping system used to be the prevalent and the dominant form of tenure system across Iran. However, and in contrast to Lambton’s claims and other scholars who claim Boneh was the dominant form in Kurdistan, The authors discovered a different type of sharecropping existed in Kurdistan that functioned based on crop sharing but the labor process was less torturous and more beneficial to the peasants.
Conclusion
The results indicated that land tenure system based on Mozare-eh (sharecropping) has had many variations across the country but various scholars have presented them in identical forms. We Hawever, the authors have indicated that these variations have not been addressed properly by existing literature. Probably Safinejad’s account of where and how Bonehs functioned is a more plausible reliable account than that of Farhadi and Lambton. Also it is worth mentioning that absentee landlordism never occurred in Kurdistand as it did in areas where Bonehs were dominant. Accordingly extraction of surplus product did not take shape as it did in Boneh-dominated areas. This means class formation in Boneh-dominated areas followed the rules that were formed based on absentee landlordism. For example, the numbers of classes in Boneh dominated areas were higher than the number of classes that the authors came to know existing in Kurdistan. Middle men and solicitors were close to nonexistent in this province. Having considered such characteristics, this paper provides a more realistic account of socio-historic characteristics surrounding land tenure system in Iran. It was not a feudal istic type now of production, but it was an Asian one. It simply developed out of necessities of a patrimonial system that was inherited from Achaemenid era but was reconstructed based on Islamic rules after the 642 BC.Introduction
Generally speaking, this article offers a critical analysis of the land tenure systems in Iran with an emphasis on land tenure system in Kurdistan and prior to the land reform in 1962. The objective of this article is to address the contradictory narratives that have taken shape regarding the geographical boundaries of Boneh in Iran. This is an attempt to offer a new and fundamental analytical alternative compared the existing literature, about the pre-capitalist land tenure systems in Iran. The article then attempts to provide a more comprehensive insight regarding the nature of the Bonehs, their variants and their characteristics exactly as they represented collective land tenure system. This system was the dominant land tenure system prior to the land reform of 1962 more known as Muzare-eh or sharecropping system. The Kurdistan's land tenure system is also compared with Bonehs which is known as a collective tenure system in Iran sometimes known as Muzare-eh.
The authors claim here that Kurdistan's Muzare-eh system used to be different from Bonehs or its variants; nevertheless the plausibility of this claim require them to answer the question of how it could have been neglected by the existing literature that claim it was also a variant of Boneh. The authors think that answering such a question generates an epistemological gap between what they know about Iran and what they assume knowing about Kurdistan, while they collected ample evidence that indicate we don't know much about Kurdistan's land tenure system. The bigger issue is revealed where The authors came to learn about many literatures on rural development that have been produced based on the assumption that Kurdistan's sharecropping is also a variant of Boneh. Lambton, for example, studied land tenure system in Hasanabad village near Sanandaj (Kurdistan Prouince) in which she discussed the mode of division of crop among landlords and peasants. The authors launched an explorative study that helped them to her its findings for establishing a new argument on rural Kurdistan. This preliminary study motivated the second round of their study on other parts of Kurdistan. Parts of this study are presented in this paper.
Methodology
In order to introduce a more thorough and different knowledge on land tenure system in Kurdistan of pre-land reform, the authors assumed a socio-historical approach with a reliance on compiling historical documents as narratives. Such narrative could contribute to rereading historical specificities of land tenure system in Kurdistan. This approach was first introduced by Hayden White in his ‘Content of the Form’ in which he argues about how historical events cannot be, in themselves, represented but first need to be taken out of their discursive reflections and be reconstructed as narratives. These narratives can, in turn, be treated as historical evidence and when they are put together they can help the researchers to extract a more realistic understanding and knowledge about past history than the discursive versions of describing historical phenomena.
Comparative historical research has also been chosen as a research method. The qualitative data including the narratives were gathered by documentary studies and through semi-intensive and semi-structured field interviews with the traditional and experienced landlords. These data were first classified in accordance with such elements as what the landlords said about Mozare-eh system to exist in various parts of Kurdistan; how the crop was decided and how the landlord participated in cultivation of land and who contributed what to the production process And then these materials have been analyzed based on the question of whether they addressed the existence of two different types of tenure systems; i.e. Kurdistan type and Mozare-eh (Boneh).
In the end the data were collected from 23 interviews with landlords. As the authors went further through selecting more landlords they figured out that the content of the information provided by the new interviews were becoming repetitive, and where they felt there was a kind of saturation and we decided to stop collecting further data from interviews.
Results
Describing the specificities of land tenure systems both in Iran, in general, and in Kurdistan in Particular, The authors realized that the sharecropping system used to be the prevalent and the dominant form of tenure system across Iran. However, and in contrast to Lambton’s claims and other scholars who claim Boneh was the dominant form in Kurdistan, The authors discovered a different type of sharecropping existed in Kurdistan that functioned based on crop sharing but the labor process was less torturous and more beneficial to the peasants.
Conclusion
The results indicated that land tenure system based on Mozare-eh (sharecropping) has had many variations across the country but various scholars have presented them in identical forms. We Hawever, the authors have indicated that these variations have not been addressed properly by existing literature. Probably Safinejad’s account of where and how Bonehs functioned is a more plausible reliable account than that of Farhadi and Lambton. Also it is worth mentioning that absentee landlordism never occurred in Kurdistand as it did in areas where Bonehs were dominant. Accordingly extraction of surplus product did not take shape as it did in Boneh-dominated areas. This means class formation in Boneh-dominated areas followed the rules that were formed based on absentee landlordism. For example, the numbers of classes in Boneh dominated areas were higher than the number of classes that the authors came to know existing in Kurdistan. Middle men and solicitors were close to nonexistent in this province. Having considered such characteristics, this paper provides a more realistic account of socio-historic characteristics surrounding land tenure system in Iran. It was not a feudal istic type now of production, but it was an Asian one. It simply developed out of necessities of a patrimonial system that was inherited from Achaemenid era but was reconstructed based on Islamic rules after the 642 BC.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24728_ebe44c013549fd1a935942582bea7b80.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521Studying the Effective Factors on Participation of Rural People in Watershed Plans of Khomarak Basin (Case study: Deh Jalal village)Studying the Effective Factors on Participation of Rural People in Watershed Plans of Khomarak Basin (Case study: Deh Jalal village)1992212472910.22059/jrur.2012.24729FARoohollahRezaeiElhamVedadiKhadijeMehrdoostJournal ArticleIntroduction
In the recent years for achieving development in different countries, various theories have been presented, but nearly all the experts and scholars emphasize the necessity and importance of attention to human resources and active participation of people in the development process, as one of the main ways of internalization the development. Participation of the people particularly in the rural regions in the various development programs, including watershed plans, leads to increasing of capability and suitable use of available facilities and resources in the basin areas. Several studies have shown that if the plans and projects perform without involving and participation of the local people, they will not accept the responsibility for maintaining those plans and will not attempt to eliminate their disadvantages and shortcomings. In the other words, rural people increase largely the efficiency of the activities and plans by involving theirselves in the watershed projects and plans. Worldwide experiences suggest that more watershed projects have faced with defeat and failure because the farmers and locals have not participated in the different stages of planning, implementation and evaluation of the projects. However, considering the importance of rural people participation in the watershed projects and activities, it seems that investigation and identification of the effective factor on participation in such activities is are key steps in achieving and improving the real participation of people. Regarding the importance of this fact, the main purpose of this survey has been studying of effective factors on participation of rural people in watershed plans in Deh Jalal village.
Methodology
The method degy of the study in terms of the nature, rate and degree of control; and the method of data collection was quantitative, non-experimental and field research, respectively. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the heads of household in Deh Jalal village (N= 178). According to Morgan & Krejcie table, 120 persons amang them were selected by Simple Random Sampling for doing the study (n=120). the questionnaires were used for collecting the data. A panel of experts in the field of participation and rural development established the validity of the questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument. Cronbach alpha's coefficients for the main scales of questionnaires including rural people participation rate in the watershed plans, rural people attitudes towards watershed plans, rural people familiarity level with watershed plans and rural people views towards the importance of each of the participation barriers in the watershed plans were 0.82, 0.76, 0.98 and 0.78, respectively. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSSWin18 software. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and coefficient variation) and inferential statistics (including regression analysis) were used. According to the results, "other rural people" has been the most important respondents’ familiar channel with watershed plans.
Results
The descriptive results revealed that in total, participation of respondents in different stages of planning, implementation and evaluation of watershed plans was at the very low and low level. Also, the results showed that in spite of low level of respondents’ familiarity with watershed plans, they have positive attitudes towards the plans. Based on the results, the most important barriers of rural people participation in watershed plans were including: low level of rural people awareness on watershed plans, lack of suitable information systems to local people awareness on watershed activities, lack of adequate accessibility to credit facilities and government supports and having no sufficient financial ability to participation in the watershed plans. Based on regression analysis, 63% variances of dependent variable of participation of rural people in watershed plans were explained by the four variables: the level of the respondents’ familiarity with watershed plans, the respondents’ attitudes towards watershed plans, and their literacy level and agricultural work experiences of the respondents.
Conclusion
According to the main findings of the survey, some suggestions were presented in order to increase the rural people participation in the watershed activities and projects: 1) Providing information to rural people on different aspects of watershed plans through various extension methods and mechanisms such as preparation and distribution of posters, brochures and other printed materials, preparation and conducting the radio and television programs and educational films, conducting the meetings, workshops and training courses and similar things; 2) providing financial facilities and low-interest loans to rural people through the Agricultural Bank and other relevant institutions to support the villagers to sustainable participation in the watershed plans; and 3) Conducting the several consultative meetings with the rural people and taking their opinions before doing any action in the various stages of planning, implementation and evaluation of watershed plans.Introduction
In the recent years for achieving development in different countries, various theories have been presented, but nearly all the experts and scholars emphasize the necessity and importance of attention to human resources and active participation of people in the development process, as one of the main ways of internalization the development. Participation of the people particularly in the rural regions in the various development programs, including watershed plans, leads to increasing of capability and suitable use of available facilities and resources in the basin areas. Several studies have shown that if the plans and projects perform without involving and participation of the local people, they will not accept the responsibility for maintaining those plans and will not attempt to eliminate their disadvantages and shortcomings. In the other words, rural people increase largely the efficiency of the activities and plans by involving theirselves in the watershed projects and plans. Worldwide experiences suggest that more watershed projects have faced with defeat and failure because the farmers and locals have not participated in the different stages of planning, implementation and evaluation of the projects. However, considering the importance of rural people participation in the watershed projects and activities, it seems that investigation and identification of the effective factor on participation in such activities is are key steps in achieving and improving the real participation of people. Regarding the importance of this fact, the main purpose of this survey has been studying of effective factors on participation of rural people in watershed plans in Deh Jalal village.
Methodology
The method degy of the study in terms of the nature, rate and degree of control; and the method of data collection was quantitative, non-experimental and field research, respectively. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the heads of household in Deh Jalal village (N= 178). According to Morgan & Krejcie table, 120 persons amang them were selected by Simple Random Sampling for doing the study (n=120). the questionnaires were used for collecting the data. A panel of experts in the field of participation and rural development established the validity of the questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument. Cronbach alpha's coefficients for the main scales of questionnaires including rural people participation rate in the watershed plans, rural people attitudes towards watershed plans, rural people familiarity level with watershed plans and rural people views towards the importance of each of the participation barriers in the watershed plans were 0.82, 0.76, 0.98 and 0.78, respectively. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSSWin18 software. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and coefficient variation) and inferential statistics (including regression analysis) were used. According to the results, "other rural people" has been the most important respondents’ familiar channel with watershed plans.
Results
The descriptive results revealed that in total, participation of respondents in different stages of planning, implementation and evaluation of watershed plans was at the very low and low level. Also, the results showed that in spite of low level of respondents’ familiarity with watershed plans, they have positive attitudes towards the plans. Based on the results, the most important barriers of rural people participation in watershed plans were including: low level of rural people awareness on watershed plans, lack of suitable information systems to local people awareness on watershed activities, lack of adequate accessibility to credit facilities and government supports and having no sufficient financial ability to participation in the watershed plans. Based on regression analysis, 63% variances of dependent variable of participation of rural people in watershed plans were explained by the four variables: the level of the respondents’ familiarity with watershed plans, the respondents’ attitudes towards watershed plans, and their literacy level and agricultural work experiences of the respondents.
Conclusion
According to the main findings of the survey, some suggestions were presented in order to increase the rural people participation in the watershed activities and projects: 1) Providing information to rural people on different aspects of watershed plans through various extension methods and mechanisms such as preparation and distribution of posters, brochures and other printed materials, preparation and conducting the radio and television programs and educational films, conducting the meetings, workshops and training courses and similar things; 2) providing financial facilities and low-interest loans to rural people through the Agricultural Bank and other relevant institutions to support the villagers to sustainable participation in the watershed plans; and 3) Conducting the several consultative meetings with the rural people and taking their opinions before doing any action in the various stages of planning, implementation and evaluation of watershed plans.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24729_1c88233ac30debaa338e6961c8bfaa14.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73733920120521Presenting an Appropriate Method for Classification The Villages with Rural Planning GoalsPresenting an Appropriate Method for Classification The Villages with Rural Planning Goals2232442473010.22059/jrur.2012.24730FARezaMostofialmamalekiJournal ArticleIntroduction
In Geography science and the related fields, grouping and classification of factors for heavy homogenous and non homogenous families is necessary. As a whole in total studies especially those of urban and rural, for better understanding of existing features, their reasons and olataining suitable results and finally providing the best approaches, the grouping of inputs and statistical family is necessary. Such works are very important in Iran with more than 62000 villages and hamlets that are distributed on the vast area of the country with different physical conditions, or in the India that there are more than 300000 villages located these. In this research the authers tried to provide a suitable and scientific method based on a quantitative plan from famous American scientist, Walter Rostow, with four effective systems on a geographical area, both a province or a country; and a region, and the authers didnot apply the old methods and plans that gust compares the areas only, despite in the professional studies about villages and rural Geography, the villages are not classified by any scientific methodology. In such Suggestive Approach, the total Basis of Physical conditions, Social factors, Economic forces and political factors that are dominated on the Region and are effective on the whole of subject of a Rural Region and villages are Notable for the Researchers. The above mentioned factors are determining the Rate of Physical, Social, Cultural and economic developments of a village or a Rural Region.
Methodology
The methodology of this article is mainly experimental - analytic and the type of Research is Applied-Developmental. To provide and receive data and statistical items, the authors used professional Authorities, Internet sites, bibliopolic Information and official software are used to reach the Aimed Results. Sometimes they overe obliged to study precisely for ware exact results, used statistical application forms as Field study. The aims of the subject are as fallows:
1-obtaining a suitable quantitative Method for grouping of villages especially In Iran.
2- Recognizing this fact that rural problems are not only related to physical conditions; and they are not the main reasons for causing rural problems.
3- Understanding the social factors Knowing how and the Role of Revolution of society in developing.
4- political programs and decision - makings are affected in deformation and grouping of villages and hamlets.
5- Unification and cooperation of geographic factors for a scientific classification of villages, by using the W-Rostow plan.
6-Rural Economy is the most important Factor of Rural conditions in present and Future time, so Economic Factors must be used as Economic system, Because two title Namely: Economy and Development are among the main factors for developing the rural Regions.
Results
Regarding the main objectives of this research, Rural development and Rural Planning, are the main and the most important ones. Off course classification of villages and Hamlets that are Located on a geographical Region must be done at the and such classification must be done on the base of suitable and real plans and Indicators. Moreover, there is a Suggestion to avoid using only statics or comparative factors as: population size, Shape, Type of village, location, kind of water Resources, ownerships, land, Special Production, and so on. When the authors grouped a Big Rural family to some level or some Groups, then they can give whole of Specifications of some village in a group to total village located on that group. The suggestive scientific approach for classification would be resulting to facts about Facilities and potentials Exist in a village, vice versa must be showing and determining the challenges and some difficulties that cover that village. Hence classification of villages Based on Walter Rostow’s plan is Best Approach that we can use four Systems that have been introduced. Geographers can obtain the best Results with needed Analysis. In this Approach (Method) as usual, some statistic tables must be provided at first step. These tables are as fallows: 1- Privileging physical system. 2: Pririleging social system. Table 3: Privileging Economic system, and 4: Privileging political system. In second step with Regard to Each Important factors, for example in social system: Density of population, Mean of population, sex and Age rates and migrations from village to cities are noted. The Movement of population to outside of villages and rural areas is very important and acts as a serious Factor, because it’s trend with cause to uninhabitating villages, and unusable the natural resources such as: soils and waters.
Conclusion
By Giving Points to Each of these Factors in four systems, Researchers considered some points. Then with Regard to total points from 4 tables, a Mathematic Indicator has been drawn at the second step. The vertical Axis of indicator Allocate to Levels of Development of villages and Horizontal Axis to time units that are Decade. The Levels of Rural Development are: primitive traditional village, pre Take off Period, Take off Period and Finally Developed village respectively. The time units Determine that in each decade and Exactly in Each year developme nt has been occured. For example a village was at Pre take off period 26 years ago and it Reached to complete Development in ten years and finally has thans formed to a small city in present time. For showing those periods of Development, one can use some colours or sings in the Indicator. For Example the awthers selected and studied the period of Development in Robate poshet Badam village, that is located at Eastern part of Yazd province. This village with a population about 3000 is the center village in Robatat County. It condists about 15 Main villages and more than 50 Hamlets. Nowadays this village is nearly a classic developed and mature village and is shown in the first Level in classification of this Rural Area.Introduction
In Geography science and the related fields, grouping and classification of factors for heavy homogenous and non homogenous families is necessary. As a whole in total studies especially those of urban and rural, for better understanding of existing features, their reasons and olataining suitable results and finally providing the best approaches, the grouping of inputs and statistical family is necessary. Such works are very important in Iran with more than 62000 villages and hamlets that are distributed on the vast area of the country with different physical conditions, or in the India that there are more than 300000 villages located these. In this research the authers tried to provide a suitable and scientific method based on a quantitative plan from famous American scientist, Walter Rostow, with four effective systems on a geographical area, both a province or a country; and a region, and the authers didnot apply the old methods and plans that gust compares the areas only, despite in the professional studies about villages and rural Geography, the villages are not classified by any scientific methodology. In such Suggestive Approach, the total Basis of Physical conditions, Social factors, Economic forces and political factors that are dominated on the Region and are effective on the whole of subject of a Rural Region and villages are Notable for the Researchers. The above mentioned factors are determining the Rate of Physical, Social, Cultural and economic developments of a village or a Rural Region.
Methodology
The methodology of this article is mainly experimental - analytic and the type of Research is Applied-Developmental. To provide and receive data and statistical items, the authors used professional Authorities, Internet sites, bibliopolic Information and official software are used to reach the Aimed Results. Sometimes they overe obliged to study precisely for ware exact results, used statistical application forms as Field study. The aims of the subject are as fallows:
1-obtaining a suitable quantitative Method for grouping of villages especially In Iran.
2- Recognizing this fact that rural problems are not only related to physical conditions; and they are not the main reasons for causing rural problems.
3- Understanding the social factors Knowing how and the Role of Revolution of society in developing.
4- political programs and decision - makings are affected in deformation and grouping of villages and hamlets.
5- Unification and cooperation of geographic factors for a scientific classification of villages, by using the W-Rostow plan.
6-Rural Economy is the most important Factor of Rural conditions in present and Future time, so Economic Factors must be used as Economic system, Because two title Namely: Economy and Development are among the main factors for developing the rural Regions.
Results
Regarding the main objectives of this research, Rural development and Rural Planning, are the main and the most important ones. Off course classification of villages and Hamlets that are Located on a geographical Region must be done at the and such classification must be done on the base of suitable and real plans and Indicators. Moreover, there is a Suggestion to avoid using only statics or comparative factors as: population size, Shape, Type of village, location, kind of water Resources, ownerships, land, Special Production, and so on. When the authors grouped a Big Rural family to some level or some Groups, then they can give whole of Specifications of some village in a group to total village located on that group. The suggestive scientific approach for classification would be resulting to facts about Facilities and potentials Exist in a village, vice versa must be showing and determining the challenges and some difficulties that cover that village. Hence classification of villages Based on Walter Rostow’s plan is Best Approach that we can use four Systems that have been introduced. Geographers can obtain the best Results with needed Analysis. In this Approach (Method) as usual, some statistic tables must be provided at first step. These tables are as fallows: 1- Privileging physical system. 2: Pririleging social system. Table 3: Privileging Economic system, and 4: Privileging political system. In second step with Regard to Each Important factors, for example in social system: Density of population, Mean of population, sex and Age rates and migrations from village to cities are noted. The Movement of population to outside of villages and rural areas is very important and acts as a serious Factor, because it’s trend with cause to uninhabitating villages, and unusable the natural resources such as: soils and waters.
Conclusion
By Giving Points to Each of these Factors in four systems, Researchers considered some points. Then with Regard to total points from 4 tables, a Mathematic Indicator has been drawn at the second step. The vertical Axis of indicator Allocate to Levels of Development of villages and Horizontal Axis to time units that are Decade. The Levels of Rural Development are: primitive traditional village, pre Take off Period, Take off Period and Finally Developed village respectively. The time units Determine that in each decade and Exactly in Each year developme nt has been occured. For example a village was at Pre take off period 26 years ago and it Reached to complete Development in ten years and finally has thans formed to a small city in present time. For showing those periods of Development, one can use some colours or sings in the Indicator. For Example the awthers selected and studied the period of Development in Robate poshet Badam village, that is located at Eastern part of Yazd province. This village with a population about 3000 is the center village in Robatat County. It condists about 15 Main villages and more than 50 Hamlets. Nowadays this village is nearly a classic developed and mature village and is shown in the first Level in classification of this Rural Area.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_24730_5bf23052a73a9ccd5f3d5d82b4ba148a.pdf