Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321The Role of Drought Risk Management Approach in Reducing Social – Economic Vulnerability of Farmers and Rural Regions
Case Study: Sulduz Rural District, Azarbaijan GharbiThe Role of Drought Risk Management Approach in Reducing Social – Economic Vulnerability of Farmers and Rural Regions
Case Study: Sulduz Rural District, Azarbaijan Gharbi1223196910.22059/jrur.2013.31969FAMehdiPoortaheriAssistant Prof. in Geography and Rural Planning, Tarbiat Modares UniversityAbdolrezaEftekhariAssociate Prof. in Geography and Rural Planning, Tarbiat Modares UniversityNasrinKazemiM.Sc. in Geography and Rural Planning, Tarbiat Modares UniversityJournal Article20120229Introduction
Natural hazards are indeed geophysical events, such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, flooding, etc. They have the characteristic of posing danger to the different social entities of our planet. Nevertheless, this danger is not only the result of the process per se (natural vulnerability), but also it is the result of the human systems and their associated vulnerabilities towards them (human vulnerability). Natural hazards are threatening events that if they happen and leave damages and injuries to the human population which they exposed to the risk, they are called natural disasters. The occurrence of natural hazards in every community leads to damages and injuries caused by disaster so that will lead to poverty in various dimensions. For this reason, studying the risks of these disasters has grown considerably nowadays. Consequences of natural disasters lead to physical, social and economic damages and negative impacts leave on natural and human systems body. Although we cannot completely mitigate the damages caused by natural disasters but by studying and planning in this field we can reduce their vulnerability. Vulnerability is a rank and degree that shows the power of a community against disasters. Vulnerability contains three main characteristic: expose, it means be at risk, critical and threatening conditions. Capability or the rate of access to resources in order to deal with this situation. Resilience or the ability to use resources to deal with critical consequences and outcomes. Droughts are recognized as environmental disasters and have attracted the attention of environmentalists, ecologists, hydrologists, meteorologists, geologists and agricultural scientists. Droughts occur in virtually all climatic zones, such as the areas with high and low rainfalls, and are mostly related to the reduction in the amount of precipitation received over an extended period of time. Droughts produce a complex web of impacts that span many sectors of the society, including economy and may reach well beyond the area experiencing a drought. It is among the most important natural hazards in Iran, because the country is located in the Earth the desert belt. According to the United Nations report, Iran is one of the most critical countries which will be involved water shortages in the future. Agriculture is among the most important foundations of its economy and can be affected by drought. Rural communities' severities are influenced by climatic conditions. Limited economic of water value, increasing of demand value with population growth and its high consumption in agriculture to other sectors lead to emerging problem of water shortage. This problem has attracted the attention of many experts. During recent years this issue has became more important, because Iran has been faced with frequent droughts.
Methodology
In this study, vulnerability of drought in rural communities was investigated as a central point for agriculture. Increasing the awareness about the costs of economic – social and environmental drought leading to development of an active view on drought risk management in developing countries and the developed ones. The present study is seeking reduce the vulnerability of rural farmers by management of drought risks. Therefore, at the beginning the levels of vulnerability have been studied in economical, social and environment sections.
Results
The results indicated that the economic – social factors have been among the most important ones. In order to achieve the goals, literature review and field survey methods have been used. Sulduz rural district in west Azarbaijan province was the statistical society of the study. Therefore ten villages were selected as samples. This selection was carried out considering the criteria such as the distance from the main city, information of township disasters center, type of agricultural land and population. According to Cochran formula, 300 questionnaires were filled randomly. Also in order to evaluate effects of drought risk management on decreasing of vulnerability, 30 questionnaires were filled by local governors. Data were analyzed using different statistical methods such as comparison of averages, T-test and Friedman and variance analysis in SPSS software.
Conclusion
The results of present work showed that the socio-economic factors have acted most important roles in vulnerability. Also it was found that drought risk management is an appropriate approach for reducing the vulnerability. Finally, according to theoretical concepts and field -studies, the research results showed that the drought risk management formed a proper approach in order to reduce economic and social vulnerability in the studied villages for reducing the consequences and damages of drought.Introduction
Natural hazards are indeed geophysical events, such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, flooding, etc. They have the characteristic of posing danger to the different social entities of our planet. Nevertheless, this danger is not only the result of the process per se (natural vulnerability), but also it is the result of the human systems and their associated vulnerabilities towards them (human vulnerability). Natural hazards are threatening events that if they happen and leave damages and injuries to the human population which they exposed to the risk, they are called natural disasters. The occurrence of natural hazards in every community leads to damages and injuries caused by disaster so that will lead to poverty in various dimensions. For this reason, studying the risks of these disasters has grown considerably nowadays. Consequences of natural disasters lead to physical, social and economic damages and negative impacts leave on natural and human systems body. Although we cannot completely mitigate the damages caused by natural disasters but by studying and planning in this field we can reduce their vulnerability. Vulnerability is a rank and degree that shows the power of a community against disasters. Vulnerability contains three main characteristic: expose, it means be at risk, critical and threatening conditions. Capability or the rate of access to resources in order to deal with this situation. Resilience or the ability to use resources to deal with critical consequences and outcomes. Droughts are recognized as environmental disasters and have attracted the attention of environmentalists, ecologists, hydrologists, meteorologists, geologists and agricultural scientists. Droughts occur in virtually all climatic zones, such as the areas with high and low rainfalls, and are mostly related to the reduction in the amount of precipitation received over an extended period of time. Droughts produce a complex web of impacts that span many sectors of the society, including economy and may reach well beyond the area experiencing a drought. It is among the most important natural hazards in Iran, because the country is located in the Earth the desert belt. According to the United Nations report, Iran is one of the most critical countries which will be involved water shortages in the future. Agriculture is among the most important foundations of its economy and can be affected by drought. Rural communities' severities are influenced by climatic conditions. Limited economic of water value, increasing of demand value with population growth and its high consumption in agriculture to other sectors lead to emerging problem of water shortage. This problem has attracted the attention of many experts. During recent years this issue has became more important, because Iran has been faced with frequent droughts.
Methodology
In this study, vulnerability of drought in rural communities was investigated as a central point for agriculture. Increasing the awareness about the costs of economic – social and environmental drought leading to development of an active view on drought risk management in developing countries and the developed ones. The present study is seeking reduce the vulnerability of rural farmers by management of drought risks. Therefore, at the beginning the levels of vulnerability have been studied in economical, social and environment sections.
Results
The results indicated that the economic – social factors have been among the most important ones. In order to achieve the goals, literature review and field survey methods have been used. Sulduz rural district in west Azarbaijan province was the statistical society of the study. Therefore ten villages were selected as samples. This selection was carried out considering the criteria such as the distance from the main city, information of township disasters center, type of agricultural land and population. According to Cochran formula, 300 questionnaires were filled randomly. Also in order to evaluate effects of drought risk management on decreasing of vulnerability, 30 questionnaires were filled by local governors. Data were analyzed using different statistical methods such as comparison of averages, T-test and Friedman and variance analysis in SPSS software.
Conclusion
The results of present work showed that the socio-economic factors have acted most important roles in vulnerability. Also it was found that drought risk management is an appropriate approach for reducing the vulnerability. Finally, according to theoretical concepts and field -studies, the research results showed that the drought risk management formed a proper approach in order to reduce economic and social vulnerability in the studied villages for reducing the consequences and damages of drought.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31969_28a60afcfa8df8da052c2b30b86ea839.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321The Influencing Factors on Farmers’ Behaviors and Their Reactions against the Crisis Relating to Underground Waters
(Case study: Dayer City)The Influencing Factors on Farmers’ Behaviors and Their Reactions against the Crisis Relating to Underground Waters
(Case study: Dayer City)23473197010.22059/jrur.2013.31970FABahmanKhosravipourAssistant Prof. of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ramin, AhvazSaeedMohammadzadehAssistant Prof. of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ramin, AhvazNozarMonfaredAssociate Prof. of Agricultural Scientific, Applied Education Center of BushehrOmidrezaKhosraviM.Sc. of Agricultural Extension and Education, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Ramin, AhvazMohammadrezaSoleimanpourYoung Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Pishva BranchJournal Article20120605Introduction
A group of international centers have recently paid attention to natural disasters due their effects on humans’ society, specially farmers. Drought leads to water crisis, which is among the most important natural disasters. Iran, due to its geographical and climatic situation in the temperate northern hemisphere, is always faced with water problems, like many countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Among 116 countries, Iran is the 14th. In connection with water crisis and it indicates that the quantity of water resources is not adequate. Southern areas of Iran, such as Bushehr province, encounter a critical situation, in comparison with the national average. On the other hand, the groundwater is among the reliable resources for agricultural water supply. The world's largest source of agricultural water supply is groundwater. Moreover, in Iran, about 53% of total water usage comes from groundwater supplies. In such conditions, the ability of farmers for dealing with drought is becoming progressively dictated by the resilience of their agro-ecosystems; the diversity of livelihood options; and whether or not they have access to resources. The reactions of farmers in the groundwater crisis are very effective in reducing injuries. Based on the various studies, farmers have diverse behaviors for adapting with new situations, and therefore more than 70 mechanisms which are used by farmers, have been identified in this regard. Generally the mechanisms of drought adaptation include very complex strategies to overcome basic needs for short or long periods.
Methodology
Accordingly, the main goal of this study is assessment of farmers' adaptive behaviors in the city Dayer city for facing with the crisis of ground water sources and identify factors affecting these behaviors. The Geographical area of this study is Dayer region in southwestern of Bushehr province. The research population were all farmers in Dayer city (1100 individuals). Geographically, Dayer city is located in these three regions: Dayer, Abdan and Bardkhon. Moreover 285 cases were calculated as the sample size, by using the table Takmn, selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was designed for data collecting. The Content and face validity were established by a panel of experts consisting of faculty members and some specialists. A pilot study was conducted with 30 farmers, outside the statistical population. Cronbach alpha score was between 0.71 to 0.86%, which indicated reliability of the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) program. The responses were coded before being transferred into the SPSS based format.
Results
Findings showed that the average age of the respondents was 45.3 years; the oldest was 80 and the youngest 19. Based on the results, most farmers (83%) were able to read and write, and only 17% of the farmers were almost illiterate. The results also indicated that only about 4% of farmers, work record are less than 6 years. Moreover, about 12% of farmers have professional experiences in agriculture between 10-6 years. Findings about ground water sources situation showed that only 5% of the total wells in the city are in ideal conditions. The findings showed that only 5% of the total wells in the studied area were in ideal conditions. The findings showed that only 5% of the total wells in the studied area were in ideal conditions. These wells were faced with almost no limitation regarding to production of tomatoes and the farms with such wells have the regarding performance and quality. Based on the results, there were significant differences (F=52.318, P=0.000) among the three regions in terms of water crisis. Tukey post-hoc test showed that there were significant differences among all three regions 0.01 level. Overall, the most critical condition of groundwater was related to the Abdan area and Dayer was the second one. In this regard, Bardkhon region was at the best situation. Results of this study about the tendency of farmers to adaptive behaviors showed that the studied farmers usually used farming adaptations. But among non-farming adaptations, most of the studied farmers welcomed to the assistance received from various public and private channels, respectively.
Conclusion
Regression analysis revealed that six variables of vulnerability of farmers, quality of life, membership in social groups, and status of agricultural wells, natural capital, and type of farm ownership which entered to equation totally explain about 80% of the non-farming adaptations variance. These findings also showed that the variables of vulnerability and quality of life had greater role in explaining the changes of dependent variable.Introduction
A group of international centers have recently paid attention to natural disasters due their effects on humans’ society, specially farmers. Drought leads to water crisis, which is among the most important natural disasters. Iran, due to its geographical and climatic situation in the temperate northern hemisphere, is always faced with water problems, like many countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Among 116 countries, Iran is the 14th. In connection with water crisis and it indicates that the quantity of water resources is not adequate. Southern areas of Iran, such as Bushehr province, encounter a critical situation, in comparison with the national average. On the other hand, the groundwater is among the reliable resources for agricultural water supply. The world's largest source of agricultural water supply is groundwater. Moreover, in Iran, about 53% of total water usage comes from groundwater supplies. In such conditions, the ability of farmers for dealing with drought is becoming progressively dictated by the resilience of their agro-ecosystems; the diversity of livelihood options; and whether or not they have access to resources. The reactions of farmers in the groundwater crisis are very effective in reducing injuries. Based on the various studies, farmers have diverse behaviors for adapting with new situations, and therefore more than 70 mechanisms which are used by farmers, have been identified in this regard. Generally the mechanisms of drought adaptation include very complex strategies to overcome basic needs for short or long periods.
Methodology
Accordingly, the main goal of this study is assessment of farmers' adaptive behaviors in the city Dayer city for facing with the crisis of ground water sources and identify factors affecting these behaviors. The Geographical area of this study is Dayer region in southwestern of Bushehr province. The research population were all farmers in Dayer city (1100 individuals). Geographically, Dayer city is located in these three regions: Dayer, Abdan and Bardkhon. Moreover 285 cases were calculated as the sample size, by using the table Takmn, selected by stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was designed for data collecting. The Content and face validity were established by a panel of experts consisting of faculty members and some specialists. A pilot study was conducted with 30 farmers, outside the statistical population. Cronbach alpha score was between 0.71 to 0.86%, which indicated reliability of the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) program. The responses were coded before being transferred into the SPSS based format.
Results
Findings showed that the average age of the respondents was 45.3 years; the oldest was 80 and the youngest 19. Based on the results, most farmers (83%) were able to read and write, and only 17% of the farmers were almost illiterate. The results also indicated that only about 4% of farmers, work record are less than 6 years. Moreover, about 12% of farmers have professional experiences in agriculture between 10-6 years. Findings about ground water sources situation showed that only 5% of the total wells in the city are in ideal conditions. The findings showed that only 5% of the total wells in the studied area were in ideal conditions. The findings showed that only 5% of the total wells in the studied area were in ideal conditions. These wells were faced with almost no limitation regarding to production of tomatoes and the farms with such wells have the regarding performance and quality. Based on the results, there were significant differences (F=52.318, P=0.000) among the three regions in terms of water crisis. Tukey post-hoc test showed that there were significant differences among all three regions 0.01 level. Overall, the most critical condition of groundwater was related to the Abdan area and Dayer was the second one. In this regard, Bardkhon region was at the best situation. Results of this study about the tendency of farmers to adaptive behaviors showed that the studied farmers usually used farming adaptations. But among non-farming adaptations, most of the studied farmers welcomed to the assistance received from various public and private channels, respectively.
Conclusion
Regression analysis revealed that six variables of vulnerability of farmers, quality of life, membership in social groups, and status of agricultural wells, natural capital, and type of farm ownership which entered to equation totally explain about 80% of the non-farming adaptations variance. These findings also showed that the variables of vulnerability and quality of life had greater role in explaining the changes of dependent variable.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31970_549d0ac06e37462f52e05f68c2a72c0a.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321Transformation from villages to cities and it’s Effect on Rural Peripheries Development
(Case study: Kiar district, Shahrekord Township)Transformation from villages to cities and it’s Effect on Rural Peripheries Development
(Case study: Kiar district, Shahrekord Township)49753197110.22059/jrur.2013.31971FAMohammad HasanZiatavanaAssociate Prof. of Geography and Rural Planning, Shahid Beheshti UniversityKhadijeSharifiM.Sc. in Geography and Rural Planning, Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20120731Introduction
Due to different ways of growing abnormal of big cities and difficulties (problems) which are observed, special unequal relations between fields of cities villages, paying attention to the role of controlling, planning, progressing of small towns. With such a work of central locations, is connection with rurals fields as a suitable ways is solving unequal and differences between these two fields of geography and spacing residency or landscape have been designed enchanting rural central. To cities can be knowed as methods of progressed propagating small towns during recent years. Changing of rurals fields to towns not only are due to society, economic metabolism, and produces very important places in these centers. One the entirety it will affect on the regions under their control. So in case this research is going to answer following questions:
1) In changing villages to cities which of internal or outdoors factors influence.
2) Process of changing villages to towns, how can we produce (create) the propagation, progressing the environment villages.
By this mean, as typical (Shalamzar) which has been changed to town since 1369. Were studied, researched, and by comparing the bigness of possibility and services which are existing in these locations among these population with different society of toning, healthiness, earring, policy administrative, cultural, economic, recreation, entertainment in two times before and after changing to towns, and rate of metabolism due to quality, quantity were evaluated of the changing it to towns, and then presenting, existing, planning this little town in progressing of those.
Three village (Kiar district) (East Kiar, West Kiar, Dastgerd) were analyzed.
Methodology
fulfilling this research, study were done with different methods of explanations, analyzing, forming a way or distances, those things were found was from of counting society (town of Shalamzar and 20 villages are located the suburb of there villages), by using methods nonparametric kroscal vallis on the base of rate referring people who are living in villages of district Kiar to Shalamzar for using services, possibilities, which are essential and wouldn't be found in their place of living. Were evaluated tested, analyzed.
Results
The result of this study, is one integrated looking represent that changing Shalamzar to town, by paying attention to growing that villages, with continuing progressing of potentiality of Shalamzar since 1962 (giving portion Kiar to Shalamzar) are know. Such a process can be used with recommendation of (quantity causes) Mirdal expressed by higher rate of population possibility, services, in Shalamzar will be propagated the priority of observing more services, and feasibility in next duration time and was done its availability to cities. If on the base of this study about these changes which was Performed, in possibility, services available in Shalmazar after changing to town, we can say to this form that turning to city those potentiality, services existing that town with quality transition and quality can be confronted. if however in some sections was not magnificent, but due to some deficiency, strained circumstances in these possibility to before changing Shalamzar to town explain the story which caused not to be only these feasibility for changing Shalamzar to town.
Conclusion
In one general looking probably can be demanding changing all rurals to towns, supporting, controlling the government as a mater of fact to be the main factor are deniable, and lot of villages which have been changed to cities. At all were not good for being central of towns. If on the base of fulfilling researching/studies supporting. Helping of governments in situations in the watt of becoming Shalamzar to towns. And by paying attention to locate it is the policy center of portion Kiar to play a important roll is changing to towns, and so it recommend is searching the most important factor of changing Shalamzar to towns, it can be impressed the internal factors in the suburbs regions. But actions of the researching which Shalamzar brought about suitable cases for progressing the villages are in three rurals located at the suburbs of researching regions on the Base of referring the populations in three villages was reminded to this town for gathering those parts of services which can not be found in their living area. Indicate in different parts either in the society of cultural- social- economic- etc, villages of the western Kiar had so much referring in comparing with two other villages to Shalamzar and only on the fields for receiving policy- Administration sections which is important for the people who are living in those three villages belong to Shalamzar and on the base of Shalamzar action as a small town is progressing of rurals Kiar parts we can say nevertheless the connection between relations very strong ways due to social connection, economic, and roll of promoting of Shalamzar in conjunction with villages location in western Kiar and creating background of propagation in different villages. The action, rolling of this town in creating feasibility, relations due to those actions in conjunction with eastern Kiar rurals evaluated so weakly.
Introduction
Due to different ways of growing abnormal of big cities and difficulties (problems) which are observed, special unequal relations between fields of cities villages, paying attention to the role of controlling, planning, progressing of small towns. With such a work of central locations, is connection with rurals fields as a suitable ways is solving unequal and differences between these two fields of geography and spacing residency or landscape have been designed enchanting rural central. To cities can be knowed as methods of progressed propagating small towns during recent years. Changing of rurals fields to towns not only are due to society, economic metabolism, and produces very important places in these centers. One the entirety it will affect on the regions under their control. So in case this research is going to answer following questions:
1) In changing villages to cities which of internal or outdoors factors influence.
2) Process of changing villages to towns, how can we produce (create) the propagation, progressing the environment villages.
By this mean, as typical (Shalamzar) which has been changed to town since 1369. Were studied, researched, and by comparing the bigness of possibility and services which are existing in these locations among these population with different society of toning, healthiness, earring, policy administrative, cultural, economic, recreation, entertainment in two times before and after changing to towns, and rate of metabolism due to quality, quantity were evaluated of the changing it to towns, and then presenting, existing, planning this little town in progressing of those.
Three village (Kiar district) (East Kiar, West Kiar, Dastgerd) were analyzed.
Methodology
fulfilling this research, study were done with different methods of explanations, analyzing, forming a way or distances, those things were found was from of counting society (town of Shalamzar and 20 villages are located the suburb of there villages), by using methods nonparametric kroscal vallis on the base of rate referring people who are living in villages of district Kiar to Shalamzar for using services, possibilities, which are essential and wouldn't be found in their place of living. Were evaluated tested, analyzed.
Results
The result of this study, is one integrated looking represent that changing Shalamzar to town, by paying attention to growing that villages, with continuing progressing of potentiality of Shalamzar since 1962 (giving portion Kiar to Shalamzar) are know. Such a process can be used with recommendation of (quantity causes) Mirdal expressed by higher rate of population possibility, services, in Shalamzar will be propagated the priority of observing more services, and feasibility in next duration time and was done its availability to cities. If on the base of this study about these changes which was Performed, in possibility, services available in Shalmazar after changing to town, we can say to this form that turning to city those potentiality, services existing that town with quality transition and quality can be confronted. if however in some sections was not magnificent, but due to some deficiency, strained circumstances in these possibility to before changing Shalamzar to town explain the story which caused not to be only these feasibility for changing Shalamzar to town.
Conclusion
In one general looking probably can be demanding changing all rurals to towns, supporting, controlling the government as a mater of fact to be the main factor are deniable, and lot of villages which have been changed to cities. At all were not good for being central of towns. If on the base of fulfilling researching/studies supporting. Helping of governments in situations in the watt of becoming Shalamzar to towns. And by paying attention to locate it is the policy center of portion Kiar to play a important roll is changing to towns, and so it recommend is searching the most important factor of changing Shalamzar to towns, it can be impressed the internal factors in the suburbs regions. But actions of the researching which Shalamzar brought about suitable cases for progressing the villages are in three rurals located at the suburbs of researching regions on the Base of referring the populations in three villages was reminded to this town for gathering those parts of services which can not be found in their living area. Indicate in different parts either in the society of cultural- social- economic- etc, villages of the western Kiar had so much referring in comparing with two other villages to Shalamzar and only on the fields for receiving policy- Administration sections which is important for the people who are living in those three villages belong to Shalamzar and on the base of Shalamzar action as a small town is progressing of rurals Kiar parts we can say nevertheless the connection between relations very strong ways due to social connection, economic, and roll of promoting of Shalamzar in conjunction with villages location in western Kiar and creating background of propagation in different villages. The action, rolling of this town in creating feasibility, relations due to those actions in conjunction with eastern Kiar rurals evaluated so weakly.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31971_c43f8112873d1b0e6a25a51cef0bb608.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321Promoting Villages to Towns and its Role in Changing Rural – Urban Interactions
(Case Study: Beyza’ Town, Fars Province)Promoting Villages to Towns and its Role in Changing Rural – Urban Interactions
(Case Study: Beyza’ Town, Fars Province)771003197210.22059/jrur.2013.31972FAHasanIzadyAssistant Prof. of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz UniversityMerajNozariM.Sc. Degree in Urban and Regional Planning, Agriculture Jihad Organization of Fars ProvinceJournal Article20121211Introduction
Promoting villages to towns is among the prominent characteristics of urbanization in few past decades and remains as a major challenge facing managers, policymakers and urban planners, particularly in developing countries. In Iran, one of the growing impacts of rapid urbanization on the spatial structure of country is growing the number of urban centers via transformation villages to small towns. Changes in the criteria for separating villages from cities have led to increasing in number of cities from 520 in late 1991 to 1,167 in 2012. In fact, the main objectives of facilitating the promotion of villages to towns are Improving quality of life, better facilities and services and optimizing the gaps between political systems and eliminating or reduction economic and social inequalities between urban and rural areas, as well as coordinating a balanced development tool for rural and urban settlements. Certainly, creating and strengthening of rural-urban interactions require an appropriate and efficient network with organized different hierarchical levels. In the hierarchy of urban settlements, hierarchy, small towns have a significant place, because of their substantial roles in establishing and strengthening the links between rural-urban settlements and their relationships. Therefore one of the effective strategies in this regard is creating, strengthening and developing small towns in rural areas. Fars province in Iran is among the provinces which have experienced this phenomenon in past two decades and include a large number of these small towns. Now, this is a basic question that were promoting of villages to towns and forming small towns in rural areas is effective in rural and regional development, as well as strengthening rural-urban interactions or not.
Methodology
This research is based on the studies on Beyza district in Sepidan Township, Fars province, for assessing the Promotion of Villages to Town, and its role for enhancement of Rural – Urban Interactions. This article has reviewed and analyzed the type as well as quantity and quality of spatial interactions between Beyza town and its surrounding villages before and after its transformation to a town. The type of research is descriptive-analytic and its data has been gathered through documentary field methods. Beyza district includes 82 villages and Beyza town. Beyza town was formed by merging two villages (Harabal and Poshtbagh) in 1999. In this study, the authors examined following issues, before and after the transition of Beyza to town:
- The flow of administrative, educational, shopping and health dealings between villages and town;
- Rural road the traffic and transportation situation of rural roads, the distances and types of vehicles.
Due to the homogeneity of the study area, 28 rural settlements have been selected for field studies. In sample villages, 334 rural households (15%) and 86 urban households in Beyza town (15% of all) have been selected as the sample size using cluster sampling. The results have been presented by maps, tables and statistical analysis.
Discussion and Results
The results showed that there has been a gradual and positive increase in functional linkages and spatial relationships between Beyza and its surrounding areas. The findings of this study showed that promoting Harabal and Poshtbagh villages to town acted an important role in development of spatial interactions in this region. The sphere of influence of Beyza has expanded significantly after promotion to town, because of enhancing the quantity and quality of services. Comparing the amount of traveling rural families to Beyza in the mentioned periods revealed a significant difference between the periods with increasing the households from 3.9 to 64.3 percent. Also Wilcoxon test confirmed significant differences in the high-level. Improving the quantity and quality of services delivery in Beyza town has caused about 90 percent of sample households visit this town daily or at least once per week. The majority of rural and urban households believe that the quality and quantity of services in this town has increased after becoming a town. Moreover, 75.6 percent of urban households believe in increasing the levels of services in Beyza by transforming to a town. After that, due to establishing facilities and administrative services and increasing commercial services in town, it is referred as the first urban center for delivering needed services.
Conclusion
In the past two decades, the policy of promoting villages to town has changed the hierarchy of urban and rural settlements as wall as the spatial interactions in Iran. This policy has included both positive and negative consequences. In this case study, it was determined that promotion villages to town has increased spatial relationships and interactions between the town and surrounding villages and hinterland’s has expanded compared with before becoming a town. The results of the research have showed that the Beyza town plays a key role in offering services to the surrounding areas, which consequently reduces the dependency of rural areas to the big urban centers. The results also showed that the promotion of villages to towns in rural and regional development has been successful. These findings are consistent with many other studies with optimistic views towards the mentioned issue. Generally, formation of small towns in rural areas with regard to efficiency criteria and standards of scientific experiments includes positive effects on rural-urban interactions. It also improves the spatial structure of rural areas. Therefore, logical and scientific criteria and standards should be developed in consistent with the strategy of developing small towns.Introduction
Promoting villages to towns is among the prominent characteristics of urbanization in few past decades and remains as a major challenge facing managers, policymakers and urban planners, particularly in developing countries. In Iran, one of the growing impacts of rapid urbanization on the spatial structure of country is growing the number of urban centers via transformation villages to small towns. Changes in the criteria for separating villages from cities have led to increasing in number of cities from 520 in late 1991 to 1,167 in 2012. In fact, the main objectives of facilitating the promotion of villages to towns are Improving quality of life, better facilities and services and optimizing the gaps between political systems and eliminating or reduction economic and social inequalities between urban and rural areas, as well as coordinating a balanced development tool for rural and urban settlements. Certainly, creating and strengthening of rural-urban interactions require an appropriate and efficient network with organized different hierarchical levels. In the hierarchy of urban settlements, hierarchy, small towns have a significant place, because of their substantial roles in establishing and strengthening the links between rural-urban settlements and their relationships. Therefore one of the effective strategies in this regard is creating, strengthening and developing small towns in rural areas. Fars province in Iran is among the provinces which have experienced this phenomenon in past two decades and include a large number of these small towns. Now, this is a basic question that were promoting of villages to towns and forming small towns in rural areas is effective in rural and regional development, as well as strengthening rural-urban interactions or not.
Methodology
This research is based on the studies on Beyza district in Sepidan Township, Fars province, for assessing the Promotion of Villages to Town, and its role for enhancement of Rural – Urban Interactions. This article has reviewed and analyzed the type as well as quantity and quality of spatial interactions between Beyza town and its surrounding villages before and after its transformation to a town. The type of research is descriptive-analytic and its data has been gathered through documentary field methods. Beyza district includes 82 villages and Beyza town. Beyza town was formed by merging two villages (Harabal and Poshtbagh) in 1999. In this study, the authors examined following issues, before and after the transition of Beyza to town:
- The flow of administrative, educational, shopping and health dealings between villages and town;
- Rural road the traffic and transportation situation of rural roads, the distances and types of vehicles.
Due to the homogeneity of the study area, 28 rural settlements have been selected for field studies. In sample villages, 334 rural households (15%) and 86 urban households in Beyza town (15% of all) have been selected as the sample size using cluster sampling. The results have been presented by maps, tables and statistical analysis.
Discussion and Results
The results showed that there has been a gradual and positive increase in functional linkages and spatial relationships between Beyza and its surrounding areas. The findings of this study showed that promoting Harabal and Poshtbagh villages to town acted an important role in development of spatial interactions in this region. The sphere of influence of Beyza has expanded significantly after promotion to town, because of enhancing the quantity and quality of services. Comparing the amount of traveling rural families to Beyza in the mentioned periods revealed a significant difference between the periods with increasing the households from 3.9 to 64.3 percent. Also Wilcoxon test confirmed significant differences in the high-level. Improving the quantity and quality of services delivery in Beyza town has caused about 90 percent of sample households visit this town daily or at least once per week. The majority of rural and urban households believe that the quality and quantity of services in this town has increased after becoming a town. Moreover, 75.6 percent of urban households believe in increasing the levels of services in Beyza by transforming to a town. After that, due to establishing facilities and administrative services and increasing commercial services in town, it is referred as the first urban center for delivering needed services.
Conclusion
In the past two decades, the policy of promoting villages to town has changed the hierarchy of urban and rural settlements as wall as the spatial interactions in Iran. This policy has included both positive and negative consequences. In this case study, it was determined that promotion villages to town has increased spatial relationships and interactions between the town and surrounding villages and hinterland’s has expanded compared with before becoming a town. The results of the research have showed that the Beyza town plays a key role in offering services to the surrounding areas, which consequently reduces the dependency of rural areas to the big urban centers. The results also showed that the promotion of villages to towns in rural and regional development has been successful. These findings are consistent with many other studies with optimistic views towards the mentioned issue. Generally, formation of small towns in rural areas with regard to efficiency criteria and standards of scientific experiments includes positive effects on rural-urban interactions. It also improves the spatial structure of rural areas. Therefore, logical and scientific criteria and standards should be developed in consistent with the strategy of developing small towns.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31972_56e697d91b1e84b0b32eb39160c611eb.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321The Relationship between Local Sub-culture and Participatory Development: An Assessment
(Case study: Villages around the Kahman region, Selseleh)The Relationship between Local Sub-culture and Participatory Development: An Assessment
(Case study: Villages around the Kahman region, Selseleh)1011363197310.22059/jrur.2013.31973FAMehdiTalebProfessor of Sociology of Rural Development, University of TehranSamanYousefvandM.A. in Sociology of Rural Development, University of TehranJournal Article20121023Introduction
Progress and development –and Making them Possible- are the results of a special view to the world, which is indicative of the need for an appropriate culture of progress. Culture has a special significance in development and overlooking it may cause Failing all plans. Therefore, the relationship between culture and development should specifically be mentioned in developmental plans. The present study aimed at understanding and investigating the relationship between local subculture and participatory development (via a case study in villages of Kahman, Selseleh, Lorestan Province, Iran) using qualitative research techniques (such as in-depth interviews and concentrated group discussions, and observations).
Methodology
Qualitative methods are based on concepts such as relationship, interpretation, understanding, and human being’s daily life and the researcher enters into the world of the respondents and delves more deeply and accurately into the phenomena by understanding the systems of meanings and their interpretations of the respondents’ reactions. In this study, two types of sampling have been used: systematic sampling and theoretical sampling. Initially, the data were collected using systematic sampling because this method of helps the researcher to ask him/herself what kind of data are needed and the select the appropriate samples accordingly. The data collected in any of the forms (by interviews, observations of behavior, actions and happenings) using systematic sampling, provided the basis for theoretical sampling in the next step. In theoretical sampling, which was done on the basis of the primary results of the study (obtained using systematic sampling), in order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researcher decided what type of data were needed, about what topics, where and under what circumstances, etc. Therefore, the data were collected gradually and step by step in the process of sampling from the target population and interpretation of the interviews. In this way, 446 house holders were selected until theoretical saturation was achieved. Out of them, 40 have been interviewed; and in turn, 8 discussion groups of 4/5 households have been formed. During the discussions, the issues raised by the participants instigated a dynamic participation in the discussions. In order to form the discussion groups, an attempt was made to interview a group of strangers.
Results
As a result, the interview process was not static although it involved a mutual action. Surveys were also conducted in the process of the research with the sample population including 446 householders intended to address local issues from the local people’s perspective trying to find the individuals’ capacities and potentials. According to the qualitative methods for data collection and analysis of the Study, the conceptual applied framework has been combinational are; meaning that the views that guided us further towards finding the answer were utilized in this study. Accordingly, discussions related to two separate paradigms were analyzed: local subculture and participatory development. Subculture proposed by Rodgers belongs to the development (modernization) paradigm and participatory development as a novel subject is in the post-developmental paradigm. The study has addressed two discourses: development and rethought. Therefore, by studying the local subculture (in terms of family orientation, local orientation, social trust, and motivation for development) with participatory development (sense of accountability and efficiency), a developmental model has been developed over which the rethought discourse predominated and in which there is a cyclic process too. In this model, family-orientation and local-orientation have been considered as the bases for the model and the social trust as the master key for participatory development. Besides, the elements of participatory development (accountability and effectiveness) which have been the result of the elements of the local subculture; and they acted as the effective factors in trust-building among the people generating motivation for development. According to the findings, it should be concluded that the appropriate developmental models are found in rural societies within their local [native] and traditional culture and beliefs. As can be seen, in this research an idea has been produced from within a subculture which was regarded as an obstacle to development for many years. But these subcultures are not so and development can be achieved based on these very subcultures, which lead to a sense of accountability and effectiveness in people. Finally, it should be added that the phrase ‘participatory development paradigm’ mentioned in this study, is associated with two views. One is that people’s participation acts as a purpose. Second, real development is always realized by participation and public activities. Generally, based on this view, participation not only leads to development but it is an equivalent for that. There is no Doubt that, if participation in development has been considered as a logical necessity in the past, today it is among the behavioral and human necessities.
Conclusion
Participation is one of the confirmed human and behavioral values and carries a sense of responsibility and a conscious and free effort. The word ‘participation’ is closely related to acceptance of justice and people’s equality principle. Therefore, real development can only be achieved when it is put at the service of realizing this value and achieving this human and behavioral goal. From this perspective, participation is no longer considered as a developmental factor but a purpose that development tries to achieve it.
Introduction
Progress and development –and Making them Possible- are the results of a special view to the world, which is indicative of the need for an appropriate culture of progress. Culture has a special significance in development and overlooking it may cause Failing all plans. Therefore, the relationship between culture and development should specifically be mentioned in developmental plans. The present study aimed at understanding and investigating the relationship between local subculture and participatory development (via a case study in villages of Kahman, Selseleh, Lorestan Province, Iran) using qualitative research techniques (such as in-depth interviews and concentrated group discussions, and observations).
Methodology
Qualitative methods are based on concepts such as relationship, interpretation, understanding, and human being’s daily life and the researcher enters into the world of the respondents and delves more deeply and accurately into the phenomena by understanding the systems of meanings and their interpretations of the respondents’ reactions. In this study, two types of sampling have been used: systematic sampling and theoretical sampling. Initially, the data were collected using systematic sampling because this method of helps the researcher to ask him/herself what kind of data are needed and the select the appropriate samples accordingly. The data collected in any of the forms (by interviews, observations of behavior, actions and happenings) using systematic sampling, provided the basis for theoretical sampling in the next step. In theoretical sampling, which was done on the basis of the primary results of the study (obtained using systematic sampling), in order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researcher decided what type of data were needed, about what topics, where and under what circumstances, etc. Therefore, the data were collected gradually and step by step in the process of sampling from the target population and interpretation of the interviews. In this way, 446 house holders were selected until theoretical saturation was achieved. Out of them, 40 have been interviewed; and in turn, 8 discussion groups of 4/5 households have been formed. During the discussions, the issues raised by the participants instigated a dynamic participation in the discussions. In order to form the discussion groups, an attempt was made to interview a group of strangers.
Results
As a result, the interview process was not static although it involved a mutual action. Surveys were also conducted in the process of the research with the sample population including 446 householders intended to address local issues from the local people’s perspective trying to find the individuals’ capacities and potentials. According to the qualitative methods for data collection and analysis of the Study, the conceptual applied framework has been combinational are; meaning that the views that guided us further towards finding the answer were utilized in this study. Accordingly, discussions related to two separate paradigms were analyzed: local subculture and participatory development. Subculture proposed by Rodgers belongs to the development (modernization) paradigm and participatory development as a novel subject is in the post-developmental paradigm. The study has addressed two discourses: development and rethought. Therefore, by studying the local subculture (in terms of family orientation, local orientation, social trust, and motivation for development) with participatory development (sense of accountability and efficiency), a developmental model has been developed over which the rethought discourse predominated and in which there is a cyclic process too. In this model, family-orientation and local-orientation have been considered as the bases for the model and the social trust as the master key for participatory development. Besides, the elements of participatory development (accountability and effectiveness) which have been the result of the elements of the local subculture; and they acted as the effective factors in trust-building among the people generating motivation for development. According to the findings, it should be concluded that the appropriate developmental models are found in rural societies within their local [native] and traditional culture and beliefs. As can be seen, in this research an idea has been produced from within a subculture which was regarded as an obstacle to development for many years. But these subcultures are not so and development can be achieved based on these very subcultures, which lead to a sense of accountability and effectiveness in people. Finally, it should be added that the phrase ‘participatory development paradigm’ mentioned in this study, is associated with two views. One is that people’s participation acts as a purpose. Second, real development is always realized by participation and public activities. Generally, based on this view, participation not only leads to development but it is an equivalent for that. There is no Doubt that, if participation in development has been considered as a logical necessity in the past, today it is among the behavioral and human necessities.
Conclusion
Participation is one of the confirmed human and behavioral values and carries a sense of responsibility and a conscious and free effort. The word ‘participation’ is closely related to acceptance of justice and people’s equality principle. Therefore, real development can only be achieved when it is put at the service of realizing this value and achieving this human and behavioral goal. From this perspective, participation is no longer considered as a developmental factor but a purpose that development tries to achieve it.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31973_355d5dd05841e2d2d183827ca59041b2.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321A Comparative Analysis of the Sense of Security in Urban and Rural Spaces
Case study: Koohdasht CountyA Comparative Analysis of the Sense of Security in Urban and Rural Spaces
Case study: Koohdasht County1371643197410.22059/jrur.2013.31974FAKeramatollahZiariProfessor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of TehranDavoodEyvazlooM.Sc. Student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of TehranMahmoodEyvazlooPh.D. Candidate of Geography and Urban Planning, Isfahan UniversityJahanbakhshRikaM.Sc. in Geography and Rural Planning, Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal Article20120314Introduction
Society is a series of conditions and situations which makes the society sustainable and peaceful and fear and horror is finished from the public’s viewpoints. The insecurity of places and public spaces disrupt high spirits and health in life and it imposes extra expenses on the society by creating obstacles on the way of cultural growth and public cooperation. In this paper have been analyzed the sense of security and fear of spaces in urban and rural settlements. The main purpose of this study assessment is the comparative analysis of rural and urban settlements of sense of security in the Koohdasht County.
The main questions of this research are as follows:
- Is there significant difference between urban and rural settlements of the public sense of security?
- Is there significant difference between urban and rural settlements of sense of security in semipublic and public spaces?
- Is there significant difference between rural and urban settlements of fear in the urban and rural areas?
Methodology
One of the indicators of quality of life is sense of security. Emotion is an interdisciplinary subject, at first it’s a psychological issue and also one of the main topics considered in Sociology and Geography. Also at the geographical and sociological theories the concept of sense of security is being discussed in social ecology topics. The studies which are relied on scientific method has been done based on principles and statistical methods about geographical environment and crime by “Katleh” and “Gari” for the first time in the first half of nineteenth century. Some sources has introduced “Kalteh” as a father of criminal statistics and as a founder of geographical school of villainy and it is said that his researches caused that crime know as a social phenomenon which is obedient two variants of time and place. Comparison of urban and rural communities is very important in terms of sense of security the people in these communities. One of the differences between urban and rural areas is environmental design. The conditions and amount of crime and also security feeling is also different among people by considering into the different in social and cultural structures among urban and rural regions and also the existing differences among urban and rural spaces.
Results
The base of the work is based on three variations of public security feeling, security feeling in public and private spaces and the fear of all kinds of urban and rural spaces for examining security feeling in this research. Descriptive - analytical research method with emphasis on comparative methods is used to measure the sense of security. Required information and data were collected from library resources, also through survey methods by selecting 400 random samples in 2 cities and 10 villages in Koohdasht County. The difference between urban and rural regions is not meaningful from the viewpoint of public security feeling. It is also seen a meaningful difference in most cases and studied spaces in relation to the fear of urban and rural spaces. Also as much we move from semi-public spaces to the more public spaces, it is added to the fear of people that this issue has more suitable condition in rural regions than to the urban regions.
Conclusion
By considering into the difference which exists among urban and rural regions from the viewpoint of security feeling, consideration to some principles and instructions can be useful in improving the condition of security feeling and following it the security feeling of people in rural and urban regions. Consideration to the local connections and the promotion of the level of connections can be useful in urban regions in promoting the level of security feeling; because being familiar of people and having social interactions is a factor in increasing the security feeling in the society. The consideration to the physical design of cities of villages can also be useful in improving the conditions of security feeling and the comfort of people. Consideration into this issue is essential in physical designing:
- Promoting neighborhood ties, especially in urban areas through various social and cultural events in the neighborhoods of the municipal social assistance;
- Using of local monitoring in order to promote the level of security of people, especially in cities;
- Designing the passageway so that the ability of seeing and being seen is prepared for people;
- Using the suitable vegetation so that not to prevent the vision;
- Considering to the light of passageway especially in urban regions;
- Considering to the elimination and or decrease of hidden corners which is a place for the centralization of special people such as addicted people; and
- The establishment of small parks in semi-public condition for creating local connections.Introduction
Society is a series of conditions and situations which makes the society sustainable and peaceful and fear and horror is finished from the public’s viewpoints. The insecurity of places and public spaces disrupt high spirits and health in life and it imposes extra expenses on the society by creating obstacles on the way of cultural growth and public cooperation. In this paper have been analyzed the sense of security and fear of spaces in urban and rural settlements. The main purpose of this study assessment is the comparative analysis of rural and urban settlements of sense of security in the Koohdasht County.
The main questions of this research are as follows:
- Is there significant difference between urban and rural settlements of the public sense of security?
- Is there significant difference between urban and rural settlements of sense of security in semipublic and public spaces?
- Is there significant difference between rural and urban settlements of fear in the urban and rural areas?
Methodology
One of the indicators of quality of life is sense of security. Emotion is an interdisciplinary subject, at first it’s a psychological issue and also one of the main topics considered in Sociology and Geography. Also at the geographical and sociological theories the concept of sense of security is being discussed in social ecology topics. The studies which are relied on scientific method has been done based on principles and statistical methods about geographical environment and crime by “Katleh” and “Gari” for the first time in the first half of nineteenth century. Some sources has introduced “Kalteh” as a father of criminal statistics and as a founder of geographical school of villainy and it is said that his researches caused that crime know as a social phenomenon which is obedient two variants of time and place. Comparison of urban and rural communities is very important in terms of sense of security the people in these communities. One of the differences between urban and rural areas is environmental design. The conditions and amount of crime and also security feeling is also different among people by considering into the different in social and cultural structures among urban and rural regions and also the existing differences among urban and rural spaces.
Results
The base of the work is based on three variations of public security feeling, security feeling in public and private spaces and the fear of all kinds of urban and rural spaces for examining security feeling in this research. Descriptive - analytical research method with emphasis on comparative methods is used to measure the sense of security. Required information and data were collected from library resources, also through survey methods by selecting 400 random samples in 2 cities and 10 villages in Koohdasht County. The difference between urban and rural regions is not meaningful from the viewpoint of public security feeling. It is also seen a meaningful difference in most cases and studied spaces in relation to the fear of urban and rural spaces. Also as much we move from semi-public spaces to the more public spaces, it is added to the fear of people that this issue has more suitable condition in rural regions than to the urban regions.
Conclusion
By considering into the difference which exists among urban and rural regions from the viewpoint of security feeling, consideration to some principles and instructions can be useful in improving the condition of security feeling and following it the security feeling of people in rural and urban regions. Consideration to the local connections and the promotion of the level of connections can be useful in urban regions in promoting the level of security feeling; because being familiar of people and having social interactions is a factor in increasing the security feeling in the society. The consideration to the physical design of cities of villages can also be useful in improving the conditions of security feeling and the comfort of people. Consideration into this issue is essential in physical designing:
- Promoting neighborhood ties, especially in urban areas through various social and cultural events in the neighborhoods of the municipal social assistance;
- Using of local monitoring in order to promote the level of security of people, especially in cities;
- Designing the passageway so that the ability of seeing and being seen is prepared for people;
- Using the suitable vegetation so that not to prevent the vision;
- Considering to the light of passageway especially in urban regions;
- Considering to the elimination and or decrease of hidden corners which is a place for the centralization of special people such as addicted people; and
- The establishment of small parks in semi-public condition for creating local connections.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31974_e756b1687fbddff957bada038eb02125.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321Analysis of Disincentive Factors in Success of Water Users Associations from the Perspective of Exploitation
Case Study of Karkheh Zone in Khuzestan ProvinceAnalysis of Disincentive Factors in Success of Water Users Associations from the Perspective of Exploitation
Case Study of Karkheh Zone in Khuzestan Province1651883197510.22059/jrur.2013.31975FANastaranNajafiM.Sc. in Agricultural Extension and Education, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources UniversityBahmanKhosravipourAssistant Prof., Dep. of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources UniversityMansourGhanianAssistant Prof., Dep. of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources UniversityMasoodBaradaranAssistant Prof., Dep. of Agricultural Extension and Education, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources UniversityAdelDehimaviM.Sc. Irrigation and Drainage of Khuzestan Water and Power OrganizationJournal Article20120219Introduction
The attention given to water management has increased lately due to the growing problem of water scarcity worldwide and rising conflicts between water users. Participation of local people in water management is now seen as a crucial prerequisite for the conservation and sustainable use of scarce water resources. Since the late 1990s, participatory and integrated water management has been noteworthy on the agenda of national governments and international donors. Irrigation institutions are results of historical developments, as well as processes and practices. Some of them allow for greater people’s participation. Water user associations are groups and formal organizations of farmers that provided managements for the whole or parts of the irrigation and drainage network. These have been created for organizing farmer in the legal frame work, and taking part in the effectiveness constructions, operations, developments and maintenance of facilities and water supply network. National irrigation systems, serving a large number of small paddy farmers, require water users’ organization for effective and sustainable joint management. However, water users’ organizations (WUOs) cover small part of the total irrigation area nowadays. Actually transfering irrigation management to WUAs Causes decrease in the water sector and irrigation Policies, Reduces maintenance costs and operation of irrigation systems, Improved maintenance of networks, and Reduces disputes arising from the lack of Fair distribution water among farmers. Furthermore they are effective in Development of cultivation, Employment, Increasing collecting cooperation and Creating solidarity among the rural community and prevent excessive consumption of water with structural problems.
Methodology
The purpose of this study is surveying the disincentive factors that affecting on success of water users associations from the perspective of exploitation. Karkheh zone in Khuzestan province has been selected as the research area. Khuzestan province acts an important role in agriculture of Iran. Statistical population of the study has been formed by all farmers who have participated in the five active associations of Karkheh zone in Khuzestan province (Ferdos, Jasmine, Abran, Noore ehya water user association in south Karkheh and Negin Bright West Karkheh water user association in North Karkheh) with a population of 1219. The statistical sample was identified regarding to the table of Morgan and Takman (n=300). The data have been collected through a research made questionnaire. Validity was confirmed by the judgment and expert of agricultural extension and education; and reliability was determined by a pilot study in WUAs Shadegan area. Data analyze has performed by SPSS. Win. 16. Software.
Results
The results of correlation analysis of success preventing factors showed that there have been significant relationships between irrigation lands, registered records in WUAs, the number of participations in course of education-extension, educational level, location of irrigation farm and interest to participate in social activities with success preventing factors. Also results revealed a difference between perspectives of users in north and south associations about water use association characteristics. Although two groups believed that government should not intervene in WUAs decisions. The results of analysis of the disincentive factors showed that factors such as social capital (30/564), management (19/307), awareness (6/540) and supportive (4/633) formed the most affecting ones. These factors explained 61/566 of the total variance.
Conclusion
In this regard, social capital factor, has been the most effective one in the Failure of WUAs, Weak local leadership and lack of influential individuals and public acceptance, Cultural problems of the rural community and farmers. In other hand, among the variables management factor is the most effective one in High primary investment cost for membership in the association, because of its incompatibility with the regional plan and Fair distribution of water. Also Among the variables, the awareness factor has been the most effective one the Failure of WUAs, Farmers lack of awareness of their rights as members of the association and Lack of awareness about preparing and sharing Water. Finally lack of governmental support has been the most effective factor for resiguation of responsibility to the people. Weakness of social capital as a key barrier to success of water use association; therefore, the social capital should be strengthened and applied properly.
Introduction
The attention given to water management has increased lately due to the growing problem of water scarcity worldwide and rising conflicts between water users. Participation of local people in water management is now seen as a crucial prerequisite for the conservation and sustainable use of scarce water resources. Since the late 1990s, participatory and integrated water management has been noteworthy on the agenda of national governments and international donors. Irrigation institutions are results of historical developments, as well as processes and practices. Some of them allow for greater people’s participation. Water user associations are groups and formal organizations of farmers that provided managements for the whole or parts of the irrigation and drainage network. These have been created for organizing farmer in the legal frame work, and taking part in the effectiveness constructions, operations, developments and maintenance of facilities and water supply network. National irrigation systems, serving a large number of small paddy farmers, require water users’ organization for effective and sustainable joint management. However, water users’ organizations (WUOs) cover small part of the total irrigation area nowadays. Actually transfering irrigation management to WUAs Causes decrease in the water sector and irrigation Policies, Reduces maintenance costs and operation of irrigation systems, Improved maintenance of networks, and Reduces disputes arising from the lack of Fair distribution water among farmers. Furthermore they are effective in Development of cultivation, Employment, Increasing collecting cooperation and Creating solidarity among the rural community and prevent excessive consumption of water with structural problems.
Methodology
The purpose of this study is surveying the disincentive factors that affecting on success of water users associations from the perspective of exploitation. Karkheh zone in Khuzestan province has been selected as the research area. Khuzestan province acts an important role in agriculture of Iran. Statistical population of the study has been formed by all farmers who have participated in the five active associations of Karkheh zone in Khuzestan province (Ferdos, Jasmine, Abran, Noore ehya water user association in south Karkheh and Negin Bright West Karkheh water user association in North Karkheh) with a population of 1219. The statistical sample was identified regarding to the table of Morgan and Takman (n=300). The data have been collected through a research made questionnaire. Validity was confirmed by the judgment and expert of agricultural extension and education; and reliability was determined by a pilot study in WUAs Shadegan area. Data analyze has performed by SPSS. Win. 16. Software.
Results
The results of correlation analysis of success preventing factors showed that there have been significant relationships between irrigation lands, registered records in WUAs, the number of participations in course of education-extension, educational level, location of irrigation farm and interest to participate in social activities with success preventing factors. Also results revealed a difference between perspectives of users in north and south associations about water use association characteristics. Although two groups believed that government should not intervene in WUAs decisions. The results of analysis of the disincentive factors showed that factors such as social capital (30/564), management (19/307), awareness (6/540) and supportive (4/633) formed the most affecting ones. These factors explained 61/566 of the total variance.
Conclusion
In this regard, social capital factor, has been the most effective one in the Failure of WUAs, Weak local leadership and lack of influential individuals and public acceptance, Cultural problems of the rural community and farmers. In other hand, among the variables management factor is the most effective one in High primary investment cost for membership in the association, because of its incompatibility with the regional plan and Fair distribution of water. Also Among the variables, the awareness factor has been the most effective one the Failure of WUAs, Farmers lack of awareness of their rights as members of the association and Lack of awareness about preparing and sharing Water. Finally lack of governmental support has been the most effective factor for resiguation of responsibility to the people. Weakness of social capital as a key barrier to success of water use association; therefore, the social capital should be strengthened and applied properly.
https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31975_1270438237fbd8821eb5f163dd013c24.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321Surveying of Factors which Influence to Wheat Grover’s Skills, Regarding Farmers’ Soil Management
(Case Study: Ardabil Province)Surveying of Factors which Influence to Wheat Grover’s Skills, Regarding Farmers’ Soil Management
(Case Study: Ardabil Province)1892183197610.22059/jrur.2013.31976FAVakilHeydari SarebanAssistant Prof., Dep. of Geography, Mohaghegh Ardabili UniversityJournal Article20120219Introduction
Growth of world population promotes demands for food stuff. At this relation, soil erosion and decreasing of soil fertility, over pasture, deforest ration and degradation of physical characteristics of farming soils face food security on the world sphere. Soil plays an important role in sustainable developments. Also, proper usage and soil defense can help to suitability, sustainability, welfare, power and security of the soil. Sufficient skills and cognitive capacities on the ground of soil preservation are necessary for farmers to attain essential information from diverse resources. Escobar is believed that inaccurate usage of soil can deteriorate these vulnerable resources. Wheat is among essential and strategic productions that plays an important role in nourishing. Ardabil province is an important region for wheat cultivation. However, the cultivation of this production faces serious problems in the Ardabil province. For instance, intensive cultivation of this crop at the province and the weakness of wheat Grover’s farming soil management are resulted to reduction of performance and quality of production. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the factors that can affect on mental-kinetic spheres of farmers in this regard, as well as accurate farming soil management such as testing, farming rotation, as well as accurate etc. It is necessary to regard the effective policies for raising performance and quality of wheat crop and farming soil sustainable management by agriculture agencies. In summary, many differences of quantities and qualities between wheat Grover’s relates to the usage of some farming soil management methods by a few farmers neglecting these methods by the others. Therefore, rising performance ofwheat Grover’s farmers productive crops is a function of optimal management in the mentioned province. Promotion of human efficiency affects sustainable management of farming soil and improvement of quantities and qualitative of agriculture productions. The purpose of the present study is investigating the factor influencing factors groves’ skill regarding soil management and explaining the most extensional, individual, economical, social-cultural effective at the Grover’s farmer’s skill in the Ardabil province.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-correlational. The target population in the study is wheat Grover’s of Ardabil Province. Using stratified random sampling technique, 194 participants have been selected as the statistic sample. Using multi- stage cluster sampling technique, 410 farmers have been selected as a statistical sample. The content and face validity of the instrument has been verified by several reviewing and correction. These have been managed by the faculty of members at university and several expertises of administrative offices. The reliability analysis has been conducted; and Cronbach’s alpha values have been estimated for the various sections of instrument, between 0.72 and 0.86.The results of descriptive findings showed that in general, 31.37 percent of farmers (152 persons) among the wheat grower’s overall behavior were at very poor and poor levels, 40 percent of them (164 persons) were at the average level and 22.67(93Farmers) at very good and good levels, regarding soil management.
Discussion
It is necessary to act for capacity- building of farmers for attaining development and improvement of educational plans of soil management. Grover’s farmer can –and should- improve their skills; and for adapting the extension activities regarding the objectives of sustainable development they should enhance their skills in connection with soil management. In addition, farmers must participate in the plans relating to agriculture development such as decision making, performing, monitoring, etc.
Conclusion
The results of Conclusion the Pearson test showed that there was statistically a significant positive relationship between variables of Farmers’ age, years of agricultural experience, educational level, experience in wheat cultivation, years of agricultural experience, pure income, action to extension guidance’s, communication channels, knowledge and attitude regarding farm soil management. In addition, the result of stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicated that 0.088 percent of the variability in farmers skill with respect to arable soil management could be explained by variables of action to extension guidance, knowledge, attitude and educational level. Finally, based upon the results analysis, many recommendations have been provided.Introduction
Growth of world population promotes demands for food stuff. At this relation, soil erosion and decreasing of soil fertility, over pasture, deforest ration and degradation of physical characteristics of farming soils face food security on the world sphere. Soil plays an important role in sustainable developments. Also, proper usage and soil defense can help to suitability, sustainability, welfare, power and security of the soil. Sufficient skills and cognitive capacities on the ground of soil preservation are necessary for farmers to attain essential information from diverse resources. Escobar is believed that inaccurate usage of soil can deteriorate these vulnerable resources. Wheat is among essential and strategic productions that plays an important role in nourishing. Ardabil province is an important region for wheat cultivation. However, the cultivation of this production faces serious problems in the Ardabil province. For instance, intensive cultivation of this crop at the province and the weakness of wheat Grover’s farming soil management are resulted to reduction of performance and quality of production. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the factors that can affect on mental-kinetic spheres of farmers in this regard, as well as accurate farming soil management such as testing, farming rotation, as well as accurate etc. It is necessary to regard the effective policies for raising performance and quality of wheat crop and farming soil sustainable management by agriculture agencies. In summary, many differences of quantities and qualities between wheat Grover’s relates to the usage of some farming soil management methods by a few farmers neglecting these methods by the others. Therefore, rising performance ofwheat Grover’s farmers productive crops is a function of optimal management in the mentioned province. Promotion of human efficiency affects sustainable management of farming soil and improvement of quantities and qualitative of agriculture productions. The purpose of the present study is investigating the factor influencing factors groves’ skill regarding soil management and explaining the most extensional, individual, economical, social-cultural effective at the Grover’s farmer’s skill in the Ardabil province.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive-correlational. The target population in the study is wheat Grover’s of Ardabil Province. Using stratified random sampling technique, 194 participants have been selected as the statistic sample. Using multi- stage cluster sampling technique, 410 farmers have been selected as a statistical sample. The content and face validity of the instrument has been verified by several reviewing and correction. These have been managed by the faculty of members at university and several expertises of administrative offices. The reliability analysis has been conducted; and Cronbach’s alpha values have been estimated for the various sections of instrument, between 0.72 and 0.86.The results of descriptive findings showed that in general, 31.37 percent of farmers (152 persons) among the wheat grower’s overall behavior were at very poor and poor levels, 40 percent of them (164 persons) were at the average level and 22.67(93Farmers) at very good and good levels, regarding soil management.
Discussion
It is necessary to act for capacity- building of farmers for attaining development and improvement of educational plans of soil management. Grover’s farmer can –and should- improve their skills; and for adapting the extension activities regarding the objectives of sustainable development they should enhance their skills in connection with soil management. In addition, farmers must participate in the plans relating to agriculture development such as decision making, performing, monitoring, etc.
Conclusion
The results of Conclusion the Pearson test showed that there was statistically a significant positive relationship between variables of Farmers’ age, years of agricultural experience, educational level, experience in wheat cultivation, years of agricultural experience, pure income, action to extension guidance’s, communication channels, knowledge and attitude regarding farm soil management. In addition, the result of stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicated that 0.088 percent of the variability in farmers skill with respect to arable soil management could be explained by variables of action to extension guidance, knowledge, attitude and educational level. Finally, based upon the results analysis, many recommendations have been provided.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31976_c51d9d4e1109d80d43db1bccb3adf6e4.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73734120130321The Effect of Occupational Hazard Perception on Efficiency and Mental Quality of Work Life of Farmers
(Case Study: The Central Section of Bahabad County)The Effect of Occupational Hazard Perception on Efficiency and Mental Quality of Work Life of Farmers
(Case Study: The Central Section of Bahabad County)2192483197710.22059/jrur.2013.31977FAMasoodNiksiratM.A. in Geography and Rural Planning, university of TehranJournal Article20120328Introduction
This study examines the level of farmers' perception of hazards, as well as their impacts on efficiency and mentally quality of farmers' life and profession. The relationship between each dimension of quality of work life and efficiency is studied too.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive and includes a survey of many selected villages in Yazd province (farmers in Central section of Bahabad County). The Statistic Society of research is a 1186 agricultural Operations. On the base of Cochrane formula; the authors have used cluster. In this study, farmers have been asked about subjects such as: what extent each of the natural and human hazards (listed in the questionnaire) caused perception of hazard in them. To evaluate the efficiency of farmers, related factors such as income, spending, interest and motivation, ability and skill, number of hours worked and the other factors have been examined. Personal reports of farmers about their quality of work life have been studied too. Another goal has been investigating the relationship between farmers' personal characteristics (independent variables) with three variables: their Occupational hazard perception, efficiency and quality of work life (dependent variables). Spearman and Pearson correlation test has been used for this purpose. According to research, three questionnaires (Occupational hazard perception questionnaire, efficiency and quality of life questionnaire) have been designed and set up. The Components of each questionnaire are as fallows: after reviewing the experiences of domestic and foreign experts, library studies, observation case study, Interviews with experts Agricultural Jihad Organization, farmers and agricultural Professors of Geography and Rural Planning and Management were identified. In order to estimate the internal consistency of the questions, Cronbach's alpha has been used. The coefficient obtained for the Occupational hazard perception questionnaire with 0/91 for quality of work life questionnaire with 82/0 and for efficiency questionnaires with 0/86 indicates high internal consistency of questions.
Findings of Research
The obtained average for farmer Occupational hazard perception (34/115) indicated that the farmers feel hazard in their jobs, in a high level. Survey about the Quality of Work Life responses indicated that 59 percent of farmers were satisfied and 23% were dissatisfied. Farmers who have higher incomes and those who have participated in Jihad Agriculture extension classes, have been less faced with the Occupational hazard perception. On the one hand, with increasing levels of education, higher income, more work experience and participate in the classes increased agricultural efficiency; On the other hand, increasing age and the amount of land tenure, have caused low agricultural efficiency. Older farmers and the ones who are experience in agricultural jobs experience a lower quality of life. Farmers who have higher incomes and those who participate in organizations enjoy higher quality. On the other hand, farmers with more land experience a lower quality of work life. To investigate the relationship between the main variables of the study, the Pearson correlation test has been used. The results showed that there was negative correlation at 99% level between the Occupational hazard perception of farmers and efficiency of them. This meaned that with increasing Occupational hazard perception of farmers, their efficiency was low, and vice versa. Also there was negative correlation at 99% level between the Occupational hazard perception of farmers and their quality of work life. In other words, increasing the Occupational hazard perception of farmers, lowers their quality of work life; and vice versa. The results also showed that there was a positive significant relationship in level of 99% between the efficiency and quality of work life. This meaned that by increasing the efficiency of farmers, their quality of work life has been enhanced.
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Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the farmer Occupational hazard perception has been causes reduced efficiency and quality of work life. In fact the farmers with less Occupational hazard perception experienced greater efficiency and higher quality of work life.Introduction
This study examines the level of farmers' perception of hazards, as well as their impacts on efficiency and mentally quality of farmers' life and profession. The relationship between each dimension of quality of work life and efficiency is studied too.
Methodology
The research method is descriptive and includes a survey of many selected villages in Yazd province (farmers in Central section of Bahabad County). The Statistic Society of research is a 1186 agricultural Operations. On the base of Cochrane formula; the authors have used cluster. In this study, farmers have been asked about subjects such as: what extent each of the natural and human hazards (listed in the questionnaire) caused perception of hazard in them. To evaluate the efficiency of farmers, related factors such as income, spending, interest and motivation, ability and skill, number of hours worked and the other factors have been examined. Personal reports of farmers about their quality of work life have been studied too. Another goal has been investigating the relationship between farmers' personal characteristics (independent variables) with three variables: their Occupational hazard perception, efficiency and quality of work life (dependent variables). Spearman and Pearson correlation test has been used for this purpose. According to research, three questionnaires (Occupational hazard perception questionnaire, efficiency and quality of life questionnaire) have been designed and set up. The Components of each questionnaire are as fallows: after reviewing the experiences of domestic and foreign experts, library studies, observation case study, Interviews with experts Agricultural Jihad Organization, farmers and agricultural Professors of Geography and Rural Planning and Management were identified. In order to estimate the internal consistency of the questions, Cronbach's alpha has been used. The coefficient obtained for the Occupational hazard perception questionnaire with 0/91 for quality of work life questionnaire with 82/0 and for efficiency questionnaires with 0/86 indicates high internal consistency of questions.
Findings of Research
The obtained average for farmer Occupational hazard perception (34/115) indicated that the farmers feel hazard in their jobs, in a high level. Survey about the Quality of Work Life responses indicated that 59 percent of farmers were satisfied and 23% were dissatisfied. Farmers who have higher incomes and those who have participated in Jihad Agriculture extension classes, have been less faced with the Occupational hazard perception. On the one hand, with increasing levels of education, higher income, more work experience and participate in the classes increased agricultural efficiency; On the other hand, increasing age and the amount of land tenure, have caused low agricultural efficiency. Older farmers and the ones who are experience in agricultural jobs experience a lower quality of life. Farmers who have higher incomes and those who participate in organizations enjoy higher quality. On the other hand, farmers with more land experience a lower quality of work life. To investigate the relationship between the main variables of the study, the Pearson correlation test has been used. The results showed that there was negative correlation at 99% level between the Occupational hazard perception of farmers and efficiency of them. This meaned that with increasing Occupational hazard perception of farmers, their efficiency was low, and vice versa. Also there was negative correlation at 99% level between the Occupational hazard perception of farmers and their quality of work life. In other words, increasing the Occupational hazard perception of farmers, lowers their quality of work life; and vice versa. The results also showed that there was a positive significant relationship in level of 99% between the efficiency and quality of work life. This meaned that by increasing the efficiency of farmers, their quality of work life has been enhanced.
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Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the farmer Occupational hazard perception has been causes reduced efficiency and quality of work life. In fact the farmers with less Occupational hazard perception experienced greater efficiency and higher quality of work life.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_31977_0847a76bcf86e7295b9dbb3d99f815b3.pdf