Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923A Proposed Model for Organic Rice Farming in Rural Areas of Guilan and Mazandaran ProvincesA Proposed Model for Organic Rice Farming in Rural Areas of Guilan and Mazandaran Provinces3723876347010.22059/jrur.2017.63470FASeyed HassanRazaviAssistant Professor, Agricultural Planning Economic and Rural Development Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.MahdiPourtaheriAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, School of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.AbdolrezaRoknodin EftekhariProfessor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, School of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20160906Organic farming is an alternative farming system for the production of healthy food free of synthetic substances. In Iran, organic farming is practiced in some areas over the past few years; a case in point is rice. The organic farming of this product has expanded in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. <br />The main objective of this study was to examine the status quo of organic rice farming in these two provinces and to design an appropriate model for extending and developing this practice and product. A quantitative survey method has been deployed for the study, using descriptive, analytical and correlational methods for interpreting the results. Interviews were carried out with 211 rice producers in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. Questionnaires were used to collect the required data.<br />Results show that the economic factor has the biggest influence in adoption or rejection of organic farming, and the most important obstacles to organic farming are lack of financial support from the government and high cost of controlling pests. Based on the study results, the most appropriate model for developing organic farming in rice cultivation is establishing institutions through participatory approaches, with an emphasis on small scale farmers, thus enabling a more collective and institutional engagement in the practice for more resource-poor farmers.Organic farming is an alternative farming system for the production of healthy food free of synthetic substances. In Iran, organic farming is practiced in some areas over the past few years; a case in point is rice. The organic farming of this product has expanded in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. <br />The main objective of this study was to examine the status quo of organic rice farming in these two provinces and to design an appropriate model for extending and developing this practice and product. A quantitative survey method has been deployed for the study, using descriptive, analytical and correlational methods for interpreting the results. Interviews were carried out with 211 rice producers in Guilan and Mazandaran provinces. Questionnaires were used to collect the required data.<br />Results show that the economic factor has the biggest influence in adoption or rejection of organic farming, and the most important obstacles to organic farming are lack of financial support from the government and high cost of controlling pests. Based on the study results, the most appropriate model for developing organic farming in rice cultivation is establishing institutions through participatory approaches, with an emphasis on small scale farmers, thus enabling a more collective and institutional engagement in the practice for more resource-poor farmers.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63470_1680ecd56f2584db24e9a4a191e3c3e8.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Modeling Agricultural Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition in Kermanshah Province: Application of NVivo SoftwareModeling Agricultural Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition in Kermanshah Province: Application of NVivo Software3884036347710.22059/jrur.2017.63477FAMojganKhoshmaramPhD, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.KiomarsZarafshaniAssociate professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.AliasgharMirakzadehAssistance professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.AmirhosseinAlibaygiAssociate professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.Journal Article20161029Although agriculture is an important sector in economy in general and providing employment opportunities in particular, individuals’ limited ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities in agriculture has reduced the share of agriculture in employment. Therefore, the promotion of opportunity recognition skills in agriculture can solve unemployment challenges. In this regard, this qualitative study attempted to present a model for agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity recognition using NVivo software. The study participators consisted of all agricultural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Province. Of them, 19 cases of agricultural entrepreneurs were selected by theoretical sampling. Results revealed that the major components of our proposed model in opportunity recognition included social capital, human capital, environmental support, psychological characteristics, alertness, and personal and environmental turbulence. Results of this study have practical implications for agricultural policy makers, science and technology parks, agricultural organization, entrepreneurship education trainers, and higher agricultural education system. Moreover, the results have practical significance towards resistive economy.Although agriculture is an important sector in economy in general and providing employment opportunities in particular, individuals’ limited ability to recognize entrepreneurial opportunities in agriculture has reduced the share of agriculture in employment. Therefore, the promotion of opportunity recognition skills in agriculture can solve unemployment challenges. In this regard, this qualitative study attempted to present a model for agricultural entrepreneurial opportunity recognition using NVivo software. The study participators consisted of all agricultural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Province. Of them, 19 cases of agricultural entrepreneurs were selected by theoretical sampling. Results revealed that the major components of our proposed model in opportunity recognition included social capital, human capital, environmental support, psychological characteristics, alertness, and personal and environmental turbulence. Results of this study have practical implications for agricultural policy makers, science and technology parks, agricultural organization, entrepreneurship education trainers, and higher agricultural education system. Moreover, the results have practical significance towards resistive economy.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63477_6e1e5a4b03f72aaaabb04228eaf56600.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923The Determinants of Rural Production Cooperatives’ Performance in South of Kerman ProvinceThe Determinants of Rural Production Cooperatives’ Performance in South of Kerman Province4044216347410.22059/jrur.2017.63474FAMinaFaryabiMSc. Student, Department of Rural Development Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.MostafaAhmadvandAssociate Professor, Department of Rural Development Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.0000-0001-8852-5861Journal Article20160822This study aimed to find out the performance of Rural Production Cooperatives (RPCs) towards agricultural development and to determine factors that are most likely key determinants of the performance of RPCs in the south of Kerman Province. A survey method was conducted with a sample of RPC members in the area. Based on the critical random sampling, out of 13 active and successful cooperatives, one was chosen. Fifty members of the selected cooperative were randomly selected. The data were collected by questionnaire. A panel of experts confirmed the face validity of the questionnaire and its reliability was tested by using a sample of 15 farmers in an RPC outside the study area. The Cronbach α coefficient (more than 0.70 for all dimensions) were confirmed the questionnaire. Findings revealed the desirable performance of PRCs. Furthermore, 6 components of the performance (pre-cultivation, cultivation, husbandry, harvest, post-harvest stages, and extension services) were placed in a medium position. The results of hierarchical regression indicated that the models were able to explain a high percentages of variability in performance of RPC. Among the variables postulated in the model, “free agricultural machines”, “how to deal with the villagers”, “the level of education of members and the director”, “giving credits and loans to cooperative” and “job satisfaction of the director” had a significant influence on the performance of RPC regarding agricultural development. This study aimed to find out the performance of Rural Production Cooperatives (RPCs) towards agricultural development and to determine factors that are most likely key determinants of the performance of RPCs in the south of Kerman Province. A survey method was conducted with a sample of RPC members in the area. Based on the critical random sampling, out of 13 active and successful cooperatives, one was chosen. Fifty members of the selected cooperative were randomly selected. The data were collected by questionnaire. A panel of experts confirmed the face validity of the questionnaire and its reliability was tested by using a sample of 15 farmers in an RPC outside the study area. The Cronbach α coefficient (more than 0.70 for all dimensions) were confirmed the questionnaire. Findings revealed the desirable performance of PRCs. Furthermore, 6 components of the performance (pre-cultivation, cultivation, husbandry, harvest, post-harvest stages, and extension services) were placed in a medium position. The results of hierarchical regression indicated that the models were able to explain a high percentages of variability in performance of RPC. Among the variables postulated in the model, “free agricultural machines”, “how to deal with the villagers”, “the level of education of members and the director”, “giving credits and loans to cooperative” and “job satisfaction of the director” had a significant influence on the performance of RPC regarding agricultural development. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63474_57b78a8fc5787dc45da57b608256e2f2.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Analyzing Social & Economic Effects of Water Scarcity in al-Azeem Wetland on Rural Settlement Around the WetlandAnalyzing Social & Economic Effects of Water Scarcity in al-Azeem Wetland on Rural Settlement Around the Wetland4224376347210.22059/jrur.2017.63472FABehruzGharani AraniAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-8515-7255BehruzGharani AraniAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Seyed RaminGhaffariAssociate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20161210Al-Azeem as an international riverine wetland on the border of Iran and Iraq, fed by domestic and foreign runoff, has recently undergone changes such as reducing discharge and increasing industrial pollution because of various natural and human reasons. In this regard, this fragile environment and its nearby villages (with low, reducing and semi-migratory population) must be studied through field and local research. This is an applied, descriptive-analytic study, with a documentary and survey method for data collection. The study population was 120 heads of households and/or available informant people over 25 years old in 10 villages of Dasht-e Azadegan County. The study questionnaire was prepared in consultation with academic experts. It is rated based on a 5-point Likert-type scale with regard to specific local conditions. The validity of the questionnaire was estimated based on the Cronbach α (0.812). Indexes of economic and social consequences of water scarcity were examined via using the Chi-square test at significance level of 0.05. Placing 83% of these outcomes in the first order, showed the negative effect of water shortage on social and economic lives of villagers. According to the findings and observations, we recommend some suggestions such as following water right of environment, lowering oil activities, executing necessary standards of environment, tourism promotion, and more research on feasible solutions of water shortage of the wetland were recommend.Al-Azeem as an international riverine wetland on the border of Iran and Iraq, fed by domestic and foreign runoff, has recently undergone changes such as reducing discharge and increasing industrial pollution because of various natural and human reasons. In this regard, this fragile environment and its nearby villages (with low, reducing and semi-migratory population) must be studied through field and local research. This is an applied, descriptive-analytic study, with a documentary and survey method for data collection. The study population was 120 heads of households and/or available informant people over 25 years old in 10 villages of Dasht-e Azadegan County. The study questionnaire was prepared in consultation with academic experts. It is rated based on a 5-point Likert-type scale with regard to specific local conditions. The validity of the questionnaire was estimated based on the Cronbach α (0.812). Indexes of economic and social consequences of water scarcity were examined via using the Chi-square test at significance level of 0.05. Placing 83% of these outcomes in the first order, showed the negative effect of water shortage on social and economic lives of villagers. According to the findings and observations, we recommend some suggestions such as following water right of environment, lowering oil activities, executing necessary standards of environment, tourism promotion, and more research on feasible solutions of water shortage of the wetland were recommend.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63472_1d5c3bb1dfa8cfbf7418136c921cd782.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923The Investigation of Lake Urmia Drying Trend and Its Important Consequence on the Surrounding SettlementsThe Investigation of Lake Urmia Drying Trend and Its Important Consequence on the Surrounding Settlements4384536347310.22059/jrur.2017.63473FAVahidBarani PesyanAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, School of Command and Headquarters, Amin Police University, Tehran, Iran.0009-0002-9271-2904MohammadPorakramiMSc. Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.BagherFotouhi MehrbaniMSc. Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.BagherFotouhi MehrbaniMSc. Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20160820During last decade’s drying trend of Lake Urmia led to the environmental, social and economic crisis in Iran’s North West region. In this regard, the main aim of this research is the detailed investigation of Lake Urmia drying trend and its important result. The research method is descriptive –analytic, and data collection has been based on library-documentary and survey methods. In this regard, using Landsat satellite images, drying trend of the Lake Urmia during the years 2000 - 2015 and its important consequences by DANP method were studied. The results showed that during the 2000- 2015 the Lake water decreased dramatically, especially in the 2010-2015. Also, the result show that environmental dimension (Weight 0.49), and indicators such as salt storm (0.1782), Desertification and its development in surrounding areas (weight 0.1236), Ethnicity and ethnic conflicts (weight 0.0884), Exacerbated climatic fluctuations and changes in the timing of seasons (weight 0.0767), And the loss of agricultural land and soil fertility (weight 0.0720) will be the most important consequence of the drying of Lake Urmia.During last decade’s drying trend of Lake Urmia led to the environmental, social and economic crisis in Iran’s North West region. In this regard, the main aim of this research is the detailed investigation of Lake Urmia drying trend and its important result. The research method is descriptive –analytic, and data collection has been based on library-documentary and survey methods. In this regard, using Landsat satellite images, drying trend of the Lake Urmia during the years 2000 - 2015 and its important consequences by DANP method were studied. The results showed that during the 2000- 2015 the Lake water decreased dramatically, especially in the 2010-2015. Also, the result show that environmental dimension (Weight 0.49), and indicators such as salt storm (0.1782), Desertification and its development in surrounding areas (weight 0.1236), Ethnicity and ethnic conflicts (weight 0.0884), Exacerbated climatic fluctuations and changes in the timing of seasons (weight 0.0767), And the loss of agricultural land and soil fertility (weight 0.0720) will be the most important consequence of the drying of Lake Urmia.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63473_f82b271f71f69d741322688588645c4e.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Analysis of Effective Institutional Network on Rural Sprawling in Rural Settlements Around HamedanAnalysis of Effective Institutional Network on Rural Sprawling in Rural Settlements Around Hamedan4544696347110.22059/jrur.2017.63471FAAbbasSaeidiProfessor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran.MostafaTaleshiAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, South Branch, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad MahdiZia NoushinPhD Candidate, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, South Branch, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20170228Land as a source of rural production requires wise management and protection. One of the physical phenomena in rural settlements around urban areas is rural sprawling phenomenon that results in land use changes in agricultural and horticultural areas in favor of other usages. Various factors affect this phenomenon, of which institutional and organizational factors and forces are the most important ones. This study aimed to recognize rural sprawling phenomenon and analysis of effective land management interventions and effective networks and their interactions or conflicts in rural areas around the city. Study area comprised 24 rural settlements around the city of Hamedan. The results showed that more than half of the institutional authorities have 5 types of conflicts with other institutions. One third of network links are controlled by state authorities and the main key agencies and policymakers and other institutions have passive, marginal and facilitating role in land use change. Investment opportunities around the cities, shortage of land in the city boundaries, employment opportunities and providing income, and massive demand for single-family units have accelerated the trend of land use changes. Attending to the urban areas of Hamedan and rural-urban relations and interactive policies with emphasis on the protection of residential areas can contribute to wise management of land.Land as a source of rural production requires wise management and protection. One of the physical phenomena in rural settlements around urban areas is rural sprawling phenomenon that results in land use changes in agricultural and horticultural areas in favor of other usages. Various factors affect this phenomenon, of which institutional and organizational factors and forces are the most important ones. This study aimed to recognize rural sprawling phenomenon and analysis of effective land management interventions and effective networks and their interactions or conflicts in rural areas around the city. Study area comprised 24 rural settlements around the city of Hamedan. The results showed that more than half of the institutional authorities have 5 types of conflicts with other institutions. One third of network links are controlled by state authorities and the main key agencies and policymakers and other institutions have passive, marginal and facilitating role in land use change. Investment opportunities around the cities, shortage of land in the city boundaries, employment opportunities and providing income, and massive demand for single-family units have accelerated the trend of land use changes. Attending to the urban areas of Hamedan and rural-urban relations and interactive policies with emphasis on the protection of residential areas can contribute to wise management of land.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63471_39dd4542fcf4358b1eda5fe83344280a.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Evaluation and Prioritize of Marketing Mix Components Influence the Development of Rural Tourism (Case Study: Villages of Foman County)Evaluation and Prioritize of Marketing Mix Components Influence the Development of Rural Tourism (Case Study: Villages of Foman County)4704876346910.22059/jrur.2017.63469FAMehdiHesamAssistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran.0000-0002-9556-6167MehdiCheraghiPhD, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.ZeynabAkbariMA Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran.SomayehRohbanMA Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran.Journal Article20161109Today, tourism is an important source of income particularly for rural areas and local communities. Because of the immense benefits of tourism for rural development, special measures must be taken to attract tourists. In this regard, the marketing mix including 7 factors of planning and management, evidence and physical facilities, advertising, public and staff, price and the product were evaluated in the villages of Foman County. With regard to the tourism capacities of villages in the area such as its several tourism attractions and proximity to densely populated urban centers, there is a great opportunity for tourism development. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with survey research methods. To collect data, we used a 46-item self-designed questionnaire based on the comments of 40 experts of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Guilan Province. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS through performing binomial, correlation, and Friedman tests. The results indicate that the most unfavorable situation indicators are advertising and then public and staff while their high concern in the study area is rural tourism marketing.Today, tourism is an important source of income particularly for rural areas and local communities. Because of the immense benefits of tourism for rural development, special measures must be taken to attract tourists. In this regard, the marketing mix including 7 factors of planning and management, evidence and physical facilities, advertising, public and staff, price and the product were evaluated in the villages of Foman County. With regard to the tourism capacities of villages in the area such as its several tourism attractions and proximity to densely populated urban centers, there is a great opportunity for tourism development. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with survey research methods. To collect data, we used a 46-item self-designed questionnaire based on the comments of 40 experts of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Guilan Province. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS through performing binomial, correlation, and Friedman tests. The results indicate that the most unfavorable situation indicators are advertising and then public and staff while their high concern in the study area is rural tourism marketing.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63469_1d578bd38932557bdde5579549a14846.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Assessing and Prioritizing the Factors Affecting Rural Tourism Marketing Using the Marketing Mix Model (A Case Study: Jozan District, Malayer Township)Assessing and Prioritizing the Factors Affecting Rural Tourism Marketing Using the Marketing Mix Model (A Case Study: Jozan District, Malayer Township)4885016347810.22059/jrur.2017.63478FADavoodSheikhiAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-4834-4836MasomehPazokiAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20161109Rural tourism is one of the most productive economic activities and entrepreneurships in Juzan District, Malayer Township. The prosperity of this economic sector can transform financial resources and result in sustainable rural income. In order to develop and expand this economic sector, special measures such as marketing are required in accordance with the principles of marketing science. This research aimed to evaluate and prioritize the factors affecting the marketing of rural tourism. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on quantitative methods and marketing mix model of 7p. This marketing mix model consists of 7 components of place, promotion, physical facilities, planning and management, people, production, and price. The statistical population included Malayer Cultural Heritage and Tourism Center staff, tourists, and tenants in rural districts. A total of 93 people were selected as sample size, which included 4 experts, 7 village headmen, and 82 tourists. The relevant data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, Friedman ranking, and t tests using SPSS. The results of the survey and prioritization of rural tourism marketing factors indicate that the factors of people and place are very important. Also the results of factor analysis model showed that among 7 factors, 2 factors of place and planning have the highest percentages of the variance.Rural tourism is one of the most productive economic activities and entrepreneurships in Juzan District, Malayer Township. The prosperity of this economic sector can transform financial resources and result in sustainable rural income. In order to develop and expand this economic sector, special measures such as marketing are required in accordance with the principles of marketing science. This research aimed to evaluate and prioritize the factors affecting the marketing of rural tourism. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on quantitative methods and marketing mix model of 7p. This marketing mix model consists of 7 components of place, promotion, physical facilities, planning and management, people, production, and price. The statistical population included Malayer Cultural Heritage and Tourism Center staff, tourists, and tenants in rural districts. A total of 93 people were selected as sample size, which included 4 experts, 7 village headmen, and 82 tourists. The relevant data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, Friedman ranking, and t tests using SPSS. The results of the survey and prioritization of rural tourism marketing factors indicate that the factors of people and place are very important. Also the results of factor analysis model showed that among 7 factors, 2 factors of place and planning have the highest percentages of the variance.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63478_fe557c8e731c90dc7f4cd95d49253cc2.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Designing a Model for Establishing a Community- Based Organization: Conditions, Interactions and Consequences (Case Study of Keykha Village, Zabol Township, Iran)Designing a Model for Establishing a Community- Based Organization: Conditions, Interactions and Consequences (Case Study of Keykha Village, Zabol Township, Iran)5025176347610.22059/jrur.2017.63476FAMojganSobhi-MoghadamMSc., Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.EnayatAbbasiAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.MasoudBijaniAssistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-2659-6386Journal Article20160927This study aimed at designing a model for establishing a Community Based Organization (CBO) based on conditions, interactions and consequences in Keykha Village, Zabol Township, Sistan and Baluchistan Province. The research design was qualitative and used case study, which was carried out in 2014. The village of Keykha was the case study and the active memberships of local CBO were units of analysis. The samples were selected using purposive and snowball sampling method (n=16). Observation, in-depth interview and documents review were the main tools for data collection. Validity and reliability of the research were confirmed by using three methods in data collection, establishing a database and using interviewees’ opinions in completing the research report. Data analysis was performed in three steps: descriptive findings, counting keywords, and coding. According to the results, the local CBO establishment in Keykha in accordance with the Straus and Corbin’s paradigm model has been affected by the contextual, causative, and intervening conditions. Establishment of this CBO has paved the way for interactions among people with officials and provided people with consequences (including educational and learning, women’s empowerment, health and environmental, social and cosmopolitan, economic and rural construction, and psychological).This study aimed at designing a model for establishing a Community Based Organization (CBO) based on conditions, interactions and consequences in Keykha Village, Zabol Township, Sistan and Baluchistan Province. The research design was qualitative and used case study, which was carried out in 2014. The village of Keykha was the case study and the active memberships of local CBO were units of analysis. The samples were selected using purposive and snowball sampling method (n=16). Observation, in-depth interview and documents review were the main tools for data collection. Validity and reliability of the research were confirmed by using three methods in data collection, establishing a database and using interviewees’ opinions in completing the research report. Data analysis was performed in three steps: descriptive findings, counting keywords, and coding. According to the results, the local CBO establishment in Keykha in accordance with the Straus and Corbin’s paradigm model has been affected by the contextual, causative, and intervening conditions. Establishment of this CBO has paved the way for interactions among people with officials and provided people with consequences (including educational and learning, women’s empowerment, health and environmental, social and cosmopolitan, economic and rural construction, and psychological).https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63476_c325142931d8bcc24edc5733a28990f1.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Border Market Impacts on Sustainable Livelihood of Rural Areas Around: A Case Study in Khavmirabad District in Marivan CountyBorder Market Impacts on Sustainable Livelihood of Rural Areas Around: A Case Study in Khavmirabad District in Marivan County5185356347910.22059/jrur.2017.63479FAFarzadVeisiAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-0778-0156Mohamad SedighGhorbaniAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.AdnanDastwarMSc., Department of Rural Planing, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20170125Today, providing sustainable livelihood for villagers is a priority for rural development planers. This issue in rural border areas is crucial because of centralization principle in the allocation of resources and facilities which causes suffer and pressure so that the main goal is to survive in many border villages. In this regard, benefiting from the advantages of the trading in these areas by opening border markets is a good strategy which has the ability to evolve and change the livelihood of the villagers. The proper function and performance of these bazars can be a background for fixing the economic shocks, social and natural threats and crises in these vulnerable areas and as a result, leads to the sustainability of their rural livelihood. In this regard, the current applied study was conducted to analyze the effects of border markets on sustainable rural livelihood of Khawmirabad region with an analytical-descriptive method. The relevant data were collected by documents review, field interviews, and observations. Also, a questionnaire was distributed among the villagers to find whether the establishment of border markets has had any positive and effective role in improving rural livelihoods by increasing their assets. Among the villager’s assets the most improvement was seen in their financial situation. Today, providing sustainable livelihood for villagers is a priority for rural development planers. This issue in rural border areas is crucial because of centralization principle in the allocation of resources and facilities which causes suffer and pressure so that the main goal is to survive in many border villages. In this regard, benefiting from the advantages of the trading in these areas by opening border markets is a good strategy which has the ability to evolve and change the livelihood of the villagers. The proper function and performance of these bazars can be a background for fixing the economic shocks, social and natural threats and crises in these vulnerable areas and as a result, leads to the sustainability of their rural livelihood. In this regard, the current applied study was conducted to analyze the effects of border markets on sustainable rural livelihood of Khawmirabad region with an analytical-descriptive method. The relevant data were collected by documents review, field interviews, and observations. Also, a questionnaire was distributed among the villagers to find whether the establishment of border markets has had any positive and effective role in improving rural livelihoods by increasing their assets. Among the villager’s assets the most improvement was seen in their financial situation. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63479_7eaee1217e0cc9bb58d0f21ad924e7c7.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923Evaluation the Effects of Subsidy Reforms on Sustainability of Rural Economic Indexes: A Case Study in Sardabeh RuralsEvaluation the Effects of Subsidy Reforms on Sustainability of Rural Economic Indexes: A Case Study in Sardabeh Rurals5365536348010.22059/jrur.2017.63480FAArastooYari HesarAssistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities ,University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.MajidParishanAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Saqqez Branch, Payame Noor University of Kurdistan Province, Saqqez, Iran.VakillHeidari SarebanAssociate Professor, Department of Natural Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.Journal Article20170103Implementation of subsidy reform policy in Iran is such a proceeding has been done to reduce poverty and reduce the gap between different groups of society, especially in rural areas. This research try to evaluate the effects of subsidy reform policy on economic sustainability of Sardabe rurals in Ardabil province.<br />This paper is fundamental and exploratory kinds of research and the information have been gathered by means of questioner technique. The population consisted of villages in Sardabe which includes 41 villages and 9650 people according to the census carried on in 1390. Using the Cochran formula for sampling, 369 people were selected randomly. The main criteria in this article According to the research topic include Increasing the purchasing power of the people, increase employment rate, increase Income and savings, Poverty Reduction, Reducing unemployment, Demand Side Management, Managing and reducing wasteful consumption and finally Reducing income inequality. The results of this research shows that After the implementation of Reconfiguring subsidies, income and savings have increased significantly. the greatest impact of subsidies reconfiguration was on the index of willing to work and the minimal impact on increasing agricultural production enterprises and households. The results show that the implementation of the subsidy reform policies is not achieved to determined aims and contrary to what was thought economic indicators over nearly a decade past of implementation of this policy has not been a significant change.Implementation of subsidy reform policy in Iran is such a proceeding has been done to reduce poverty and reduce the gap between different groups of society, especially in rural areas. This research try to evaluate the effects of subsidy reform policy on economic sustainability of Sardabe rurals in Ardabil province.<br />This paper is fundamental and exploratory kinds of research and the information have been gathered by means of questioner technique. The population consisted of villages in Sardabe which includes 41 villages and 9650 people according to the census carried on in 1390. Using the Cochran formula for sampling, 369 people were selected randomly. The main criteria in this article According to the research topic include Increasing the purchasing power of the people, increase employment rate, increase Income and savings, Poverty Reduction, Reducing unemployment, Demand Side Management, Managing and reducing wasteful consumption and finally Reducing income inequality. The results of this research shows that After the implementation of Reconfiguring subsidies, income and savings have increased significantly. the greatest impact of subsidies reconfiguration was on the index of willing to work and the minimal impact on increasing agricultural production enterprises and households. The results show that the implementation of the subsidy reform policies is not achieved to determined aims and contrary to what was thought economic indicators over nearly a decade past of implementation of this policy has not been a significant change.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63480_5117c90e751aae15c15b5cd289acabe4.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73738320170923The Role of Occupational Capability in the Self-reliance of Rural Women in Ilam CountyThe Role of Occupational Capability in the Self-reliance of Rural Women in Ilam County5545716347510.22059/jrur.2017.63475FATayyebehSayydehMSc. Student, Department of Agricultural Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.RoyaEshraghi SamaniAssistant professor, Department of Agricultural Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.AlirezaPoursaeedAssociate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.Journal Article20160831The present study aimed to analyze the role of rural women’s vocational capability on their self-reliance. The statistical population comprised all employed rural women of Ilam County, including 1088 women, of them, 283 participants were recruited by proportional stratified random sampling using Cochran’s formula. The questionnaire’s content and face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was estimated to be 93.7% by Cronbach α test. The obtained data were descriptively analyzed by mean, frequency, frequency percentage, standard deviation, and coefficient of variations, also they were inferentially analyzed by Pearson correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney test, and step-wise multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 22. Thus, the variables of technical skills and manual dexterity, creativity and problem-solving skills, technical knowledge, age, and income explain 57.7% of the variance of dependent variable. Thus, technical knowledge had the most important role and age the least important role in determining self-reliance. The present study aimed to analyze the role of rural women’s vocational capability on their self-reliance. The statistical population comprised all employed rural women of Ilam County, including 1088 women, of them, 283 participants were recruited by proportional stratified random sampling using Cochran’s formula. The questionnaire’s content and face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was estimated to be 93.7% by Cronbach α test. The obtained data were descriptively analyzed by mean, frequency, frequency percentage, standard deviation, and coefficient of variations, also they were inferentially analyzed by Pearson correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney test, and step-wise multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 22. Thus, the variables of technical skills and manual dexterity, creativity and problem-solving skills, technical knowledge, age, and income explain 57.7% of the variance of dependent variable. Thus, technical knowledge had the most important role and age the least important role in determining self-reliance. https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_63475_689015a79b8cc0455971e7b1ec66252c.pdf