Owner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Designing Model of Ecovillage Livelihood in Hajij Village with grounded theoryDesigning Model of Ecovillage Livelihood in Hajij Village with grounded theory6256619410.22059/jrur.2018.215853.982FAShahrzadBarani1. PhD student of Agricultural Development, Department of Extension and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranAmir HosseinAlibeygiAssociate Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Extension and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranAbdolhamidPapzanAssociate Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Extension and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20160926Understanding the mysteries of the biological complexes, such as ecovilages and indigenous mechanisms in the sustainable livelihoods of these communities can be a pillar for achieving sustainable rural development. In this research, the Hajij village as an example of an indigenous and touristic area with many natural and cultural data is qualitatively studied using a grounded theory approach based on the combined, applied and exploratory approach to discover the secret of this survival. There are 53 heads of household from 171 families in the village (with a population of 571) were chosen in a chain targeted sampling method and interviewed deeply. In addition, the direct observation, document review and personal experience were also used. Then, the results were content analysis. With using axial coding and following the trajectory of the story from four categories, 20 subcategories and 132 concepts, paradigmatic model of study as a model for sustainable livelihoods of Hajij was presented. According to the resulted-based pattern, the people of this village with use of the collection of natural, social, human, physical, indigenous knowledge and culture, various strategies for keeping their environment long have adopted. Whereas, the invasion of negative consequences and intervening elements threatens the life of this sustainable pattern at the present time and requires serious attention.Understanding the mysteries of the biological complexes, such as ecovilages and indigenous mechanisms in the sustainable livelihoods of these communities can be a pillar for achieving sustainable rural development. In this research, the Hajij village as an example of an indigenous and touristic area with many natural and cultural data is qualitatively studied using a grounded theory approach based on the combined, applied and exploratory approach to discover the secret of this survival. There are 53 heads of household from 171 families in the village (with a population of 571) were chosen in a chain targeted sampling method and interviewed deeply. In addition, the direct observation, document review and personal experience were also used. Then, the results were content analysis. With using axial coding and following the trajectory of the story from four categories, 20 subcategories and 132 concepts, paradigmatic model of study as a model for sustainable livelihoods of Hajij was presented. According to the resulted-based pattern, the people of this village with use of the collection of natural, social, human, physical, indigenous knowledge and culture, various strategies for keeping their environment long have adopted. Whereas, the invasion of negative consequences and intervening elements threatens the life of this sustainable pattern at the present time and requires serious attention.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66194_14356bc0fb42c7b09aeb11e01c8060a9.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Meta-analysis Assessment of rural development plans articles in IranMeta-analysis Assessment of rural development plans articles in Iran26416621110.22059/jrur.2018.138811.823FAAbdorezaRokneddin EftekhariProfessor of Geography and Rural Planning ,Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranEbrahimKhalifehPhd of Geography and Rural Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranMehdiPourtaheriAssociate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning ,Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranAbdorezaRahmanifazliAssociate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning ,Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20151218Despite the increasing importance of open and rural areas as one of the most fundamental design of local development projects in rural settlements in the country and efforts in the field of study and evaluation plan, slot studies (especially in With regard to the assessment process) in this area is the very tangible. Within this framework, strategic questions are: assessment schemes in the rural territory evaluated each generation and how much of the researcher-functional or process have been done? In fact, the aim of this study was to analyze the documents, papers evaluating rural plans in Iran, with emphasis on the fourth generation of evaluation criteria, the procedure is the meta-analysis. The results of the analysis show that in terms of evaluation, studies, 45.4% in the second generation (Functional Assessment), and 36.3% were in the first generation; and the third and fourth generation (evaluation process) each to 9.1% account. This shows lack of attention to the evaluation of the researcher-related schemes in rural Iran.Despite the increasing importance of open and rural areas as one of the most fundamental design of local development projects in rural settlements in the country and efforts in the field of study and evaluation plan, slot studies (especially in With regard to the assessment process) in this area is the very tangible. Within this framework, strategic questions are: assessment schemes in the rural territory evaluated each generation and how much of the researcher-functional or process have been done? In fact, the aim of this study was to analyze the documents, papers evaluating rural plans in Iran, with emphasis on the fourth generation of evaluation criteria, the procedure is the meta-analysis. The results of the analysis show that in terms of evaluation, studies, 45.4% in the second generation (Functional Assessment), and 36.3% were in the first generation; and the third and fourth generation (evaluation process) each to 9.1% account. This shows lack of attention to the evaluation of the researcher-related schemes in rural Iran.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66211_4c207666fe0197a0ee138a1b4cfce355.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Analysis of Factors Affecting the Decision to Migration of the Villagers in the Area of Behavioral Geography
Case Study: Sina District, Varzeqan CountyAnalysis of Factors Affecting the Decision to Migration of the Villagers in the Area of Behavioral Geography
Case Study: Sina District, Varzeqan County42576621210.22059/jrur.2017.128431.709FAMohsenAghayari HirAssistant Professor of Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.HosseinKarimzadehAssistant Professor of Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.AghilKhaleghiPh.D. Candidate of Geography and Rural Planning, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20150729The present research, which deals with the behavioral geography is objective in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method and analyzes the factors affecting the decision to migrate the villagers. The statistical population includes households living in Sina district in Varzeqan County and the sample size consists of 300 people where sampling is accomplished in a simple random manner. Likewise, validity of the questionnaire is examined based on formal validity and its reliability with Gutman coefficient (split half) was 0.88. The analysis of this research, which was based on SEM, was considered using LISREL software. Therefore, a number of behavioral factors in the process of decision making of migration of the rural were drawn and tested as a conceptual model based on theoretical foundations and the study of previous studies. The results of fitting goodness assessment illustrates that the proposed model is compatible with the experimental data. Thus, using the drawn model was considered analyzing effective factors. The factor load test shows that the individual perception of environmental quality has the highest impact on the individual as a decision-making factor for migrating from the Rural. Finally, the results of the study about covariance matrix of independent variables indicate a major level of significance in the estimation of the Path Analysis of the studied variables. Hence, the designed model can be considered to be a useful tool in analyzing the rural migration decision making on the territory of behavioral geography.The present research, which deals with the behavioral geography is objective in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method and analyzes the factors affecting the decision to migrate the villagers. The statistical population includes households living in Sina district in Varzeqan County and the sample size consists of 300 people where sampling is accomplished in a simple random manner. Likewise, validity of the questionnaire is examined based on formal validity and its reliability with Gutman coefficient (split half) was 0.88. The analysis of this research, which was based on SEM, was considered using LISREL software. Therefore, a number of behavioral factors in the process of decision making of migration of the rural were drawn and tested as a conceptual model based on theoretical foundations and the study of previous studies. The results of fitting goodness assessment illustrates that the proposed model is compatible with the experimental data. Thus, using the drawn model was considered analyzing effective factors. The factor load test shows that the individual perception of environmental quality has the highest impact on the individual as a decision-making factor for migrating from the Rural. Finally, the results of the study about covariance matrix of independent variables indicate a major level of significance in the estimation of the Path Analysis of the studied variables. Hence, the designed model can be considered to be a useful tool in analyzing the rural migration decision making on the territory of behavioral geography.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66212_b32cd2d6029f531a51958052e0f729fc.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Identifying the effects migration of male households in rural wemen
(Case Study: Mashhad county)Identifying the effects migration of male households in rural wemen
(Case Study: Mashhad county)58716621310.22059/jrur.2018.225183.1048FAAthenaVatankhah NoghaniMaster of Science in Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.MaryamGhasemiAssistant Prof. of Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.JafarJavanProf. of Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20170116There is definite or seasonal migration of men individually like other third-world countries in Iran as well as the migration of rural households to the city. The present study seeks to identify the most important positive and negative effects of gender migration of male heads of households from rural areas. The research method is descriptive-analytic, and it is applied-development research. The sample size included 289 women in 22 villages with low sex ratio in Mashhad County. The positive and negative effects of individual male immigration on rural women were investigated using 30 variables using exploratory factor analysis. The most important positive effects of the men›s migration were five factors with 68.38 percent of the variance: increased women›s decision-making power in the family by 21.2%, increased women›s financial independence by 16.2%, increased psychological empowerment by 13.4%, willingness to make income-generating activities with 9% and increasing participation in the economic and social spheres is explained by 8.5% of variance. Furthermore, the most important negative effects of male immigration were the following five factors, with 63.17% of the variance, respectively: breaking the gender division of labor in the family by 19.2%, increasing the dependence of women to others by 13%, reducing the chance of marriage and fertility by 12.5%, problems in managing family affairs with 10% and the entry of minors and elderly people into economic activities with 8.5% of the variance.There is definite or seasonal migration of men individually like other third-world countries in Iran as well as the migration of rural households to the city. The present study seeks to identify the most important positive and negative effects of gender migration of male heads of households from rural areas. The research method is descriptive-analytic, and it is applied-development research. The sample size included 289 women in 22 villages with low sex ratio in Mashhad County. The positive and negative effects of individual male immigration on rural women were investigated using 30 variables using exploratory factor analysis. The most important positive effects of the men›s migration were five factors with 68.38 percent of the variance: increased women›s decision-making power in the family by 21.2%, increased women›s financial independence by 16.2%, increased psychological empowerment by 13.4%, willingness to make income-generating activities with 9% and increasing participation in the economic and social spheres is explained by 8.5% of variance. Furthermore, the most important negative effects of male immigration were the following five factors, with 63.17% of the variance, respectively: breaking the gender division of labor in the family by 19.2%, increasing the dependence of women to others by 13%, reducing the chance of marriage and fertility by 12.5%, problems in managing family affairs with 10% and the entry of minors and elderly people into economic activities with 8.5% of the variance.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66213_6cf05d5ea8be3b27742bf476ae39b823.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Assessing the attitude of villagers towards the implementation of community-based rural tourism (Case Study: Gurab Pas, Fuman county, Guilan province)Assessing the attitude of villagers towards the implementation of community-based rural tourism (Case Study: Gurab Pas, Fuman county, Guilan province)72876621410.22059/jrur.2018.225971.1058FAMehdiHesamMember of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, IranHamidrezaBaghianiGraduated Ph.D. in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20170125the expansion and development of tourism in rural areas is one of the current strategies considered by many countries for the development of rural areas. The community-based tourism was introduced in the 1970s, which guarantees a high level of community participation in development and planning with regard to the sustainability of tourism. Community-based tourism in search of economic benefits for the local community, local protection of natural and cultural resources, improve the quality of life and empowering the local community to meet the needs of present and future generations. In this article Gurab Pas District in the Province of Guilan have been selected, according to the prosperity and development of tourism in this area, the effects of tourism on the local community has been measured and Determine the extent to which tourism development and its effects leads to increased local community involvement in tourism activities. The research method is descriptive - analytical and data collection tool was questionnaire and number of questionnaire was determined through Cochran of 314 people. Analysis of the results using Factor analysis shows that among the factors for community-based rural tourism, Economic factors with 19/137 and 16/283 local community and conserving the best and the worst is operating in partnership with 9/786.the expansion and development of tourism in rural areas is one of the current strategies considered by many countries for the development of rural areas. The community-based tourism was introduced in the 1970s, which guarantees a high level of community participation in development and planning with regard to the sustainability of tourism. Community-based tourism in search of economic benefits for the local community, local protection of natural and cultural resources, improve the quality of life and empowering the local community to meet the needs of present and future generations. In this article Gurab Pas District in the Province of Guilan have been selected, according to the prosperity and development of tourism in this area, the effects of tourism on the local community has been measured and Determine the extent to which tourism development and its effects leads to increased local community involvement in tourism activities. The research method is descriptive - analytical and data collection tool was questionnaire and number of questionnaire was determined through Cochran of 314 people. Analysis of the results using Factor analysis shows that among the factors for community-based rural tourism, Economic factors with 19/137 and 16/283 local community and conserving the best and the worst is operating in partnership with 9/786.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66214_4dcc61347ac1a9909984734180ab4c94.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Analysis of behavior with drought and its influencing factors in nomad of Derila region, Gachsaran CountyAnalysis of behavior with drought and its influencing factors in nomad of Derila region, Gachsaran County881016621610.22059/jrur.2018.222766.1028FAKhodaAfvRashednasabM.Sc. of Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.MostafaAhmadvandAssociate Prof. of Agricultural Extension and Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, IranMaryamSharifzadehAssistant Prof. of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, IranJournal Article20161216This study aims at analyzing drought management behavior and its influencing factors in nomads of Darila in Gachsaran area under drought condition. The methodology of this research is mixed method and content analysis and the population includes number of 200 nomad households in Darila region. Accordingly, based on Bartlett et al. sample size table, 132 heads of nomad households were selected as sample of the study. A structured questionnaire was administered face-to-face. A panel of experts confirmed the questionnaire. The instruments were pilot- and field-tested using 30 heads of nomad households who were not targeted in the study. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.46- 0.82) indicated the optimality of the questionnaire. The findings revealed that although nomads of Darila applied both technical and non-technical adaptive strategies, the non-technical adaptations were the most commonly used strategies. Furthermore, the results of path analysis suggested that the “quality of life” (β= 0.46) and “attitude toward drought” (β= 0.08) had significant direct and indirect effects on the nomads’ behavior to drought, respectively. Also, “access to information”, “intention to manage drought”, “perceived control of drought”, and “social norms” had significant direct effects on nomads’ managerial behavior in drought condition. Finally, recommendations with regard to drought management policies were provided to reduce nomads' vulnerability and encourage them to continue their activities and production.This study aims at analyzing drought management behavior and its influencing factors in nomads of Darila in Gachsaran area under drought condition. The methodology of this research is mixed method and content analysis and the population includes number of 200 nomad households in Darila region. Accordingly, based on Bartlett et al. sample size table, 132 heads of nomad households were selected as sample of the study. A structured questionnaire was administered face-to-face. A panel of experts confirmed the questionnaire. The instruments were pilot- and field-tested using 30 heads of nomad households who were not targeted in the study. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.46- 0.82) indicated the optimality of the questionnaire. The findings revealed that although nomads of Darila applied both technical and non-technical adaptive strategies, the non-technical adaptations were the most commonly used strategies. Furthermore, the results of path analysis suggested that the “quality of life” (β= 0.46) and “attitude toward drought” (β= 0.08) had significant direct and indirect effects on the nomads’ behavior to drought, respectively. Also, “access to information”, “intention to manage drought”, “perceived control of drought”, and “social norms” had significant direct effects on nomads’ managerial behavior in drought condition. Finally, recommendations with regard to drought management policies were provided to reduce nomads' vulnerability and encourage them to continue their activities and production.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66216_5f99dea1ce8ff2feccbdea5f10b58622.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Measurement and analysis of resilience to retrogressive trend of rangeland users in natural ecosystems (Case study: Nardin Village, mayamey District, Semnan Province)Measurement and analysis of resilience to retrogressive trend of rangeland users in natural ecosystems (Case study: Nardin Village, mayamey District, Semnan Province)1021156621710.22059/jrur.2018.214738.970FALeilaAvazpourPh. D Student, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.MehdiGhorbaniAssociate Profesor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.RezaErfanzadehAssosiate Profesor, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, Mazandaran, Iran.MehdiRamezanzadeh LasbueiAssistant Professor, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran.Journal Article20160930Nowadays, theories and attitudes around crises management seek to create resilient communities against hazards and natural crises. Therefore resilience is considered as a way for strengthening communities based on their capacities. In this regard, various concepts, approaches, indicators and measurement models have been developed. The aim of this study is to measure and analysis of resilience of rangeland users in the Nardin village, Mayamey district, Semnan province in facing with natural ecosystem retrogressive trend. The research method is of descriptive-analytic type and sample size based on Morgan table is estimated 28 actors of rangeland. Initially, review of theoretical literature was done so that components and dimensions of resilience were specified. Next, applying questionnaires, it was attempted to compute the average resilience of rangeland beneficiaries of Nardin village faced with regression. Through one-sample t- test, the average resilience for each of the six components was estimated and by applying Friedman test, values of the components were ranked.Nowadays, theories and attitudes around crises management seek to create resilient communities against hazards and natural crises. Therefore resilience is considered as a way for strengthening communities based on their capacities. In this regard, various concepts, approaches, indicators and measurement models have been developed. The aim of this study is to measure and analysis of resilience of rangeland users in the Nardin village, Mayamey district, Semnan province in facing with natural ecosystem retrogressive trend. The research method is of descriptive-analytic type and sample size based on Morgan table is estimated 28 actors of rangeland. Initially, review of theoretical literature was done so that components and dimensions of resilience were specified. Next, applying questionnaires, it was attempted to compute the average resilience of rangeland beneficiaries of Nardin village faced with regression. Through one-sample t- test, the average resilience for each of the six components was estimated and by applying Friedman test, values of the components were ranked.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66217_3b69d1125013d613be61c0efea07497b.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Spatial analysis of differences in urban and rural areas in terms resilience against spontaneous phenomena (Case study: city Poldokhtar)Spatial analysis of differences in urban and rural areas in terms resilience against spontaneous phenomena (Case study: city Poldokhtar)1161356622010.22059/jrur.2018.229325.1080FAJavadBazrafshanAssistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, IranMehrshadToulabi NejadPh.D. student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, IranMeysamToulabi NejadPh.D. student at urban climatology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170306Governments are pursuing a variety of strategies to reduce the impact of hazards. The most important of these solutions, which have so far been neglected, is identifying the different communities from the standpoint of resilience to risk, and adopting an appropriate strategy for each of them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the difference between urban and rural communities in terms of accelerating the naturalization. The present research is a combination (qualitative and quantitative) of purpose, applied and method of doing it. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire, interview, and yearly journal of Lorestan province. The statistical population is urban and rural villages of Poldokhtar township (N= 30012). Using Cochran formula, 379 households (244 households and 135 rural households) were selected. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis, logistic regression model and geographic information system (GIS) for spatial analysis of indices. The results showed that there is a significant difference between functional factors in urban and rural areas. Resilience in urban areas is primarily affected by economic capital. While social capital is the most important factor in resilience in rural areas. There are also significant spatial changes in resilient indices in rural areas. Therefore, in order to increase the resilience of societies against risks, for each of them, an appropriate strategy should be taken into account with regard to local capacities.Governments are pursuing a variety of strategies to reduce the impact of hazards. The most important of these solutions, which have so far been neglected, is identifying the different communities from the standpoint of resilience to risk, and adopting an appropriate strategy for each of them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the difference between urban and rural communities in terms of accelerating the naturalization. The present research is a combination (qualitative and quantitative) of purpose, applied and method of doing it. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire, interview, and yearly journal of Lorestan province. The statistical population is urban and rural villages of Poldokhtar township (N= 30012). Using Cochran formula, 379 households (244 households and 135 rural households) were selected. Data analysis was performed using variance analysis, logistic regression model and geographic information system (GIS) for spatial analysis of indices. The results showed that there is a significant difference between functional factors in urban and rural areas. Resilience in urban areas is primarily affected by economic capital. While social capital is the most important factor in resilience in rural areas. There are also significant spatial changes in resilient indices in rural areas. Therefore, in order to increase the resilience of societies against risks, for each of them, an appropriate strategy should be taken into account with regard to local capacities.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66220_82c8e0c28dd59350fd84e35ae9281f4e.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Investigation Environmental Attitude values in Pro-Environmental Behavior of Sistan Region’s Farmers in Copping with DroughtInvestigation Environmental Attitude values in Pro-Environmental Behavior of Sistan Region’s Farmers in Copping with Drought1361476622210.22059/jrur.2018.219933.1012FAZeynabHallajM. Sc. Student Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.HasanSadighiAssociate Professor Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.HomayoonFarhadianAssistant Professor , Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20161120Sistan is located in one of the warmest and driest regions of the world experienced severe drought exacerbation to the severity of the drought and behavior changes that occur in the environment. Thus, change in human behavior towards the naturalistic aspects is expected to avoid drought and environmental protection and it is undeniable that change requires an understanding of people's attitudes. This study aims at an investigation on environmental attitude values in pro-environmental behavior of farmers in Sistan in case of Copping with Drought. The methodology of this study is descriptive and causal-correlative that is conducted using survey technique as a research method. The statistical population include farmers in Sistan region (N =1453) total 400 farmers had been selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method. The research tool is questionnaire which its validity confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education specialists and its items reliability were confirmed using a pilot test and calculating Cronbach's alpha test (70≤ α ≤90). The results indicate that causal proposed model is capable of explaining 30 percent of the dependent variable changes. More farmers have been altruistic attitude and biosphere and personal norms have the most impact on pro-environmental behavior. Therefore, it is suggested to provide appropriate training in order to strengthen the attitudes, strengthen personal norms and pro-environmental behavior.Sistan is located in one of the warmest and driest regions of the world experienced severe drought exacerbation to the severity of the drought and behavior changes that occur in the environment. Thus, change in human behavior towards the naturalistic aspects is expected to avoid drought and environmental protection and it is undeniable that change requires an understanding of people's attitudes. This study aims at an investigation on environmental attitude values in pro-environmental behavior of farmers in Sistan in case of Copping with Drought. The methodology of this study is descriptive and causal-correlative that is conducted using survey technique as a research method. The statistical population include farmers in Sistan region (N =1453) total 400 farmers had been selected as a sample using stratified random sampling method. The research tool is questionnaire which its validity confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education specialists and its items reliability were confirmed using a pilot test and calculating Cronbach's alpha test (70≤ α ≤90). The results indicate that causal proposed model is capable of explaining 30 percent of the dependent variable changes. More farmers have been altruistic attitude and biosphere and personal norms have the most impact on pro-environmental behavior. Therefore, it is suggested to provide appropriate training in order to strengthen the attitudes, strengthen personal norms and pro-environmental behavior.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66222_9343958003260c1fc1e62b8fc8c9a400.pdfOwner & Primary Publisher: University of Tehran;Journal of Rural Research2008-73739120180522Point Four and social changes in Iran(Book review "review objectives and performance Truman's Point Four")Point Four and social changes in Iran(Book review "review objectives and performance Truman's Point Four")1481586622310.22059/jrur.2018.224877.1045FAMahmoodMahamAssistant Professor of Islamic Culture and Thought, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170111Iran has experienced great changes in history but today the speed and nature of social changes, has created different conditions that require understanding social native pattern designs. an adaptation of Western theoretical models and applications on the basis of raw materials and instances in Iran, is a common response to the question of circumstances of achieving suitable social patterns and the right way appears through the production side, not consumers. In other words, research in the social history of Iran can determine the course of social change and the role of actors and other co-founders, the pattern of social change in Iran can be extracted. The important factors in social changes before the Islamic Revolution are affected by the type of external relations particularly with the United States of America. The influence of this relationship is mainly considered in political and military related services and other critical areas such as economy and culture has been ignored. Limitations and weaknesses in scientific production in this area spread a sign of politicization in the field of social science research in Iran. This paper investigates on reviewing objectives and performance of Truman›s Point Four, analysis of the Point Four program is the only reference that can be used in the design of social changes of Iran.Iran has experienced great changes in history but today the speed and nature of social changes, has created different conditions that require understanding social native pattern designs. an adaptation of Western theoretical models and applications on the basis of raw materials and instances in Iran, is a common response to the question of circumstances of achieving suitable social patterns and the right way appears through the production side, not consumers. In other words, research in the social history of Iran can determine the course of social change and the role of actors and other co-founders, the pattern of social change in Iran can be extracted. The important factors in social changes before the Islamic Revolution are affected by the type of external relations particularly with the United States of America. The influence of this relationship is mainly considered in political and military related services and other critical areas such as economy and culture has been ignored. Limitations and weaknesses in scientific production in this area spread a sign of politicization in the field of social science research in Iran. This paper investigates on reviewing objectives and performance of Truman›s Point Four, analysis of the Point Four program is the only reference that can be used in the design of social changes of Iran.https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66223_c74445b944cf1063868133384fa8894c.pdf