تحلیل عوامل و زمینه‌های اجتماعی - فرهنگی شکل‌گیری مشکلات محیط‌زیستی: کاربرد نظریه داده‌بنیاد (مطالعه موردی: مناطق روستایی طوالش)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

چکیده

هدف تحقیق حاضر، بررسی زمینه‌های اجتماعی و فرهنگی مشکلات محیط‌زیستی در روستاهای غرب استان گیلان؛ مناطق روستایی طوالش با رویکرد کیفی و مبتنی بر نظریه داده‌بنیاد است. با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری هدفمند با 20 نفر از روستاییان و کارشناسان در بهار 1399، مصاحبه‌های عمیق صورت گرفت. روایی و پایایی این پژوهش بر اساس کنترل یا اعتباریابی توسط مشارکت‌کنندگان ارزیابی گردید. تحلیل داده‌ها طی سه مرحله کدگذاری صورت گرفت. در کدگذاری باز، 10 مفهوم شناسایی و در کدگذاری محوری، 29 مقوله عمده استخراج گردید. همچنین، از طریق کدگذاری انتخابی بین مقولات عمده، هسته اصلی کشف و مدل نهایی پارادایمی ترسیم شد. «تخریب محیط‌زیست» به‌عنوان پدیده اصلی شناخته شد. شرایط علّی شامل: موانع زیرساختی، خلأ قانونی، ضریب مشارکت، خوش‌نشینی، فقدان آینده‌نگری، چگالی ارزش؛ شرایط مداخله‌گر شامل: گردشگری گذرا، آبادسازی متعارض، خلأ اعتباری و گذرگاه‌های خلاف قانون ارائه شد. در مجموع، یافته‌ها نشان داد که تخریب محیط‌زیست یک پدیده چند علیتی است که همگرایی مجموعه‌ شرایط علّی و مداخله‌گر در بستر اجتماعی جامعه روستایی، زمینه‌های بروز آن را موجب شده‌اند. بازنگری در قوانین و تجهیز زیرساخت‌ها، توسعه بوم‌گردی و ارتقاء آموزش همگانی به‌عنوان راهبردهای تعاملی، پیامدهایی چون کاهش تصرف و تخریب، مدیریت بهینه پسماند، گردشگری پایدار و حفظ محیط‌زیست را به دنبال خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

An Analysis of Socio-Cultural Context of Environmental Issues: Applying Grounded Theory (Case Study: Rural Areas of Tavalesh)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sadegh Salehi 1
  • Sona Habibi 2
  • Ahmad Rezaei 1
  • Ali Asghar Firozjayan 1
1 Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
2 PhD Student, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social and cultural contexts of environmental issues among western villages of Gilan province, rural areas of Tavalesh with a qualitative approach based on grounded theory. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 villagers as well as some experts in the spring of 2020 using targeted sampling. The validity and reliability of this study were evaluated based on control or validation by the participants. Data analysis was performed in three coding stages. In open coding, 10 concepts were identified and in axial coding, 31 major categories were extracted. Also, through selective coding of major categories, the core of the discovery and the final paradigm model were drawn and "Environmental degradation" was recognized as the main phenomenon. Causal conditions include infrastructure barriers, legal vacuum, participation rate, second home ownership, lack of foresight, and value density. Furthermore, the results show that the Intervention conditions included: transient tourism, conflicting settlements, credit vacuum, and illegal crossings. Overall, the findings showed that environmental degradation is a multifactorial phenomenon that convergence of a set of causal and intervening conditions in the social context of rural society has caused its occurrence. Revision of laws and equipping of infrastructure, development of ecotourism and promotion of public education as interactive strategies will have consequences such as reduction of occupation and destruction, optimal waste management, sustainable tourism and environmental protection.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Socio-cultural contexts
  • Grounded theory
  • Tavalesh villages
  • Environmental degradation
  • Environmental protection
Abdullahi, A. S., Salehi, S., Zahedi Mazandarani, M. J., & Zokaei, M. S. (2019). [The Social Construction of Drought among Farmers: A Case Study of the Central and Western Parts of Isfahan Province (Persian)]. Journal of Rural Research, Vol.10(1),114-129.
Ansari, N., Seyedakhlagishad, S. J., & Gasemi, M. H. (2008). [Socio-economic factors affecting the destruction of the country's natural resources and their share in the destruction(Persian)], Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Researc. 15(4), 508-524.
Azkia, M., Ahmadrash, R., & Partazian, K. (2017). [Qualitative research methods from theory to practice(Persian)], Tehran, Agah Publishing.
Blake, J.(1999). Overcoming the value–action gap in environmental policy: tensions between national policy and local experience, Local Environment, 4(3),257–278.
Cahill, M. (2015). [The Environment and social policy(Persian)], Translated by Hatami Nejad, H.,& Amirian, S., University of Tehran Publishing.
Castilho, L.C., De Vleeschouwer, K. M., Milner-Gulland, E.J. & Schiavetti, A. (2018). Attitudes and Behaviors of Rural Residents Toward Different Motivations for Hunting and Deforestation in Protected Areas of the Northeastern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Tropical Conservation Science, .11,1–14.
Chen, Y. (2017). Practice of Environmentally Significant Behaviours in Rural China: From Being Motivated by Economic Gains to Being Motivated by Environmental Considerations. behavioral sciences, 7(59),1-16.
Diekmann, A., & Franzen, A. (1999). The Wealth of Nations and Environmental Concern. Environment and Behavior, 31(4),540-549.
Dunlap, R.E., & Van Liere, K.D. (2008). The “New Environmental Paradigm”. The Journal of Environmental Education, 40(1),19-28.
Falahati, H. (2016). [Special case: Environmental crisis(Persian)], Bio-Cultural Journal of Lifestyle Monitoring, 8, 91-161.
Forotan Kia, SH., & Nawah, A. (2018). [Sociology of the environment(Persian)], Tehran, Ehsan Andishe Publishing.
Groat, L.N., Wang, D. (2002). Architectural research methods, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Guilan Management and Planning Organization. (2016). [Deputy of Statistics and Information. Population and household of the country by province and city and by points(Persian) .[statistical information system of Guilan province. Retrieved from https://sdi.mpogl.ir/7/09/2020
Habibi, S., & Salehi, S. (2020). [Understanding Environmental Concerns and Contexts: Application of grounded theory in rural areas of the West of Gilan(Persian)], Journal of Sustainable Development & Geographical Environment. 2 (5), 84-97.
Hirst, S. (2014). Environmentalism has failed Or has it?. Suzuki Elders, 1-4. Available at: https://www.suzukielders.org/ 2020,6,15
Inglehart, R. (1977). The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics. Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. Princeton University Press.
Irwin, A. (2015). [Sociology and the environment (Persian)], Translated by Sadegh Salehi. Babolsar: University of Mazandaran Publishing.
Khoshfar, G., Salehi, S., Vesal, Z., & Abbaszadeh, M.R. (2015). ]Investigating the social factors affecting the environmental awareness of the villagers, a case study: Jagharq rural district of Binalood city(Persian) .[Rural Researchs, 6 (1), 137-158.
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Minding the Gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Journal of Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260.
Mirtorabi, M. S., Shafiee, F., & Rezvanfar, A. (2014). [Utilization of information resources and communication channels in the process of accepting comprehensive rural waste management(Persian)], natural environment, 6(3), 329-339.
Mol, A. (2010). Social Theories of Environmental Reform: Towards a Third Generation. In book: Environmental Sociology. Editors: Matthias Gross & Harald Heinrichs, European Perspectives  and Interdisciplinary Challenges, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, 19-38.
Nordlund, A., & Gorvill, J. (2002). Value Structure behind Pro-environmental Behaviors. Journal of Environmental and Behaivior, 34(6), 740-756.
Safa, L., Mangali, N., & Ganj Khanlou, M. M. (2017). [Factors affecting the environmental protection behavior of villagers in Khodabandeh city based on the theory of planned behavior(Persian)], Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, 6(2),69-81.
Sajasi Gheidari, H., & Faal Jalali, A. (2018). [Assessing the awareness and environmental behavior of villagers (Case study: Zanglanloo village (Persian)]. Quarterly Journal of Spatial Planning (Geography),8(28-1),29-50.
Shamsudini, A., Dehghani, A., Manouchehri, F., & Abizadeh, S. (2020). [Evaluation of environmental sustainability and study of its spatial distribution in rural settlements of Kermanshah province(Persian)]. Geography and Development,58,75-92.
Salehi, S., & Akbari, H. (2017). [Sociological explanation of environmental protection in rural areas(Persian)]. Journal of Socio-Cultural Development, 2(3),9-24.
Salehi, S., & Emamgholi, L. (2012). [Experimental study of the relationship between environmental awareness and behaviors(Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Social Issues, Kharazmi University, 3(1),121-147.
Salehi, S., & Pazukinejad, Z. (2018). [Society and energy, the issue of energy and social dynamics(Persian)],Babolsar: University of Mazandaran Publishing
Sasko, D. (2014). Can Affluence Explain Public Attitudes Towards Climate Change Mitigation Policies? A Multilevel Analysis With Data from 27 EU Countries. Center for Global Politics(pp.2-16). CGP Working Paper Series 02/2014, Editor: Kristina Klinkforth, Publisher: Klaus Segbers.
Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior, Journal of Social Issues, 56(3),407–424.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2018). [Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Grounded Theory(Persian)], Translated by: Ebrahim Afshar,Tehran, Ney Publishing.
Sutton, P.W. (2014). [The Environment: A Sociological Introduction (Persian)]. Translated by: Salehi,S.,Tehran: Samat Publishing.
Winter, D., & Koger, S. (2004). The Psychology of environmental problems (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.