تفاوت نحوه بهره‌برداری از اراضی کشاورزی توسط کشاورزان ساکن و غیرساکن (موردمطالعه: روستاهای بخش چندار شهرستان ساوجبلاغ)

نوع مقاله : مقاله برگرفته از طرح پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام ‌نور، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.

3 کارشناس ارشد، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام‌ نور، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

گسترش مهاجرت روستا - شهری و حفظ ارتباط مهاجرین با زادگاه خود و بهره‌برداری از اراضی کشاورزی موروثی در روستاها، سبب شکل‌گیری پدیده کشاورزان غیرساکن در روستاها شده است؛ مهاجرانی که در شهرها ساکن‌اند و از اراضی کشاورزی خود در روستاها بهره‌برداری می‌نمایند. به نظر می‌رسد که در نحوه بهره‌برداری از اراضی کشاورزی این مهاجران با کشاورزانی که در روستا ساکن‌اند، تفاوت قابل‌توجهی وجود دارد. هدف اصلی این اثر، شناخت این تفاوت‌ها است. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی انجام پذیرفته است. از دو واحد تحلیل روستا و کشاورز (ساکن و مهاجر) استفاده شد. جامعه آماری این تحقیق تمامی کشاورزان ساکن و غیرساکن 16 روستای منتخب بخش چندار شهرستان ساوجبلاغ است. تعداد نمونه‌ها 396 نفر (سرپرست خانوارهای کشاورز ساکن170 و غیرساکن 226 نفر) با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعیین و در بین روستاها به شیوه وزنی و درون روستاهای منتخب با شیوه تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. داده‌های موردنیاز با استفاده از آمار و اطلاعات کشور و اطلاعات تکمیلی موردنیاز ازطریق تکمیل سه پرسش‌نامه روستا، خانوار کشاورز ساکن و خانوار کشاورز مهاجر، مصاحبه و مشاهده جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد کشاورزان ساکن نسبت به کشاورزان مهاجر نقش‌آفرینی بالاتری دارند. با وجود فاصله نسبتاً کوتاه روستاهای موردمطالعه تا شهرهای محل سکونت کشاورزان غیرساکن، و امکان تردد مهاجرین در تعطیلات پایان هفته، در انجام فعالیت‌های اساسی و ضروری کشاورزی، تفاوت محسوسی بین کشاورزان ساکن و مهاجر وجود ندارد اما در امور مراقبت و سرکشی، کشاورزان ساکن بیش از کشاورزان مهاجر از اراضی کشاورزی و به‌ویژه باغی خود مراقبت می‌نمایند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Differences in Agricultural Land Exploitation by Resident and Non-resident Farmers (Case Study: Villages of Chendar District of Savojbolagh County)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ghadir Firouznia 1
  • Behruz Gharani Arani 2
  • Elham Jasemi 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Law & Social Sciences Faculty, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Law & Social Sciences Faculty, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
3 MSc. Graduate, Department of Geography, Law & Social Sciences Faculty, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The expansion of rural-urban migration and maintaining the connection of immigrants with their hometowns and the exploitation of inherited agricultural lands has caused the phenomenon of non-resident farmers; immigrants who live in cities and use their agricultural lands in villages. It seems that there is a significant difference in the way these immigrants use the agricultural land and the resident farmers in the villages. The purpose is to recognize these differences. This research was been done using the descriptive-analytical method. Two analysis units of village and (resident and migrant) farmer were used. The statistical population of this research is all resident and non-resident farmers of 16 selected villages of Chendar District of Savojbolagh County. The sample consisted of 396 people (170 residents and 226 non-resident heads of farmer households) which were determined using Cochran and were selected among villages by weight method and within selected villages by simple random sampling method. The required data were collected by using national statistics and the supplementary information required by completing three questionnaires of the village, resident and immigrant farmer household; interview and observation. The results showed that resident farmers play a greater role than migrant farmers. Despite the relatively short distance between the studied villages and the cities of the non-resident farmers, and the possibility of migrants traveling on weekends, to perform necessary agricultural activities, there is no noticeable difference between residents and migrants, but in matters of care and recalcitrance, resident farmers take more care of their agricultural lands and especially their gardens than migrants.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Resident farmers
  • Non-resident farmers
  • Absentee farmers
  • Absentee landowners
  • Savojbolagh
Abdollahyan, H. (2004). Conceptualization of Reality in Historical Sociology: Narrating Absentee Landlordism in Iran. Tehran: Sayeroshan Publication.
Avani, S. (2010). Is Utilitarianism Just the Same as Hedonism? Analyzing Bentham and Mill's Views. Philosophical Meditations, 2(6), 7-32.
Berdegué, J. A., & Fuentealba, R. (2011). Latin America: The State of Smallholders in Agriculture. Paper presented at the IFAD Conference on New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 24-25 January, 2011. International Fund for Agricultural Development Via Paolo Di Dono, 44, Rome 00142, Italy.
Bonta, M. (2005). Becoming-forest, becoming-local: transformations of a protected area in Honduras. Geoforum, 36, 95–112.
Clemenson, H. A. (1983). Agricultural Land Tenure in England and Wales and Ontario: Past, Present and Future. Agricultural Administration, 14, 213-228.
Conway, M. C., Amacher, G. S., Sullivan, J., & Wear, D. (2003). Decisions nonindustrial forest landowners make: an empirical examination. Journal of Forest Economics, 9, 181–203.
Drikvand, M., Moridsadat, P., & Razavian, M. T. (2021). Identifying the Factors Affecting the Sustainable Development of Urban and Suburban Agriculture with an Entrepreneurial Approach (Case Study: Central District of Khorramabad City). Journal of Rural Research, 12(3), 426-445. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2021.324051.1638
Ehlers, E. (2001) Iran: City–Village-Nomads (Collected Papers). translated by Abbas Saidi, Teheran 2001 (325 S.). (Übersetzung von insgesamt 12 Aufsätzen in das Persische, zuvor in deutscher Sprache publiziert).
Evans, T. P., Manire, A., de Castro, F., Brondizio, E., & McCracken, S. (2001). A dynamic model of household decision-making and parcel level landcover change in the eastern Amazon. Ecological Modelling, 143(1–2), 95-113.
Fairchild, E., & Petrzelka, P. (2022). Landownership and power: reorienting land tenure theory. Agric Hum Values, 39, 997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-022-10300-x
Fairchild, E., Ulrich-Schad, J. D., Petrzelka, P., & Ma, Z. (2022). The lay of the land: What we know about non-operating agricultural and absentee forest landowners in the U.S. and Europe, Journal of Environmental Management, 313, 114991, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114991.
Fesharaki, P. (1994). [Rural geography (General) (Persian)]. Tehran: Payame Noor University Press.
Firouznia, G., & Roknoldin Eftekhari, A. (2013). Persistence of Economic Functions in Depopulating Rural Area, the Case of Qazwin Area. Geographic Space, 13(41), 37-56. SID. https://sid.ir/paper/91656/en
Firoznia, G. (2007) Continuation of economic functions in depopulating rural area. The case of Qazwin Area. (Doctoral dissertation). Iran. Shahid Beheshti University.
Firoznia, G., Ziyae Tavana, M. H., & Roknaddin Eftekhari A. (2007). Explaining the process of Evolution Rural Development; the application of Life Cycle Theory. The Journal of Spatial Planning. 11(1), 93-119. URL: http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-1190-en.html
Gosnell, H., Travis, W. R. (2005). Ranchland ownership dynamics in the Rocky Mountain West. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 58, 191–198.
Goyke, N., & Dwivedi, P. (2021) Ascertaining differences between farmer and non-farmer African American forest landowners in Georgia, United States, Trees, Forests and People, 5, 100118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100118.
Grinfelde, I., & Mathijs, E. (2004). Agricultural land abandonment in Latvia: an econometric analysis of farmers' choice. Agricultural Economics Society Annual Conference, Imperial College. 1-24.
Grubbström, A. (2011). Emotional bonds as obstacles to land sale—Attitudes to land among local and absentee landowners in Northwest Estonia, Landscape and Urban Planning, 99(1), 31-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.08.010.
Kalantari, K. (2001). [Regional Planning and Development (Persian)]. Tehran: Khoshbin Publication.
Kam, H., Metternicht, G., Baumber, A., & Cross, R. (2019). Engaging absentee landholders in ecosystem service delivery in south-eastern Australia, Ecosystem Services, 39, 100988, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100988.
Kendra, A., & Hull, R. B. (2005). Motivations and behaviors of new forest owners in Virginia. Forest Science, 51, 142–154.
Kolawole, A. (1988). Farm tenancy on the South Chad Irrigation Project, Nigeria: Problems and prospect. Land Use Policy, 5(4), 434-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(88)90077-4.
Lahsaei Zadeh, A. (1989). [Migration Theories (Persian)]. Shiraz: Navid Publication.
Lambton, A. K. S. (1953). Landlord and peasant in Persia. London: Oxford University Press.
Meadows, J., Emtage, N., Herbohn, J., (2014). Engaging Australian small-scale lifestyle landowners in natural resource management programmes – Perceptions, past experiences and policy implications. Land Use Policy, 36, 618–627.
Morrison, M., Greig, J., Read, D.M.Y., Waller, D.S., McCulloch, R., (2015). Communicating information to diffcult-to-reach landholders: perspectives of natural resource management communication practitioners. Austr. J. Environ. Manage. 22, 315–328.
Nielsen-Pincus, M., Hall, T., Ellen Force, J., & Wulfhorst, J.D. (2010). Sociodemographic effects on place bonding. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 443–454.
Petrzelka, P., Ma, Z., & Malin, S. (2013). The elephant in the room: Absentee landowner issues in conservation and land management. Land Use Policy, 30, 157–166.
Petrzelka, P., Malin, S., Gentry, B. (2012). Absentee landowners and conservation programs: Mind the gap. Land Use Policy, 29, 220– 223.
Pezaros P. D. (2003). Panel 2: A diverse countryside The role of Rural Development Policy in environmental and land management. European Conference on Rural Development Salzburg, 13-14 November 2003.
Rezvani, M., Mansourian, H., & Ahmadi, F. (2010). Promoting Villages to City and its Role on Improvement of Quality of Life of Local Resident (Case Study: Firozabad and Sahen Cities in Lorestan and Kordestan Provinces). Journal of Rural Research, 1(1), 33-65.
Rickenbach, M., & Kittredge, D. B. (2009). Time and distance: comparing motivations among forest landowners in New England, USA. Small-scale Forestry, 8, 95–108.
Saidi, A. (1998). [The principals of rural geography (Persian)]. Tehran: SAMT Publication.
Salehi, E. (2007). The role of urban development rules and regulations in the case of a good city and sustainable urban development, a study: Tehran. Journal of Environmental Studies, 32(40), 51-62.
Shakoei, H., & Musa Kazemi, S. M. (2005). [The principals of urban geography (Persian)]. Tehran: Payame Noor University Press.
Shakoei, H. (1985). [Applied geography and geographical schools (Persian)]. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publication.
Shokati, M., Kalantari, K., Asadi, A., & Shabanali, H. (2018). A Survey of agricultural land dispersion and fragmentation at both global and Iranian levels. Land Management Journal, 6(1), 63-82. doi: 10.22092/lmj.2018.117169
Statistical Center of Iran. (2022). [Political divisions of 2022 (Persian)]. https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/Geo/GEO1400.xlsx, Access date 28 August 2022.
Stouffer, S. A. (1940). Intervening opportunities: a theory relating mobility and distance. American Sociological Review, 5, 845-867. cited in Kolawole, A. (1988). Farm tenancy on the South Chad Irrigation Project, Nigeria: Problems and prospect. Land Use Policy, 5(4), 434-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(88)90077-4.
Strambi, G. (2015). Tackling agricultural land abandonment: Italian legislation on “land banks”. GeoProgress Journal, 2(II), 9-17.
Surendra, G. C., Mehmood, S., & Schelhas, J. (2009). Segmenting landowners based on their information-seeking behavior: a look at the landowner education on the red oak borer. Journal of Forestry, 107, 313–319.
Tavakoli, J., & Almasi, H. (2016). Production and exploitation mode of Absentee farmers from villages’ resources (case study: Hoome rural sub district, Harsin county). Geography and Environmental Planning, 27(2), 65-86. doi: 10.22108/gep.2016.21816
Zanjani, H. (2001). [Migration (Persian)]. Tehran: SAMT Publication.