Investigating Entrepreneurial Culture and Fear of Failure in the Rural Community (Kermanshah Township)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan, Khorramabad, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Razi, Kermanshah, Iran.

Abstract

Entrepreneurship can be achieved via tools. One of the most important tools for the development of entrepreneurship is the supportive culture towards entrepreneurship. A strong entrepreneurial culture means more tolerance for failure and reflects the extent to which the country's society supports ideas and initiatives of entrepreneurs. Therefore, in this quantitative study, the culture of entrepreneurship and the culture of failure in the agricultural community were studied. Then, the cultural barriers were studied from the viewpoints of agricultural entrepreneurs. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups of rural heads of households and agricultural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Township. The research samples were selected using random cluster method. The results showed that the respondents have low levels of failure tolerance and have the highest willingness to grant a second chance. The results of the study of entrepreneurial culture in the rural community showed that the culture of collectivism and uncertainty avoidance among the rural population is dominant. It was also found that agricultural entrepreneurs are faced with cultural barriers such as the lack of a creativity culture, lack of acceptance of failure, negative attitudes toward risk, lack of belief in the capabilities of women, patriarchal culture in society and organizations, and opposition of parents for the entrepreneurial activity of girls.

Keywords

References

Ahmad, N. (2007). A cross-cultural study of entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial success in SMEs in Australia and Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation). Adelaide: University of Adelaide.
Ahmad Pourdaryani, M. (2001). [Entrepreneurship: definitions, theories, models (Persian)] (3rd ed.). Tehran: Pardis Publication.
Alwani, S. (2011). [Entrepreneurship, individual synergy, society and culture (Persian)]. Journal of Labour and Society, 134(3), 5-9.
Amiri, M., Zali, M. R., & Majd, M. (2009). [Limitations of starting new businesses (Persian)]. Journal of Development of Entrepreneurship, 1(3), 81-102.
Ansari, E. (1996). [Participation and role of rural cultural values on development (Persian)]. Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences (Isfahan University), 8, 1-11.
Arasti, Z. (2006). [Iranian women entrepreneurs: the socio-cultural structures affecting the development of entrepreneurial business (Persian)]. Journal of Women Research, 4(1-2), 93-119.
Bafandeh, A., Norouzi, D, & Aali, S. (2010). [The study of managers problems of eastern Azerbaijan small & medium sized enterprises (SMES) (Persian)]. Journal of Industrial Management, 5(13), 41-54.
Bartlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43- 50.
Bengtsson, O. (2005). Investor attitudes and the supply of capital: are venture capitalists in California more forgiving? Evanston, I.L.: Northwestern University Publication.
Burns, P. (2011). Entrepreneurship and small business (3rd ed.). Basingstoke, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan Press.
Casson, M. (2002). Entrepreneurship. The concise encyclopedia of economics. Retrieved from http://www. econlib.org/library/Enc/Entrepreneurship.html
Cave, F., Eccles, S., & Rundle, M. (2001). Attitudes towards entrepreneurial failure: a learning experience or an indelible stigma? Paper presented at the 2001 Babson College–Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Jonnkoping, Sweden, 13-16 May 2001.
Codrina Conţiu, L. (2008). The importance of individualism vs. collectivism in organizational entrepreneurship. Paper Presented at National and Regional Economics VII, Technical University of Kosice, Herlany, Slovacia, 1-3 October 2008.
Eurobarometer. (2002). Flash Eurobarometer 134 "entrepreneurship". Brussels: European Commission.
Grigore, A. (2012). A nation’s culture and its openness to entrepreneurship: an established liason notes about the situation in Romania today. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(10), 139-44.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations (2nd ed). California, CA: Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Hayton, J. C., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-52.
Karimi, A., & Johari, H. (2013). [Identify factors inhibiting the development of entrepreneurship from the perspective of graduate students (the case of agricultural colleges in Tehran) (Persian)]. Journal of Development of eEtrepreneurship, 6(4), 151-67.
Karimi, S., Bimenz, H., Chizari, M., & Molder, M. (2013). [Investigate the effect of environmental and cultural factors on entrepreneurial intention of agricultural students (Persian)]. Journal of Development of Entrepreneurship, 5(3), 105-24.
Landier, A. (2005). Entrepreneurship and the stigma of failure. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=850446. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.850446
Levie, J., & Autio, E. (2007). Entrepreneurial framework conditions and national-level entrepreneurial activity: seven-year panel study. Paper Presented at the 3rd Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference George Mason University, Washington D.C., USA, 1-3 October 2007.
Lim, L. (2001). Work-related values of Malays and Chinese Malaysians. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 1(2), 209-26.
Litch, A., & Siegel, J. (2006). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In A. Basu, M. Casson, N. Wadeson, & B. Yeung (Eds.). Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurship. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available from http://ssrn.com/abstract=824844
McGrath, R., MacMillan, I., Yang, E., Tsai, W. (1992). Dose culture endures, or is it malleable? Issues for Entrepreneurial economic development. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(6), 441-58.
Moradnejhadi, H., Irvani, H., Shabanali Fami, H., Hosseini, S. M., & Kafi, M. (2007). [Analysis of the barriers to entrepreneurship development in greenhouse production units in Iran (Persian)]. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 38(2), 175-84.
Movahedi, R., & Yaghobi, A. (2012). [Introduction to rural entrepreneurship (Persian)]. Hamedan: Bu-Ali Sina University Publication.
Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: a nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
Pearson, C., & Chatterjee, S. (2001). Differences and similarities of entrepreneurial characteristics in a diverse social setting–evidence from Australian and Singaporean managers. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 9(3), 273-89.
Pittaway, L., & Cope, J. (2007). Entrepreneurship education: a systematic review of the evidence. International Small Business Journal, 25(5), 479-510.
Pour Zahir, A. (2005). [Principles and foundations of education (Persian)] (4th ed.). Tehran: Agah Publication.
Rao, D. (2004). Culture and entrepreneurship in Fijis small tourism business sector (Doctoral desertation). Melbourne: Victoria University.
Saber, F. (2002). Women Entrepreneurship Development Ways,. Tehran: Intellectuals and women's studies Publication.
Saffu, K. (2003). The role and impact of culture on Sought Pacific Island entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 9(2), 55-73.
Tamanin, T., Ancona, C., Botega, N., & Rodrigues-Netto, N. (2002).Translation, validation and cross-cultural adaptation into Portuguese language of the King’s health questionnaire. Paper Presented at International Continence Society Annual Conference, Heidelberg, Germany, 28-30 August 2002.
Vosoughi, M., Mirzaei, H., & Rahmani, A. (2005). [Individualism and collectivism of Iranians the perspective of foreign tourists (Persian)]. Journal of Cultural Studies & Communication, 6(2), 115-34.
Yaghoobi Farani, A., Soleimani, A., Movahedi, R., & Eskandari, F. (2013). [Educational and institutional factors on rural women entrepreneurship (the case of Hamedan province) (Persian)]. Journal of Development of Entrepreneurship, 2(20), 115-34.
Zali, M. R., & Razavi, S. M. (2008). [Research on barriers to entrepreneurship development in Iran (Persian)]. Tehran: Tehran University Press.
Zivdar, M., & Ghasemi, A. M. (2011). [Prioritize facilitating factors in setting up small and medium-sized businesses using a combination of judgments in fuzzy environment (Persian)]. Journal of Development of Entrepreneurship, 11(4), 167-86.
.
Journal of Rural Research
Volume 7, Issue 2
September 2016
Pages 362-373

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 18 January 2016
  • Revise Date: 24 January 2016
  • Accept Date: 18 April 2016

Share

How to cite

Statistics