The Localization of Sustainable Landscape Indicators in Iranian Rural Ecosystem Based on the Mental-Evaluative Images of Stakeholders

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant professor, Department of Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Each part of the landscape has a distinctive character, which offers a unique sense of place. Moreover, there are specific cultural backgrounds, which have influenced the settlement patterns of regions and countries. The rural landscape patterns are particular contexts since they have cultural characteristics. As local residents in rural areas tend to use modern technology, preservation of cultural values and natural attractions should not be underestimated. There are many criteria that must be considered in order to achieve sustainability. This research has been done by investigating the sustainable landscape indicators in the Iranian rural ecosystem based on the stakeholders’ attitudes. Iran’s geographical location and natural characteristics import a wide climatic diversity that ranges from semi-arid to subtropical. Therefore, four villages with different climates were selected: 1. Furg, a village in Darmian rural district, South Khorasan province in the hot and dry climate; 2. Anbooh, a village in Roodbar, Gilan province, in the cold and mountainous climate; 3. Dastak, a village in Astane-Ashrafieh, Gilan province, in the moderate rainy climate, and 4. Tabl, a historic village in Gheshm, Hormozgan province, in the hot and humid climate of Iran. The researchers analyzed the rural landscape and defined the main characteristics that shape the sustainable rural landscape, based on the research method. The results indicate that the economy of rural areas has been strongly dependent on natural resources exploitation. Also, the recent technological advancements in exploitation, loss of rural livelihood, and increased social demand for the amenity aspects of these resources have dramatically changed the rural landscape and visual quality.

Keywords

References

Abbaszadegan, M. (2017). The landscape of Iranian villages, university of Tehran.
Akrami, Gh. (2010). The mysteries of rural architecture housing and rural environment journal, Vol.29, N. 131; Pp. 27-50.
Akrami, Gh. Sameh, R. (2016). Reflections on rural texture and architecture, Jihad Daneshgahi
Amekawa, Y. (2010). Towards sustainable agriculture in the developing word: Theoretical perspectives and empirical in sights, PhD thesis, Iowa state university, Paper 11294.
Antonson, H. (2018). Revisiting the “Reading Landscape Backwards” Approach: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Use of the Retrogressive Method. Rural Landscapes: Society, Environment, History, 5(1), p.4.
Antrop, M. (2005). Why landscapes of the past are important for the future? Rural Landscapes: past processes and future strategies, Landscape and Urban Planning Journal, 70(1-2), pp.21-34.
Antrop, M. (2006). Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia? Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 75, Issues 3-4, pp: 187-197.
Bahrainy, H. (2013). Urban Space analysis, university of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Banski, J. Wesolowska, M. (2010). Transformations in housing construction in rural areas of Poland's Lublin region – influence on the spatial settlement structure and landscape aesthetics, Landscape Urban Plan. 94, pp. 116–126.
Bell, S. (2012). Landscape: Pattern, Perception and Process. 10.4324/9780203120088.
Bentley, I. (1990). Ecological Urban Design, Architects Journal, 192(24): 69-71.
Berglund, Björn E., Kitagawa, J., Lageras, P., Nakamura, K., Sasaki, N., Yasuda, Y. (2014). Traditional Farming Landscapes for Sustainable Living in Scandinavia and Japan: Global revival through the satoyama initiative, Ambio. Vol. 43(5): 559–578.
Conrad, E., Christie, M., Fazey, I. (2011). Is research keeping up with changes in landscape policy? A review of the literature, Journal of Environmental Management , Vol. 92(9), Pp. 2097-2108.
Domona, G. (2011). Landscape as resource: Consequences, challenges and opportunities for rural development, J. Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 100, Issue 4, pp: 338-340
Finka, M., Kozová, M. & Petrikova, D. (2009). Transforming landscape- interactive processes between landscape and society in central Europe, European Landscapes in Transformation: Challenges for Landscape Ecology and Management.
Fukamachi, P. (2017). Sustainability of terraced paddy fields in traditional satoyama landscapes of Japan, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 202(3): 543-549.
Goodey, B. (1993). Two Gentlemen in Verona: The Qualities of Urban Design, Streetwise, 4(2):3-5.
Gorka, A. (2016). Landscape rurality: new challenges for the sustainable development of rural areas of Poland, Procedia Engineering 161(1373 – 1378).
Haughton, G., Hunter, C. (1994). Sustainable Cities, London: Jessica Kingsley.
Hauser, L.T., Sluis. T.V.D., Giezen, M. (2016) The Role of Farm Management Characteristics in Understanding the Spatial Distribution of Landscape Elements: A Case Study in the Netherlands, Rural Landscapes Journal: Society, Environment, History, 3(1), p.7.
Hojat, I. (2006). The effect of land reform on the shape of Iranian villages, Fine arts Journal, Vol.26, Pp.75-84
Knaps, F., Herrmann, S. (2018). Analyzing Cultural Markers to Characterize Regional Identity for Rural Planning, Rural Landscapes: Society Environment History, Vol 5(1), p:1.
Kowkabi, L. (2021). Revitalization of bio infrastructure network, an approach to urban regeneration: A case study of the qanats of Tehran,Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,V. 59., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127020.
Kowkabi, L., Akrami, G., Badri, S., Rezvani, M.R. (2014). The review of transformation in cultural landscape based on ecological, socio-economic approaches, the case of urban-rural landscapes. JHRE. Vol., 33 (147), Pp.31-50.
kowkabi, L. (2020). Explaining the fundamental characteristics of sustainable rural landscape through application of grounded theory, case study: “historic village of Furg”. Journal of Environmental Studies, 45(4), 693-709.
Kowkabi, L., Badri, S. (2020). Explaining Sustainable Landscape Indicators in the Rural Area of Iran Based on Experts’ and Professionals’ Assessment. Journal of Rural Research, 11(1), 50-65.
Landscape Institute, I.E.M.A. (2013). Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Routledge press.
Lynch, K. (1994). Theory of Good City, The MIT Press.
Mahdavi, M. (2014). An Introduction to Rural Geography in Iran- The Study of Rural Geographical circumstances, Samt publication.
Mahmoodi, S., Rokneddin Efekhari, A., Ghaffari, G. (2016). Localization of indicators of social capital in rural areas of iran. Journal of rural research, 7(4), 618-643.
Montero-Parejo, M.J., Jeong, J.S., Hernandez-Blanco, J., & Garcia-Moruno, L. (2017). Rural Landscape Architecture: Traditional versus Modern Facade Designs in Western Spain, Landscape Architecture - The Sense of Places, Models and Applications.
McGranahan, D.A. (2008). Landscape influence on recent rural migration in the US, Landscape Urban Plan. 85, pp. 228–240.
Motloch, John L. (2000). Introduction to Landscape Design, John Wiley & Sons.
Naveh, Z., Lieberman, A. S. (2013). Landscape Ecology, Theory and Application, Springer.
Oliveira, R., Nielsen, K.A., & Vasconcelos, L. (2009). Re-attaching people to landscape through collaborative decision making: a must for sustainable management.
Paquette, S., & Domon, G. (2003). Changing ruralities, changing landscapes: exploring social recomposition through a multi-scale approach, J. Rural Stud. 19, pp. 425–444
Patrick, R. (2002). Developing sustainability indicators for rural residential area: the public transit connection, Simon Faster University, United State.
Porteous, J. D. (2013). Environmental Aesthetics: Ideas, Politics & Planning, Routledge Publishing.
Pourtaheri, M., Badri , S.A., Rokn al-Din Iftikhari, A. (2014). Rural settlements- with emphasis on global and Iranian experiences, Natural Disaster Research Institute.
Rapoport, A. (2016). Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design, Elsevier.
Rezvani, M., Akbarian, S., Eftekhari, A., Badri, S. (2012). A Comparative Study of Economic Effects of Second Homes Tourism and Same Day Visits in Rural Areas with Sustainable Development Approach (Case study: Shemiranat County). Journal of Rural Research, 2(8), 35-62.
Rovai, M., Andreoli, M.,  Gorelli, S., Jussila, H. (2016). Land Use Policy, A DSS model for the governance of sustainable rural landscape: A first application to the cultural landscape of Orcia Valley, Tuscany, Italy, V. 56(217-237).
Saeedi, A., Hosseini, S. (2010). The foundation for locating and establishing new villages, Natural Disaster Research Institute.
Sartipipour, M. (2009). Analytical study of rural housing in Iran, Soffeh, Vol.19, N.49, Pp.47-60
Selman, P. (2008). What do we mean by sustainable landscape? Sustainability: science, practice, & policy. vol. 4(2) pp: 23-28. http://ejournal.nbii.org.
Selman, P. (2009). Landscape multifunctionality. Sustainability: science, practice, & policy. vol. 5(2) pp: 45-52. http://ejournal.nbii.org.
Taghvaei, S H. (2013). Rural Landscape and Features of Manipulation of Natural Environment, JHRE.Vol. 32 (143), Pp.15-38.
Tampson, Ian. H. (2002). Ecology, community and delight a trivalent approach to landscape, Elsevier
Tavassoli, M. (1997). Principles and methods of urban design and residential spaces in Iran (Vol.1), Iran Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center.
Turner, T. (1998). Landscape Planning and Environmental Impact Design, UCL Press.
Viskovicnika, N.R. (2017). Spatial Constraints of Slovenian Farms: What Does Urbanization Have to Do with It? Vol.9 (2), pp: 274–286.
Walsh, C. (2020). Landscape Imaginaries and the Protection of Dynamic Nature at the Wadden Sea, Rural Landscapes: Society Environment History. Vol.7 (1), p.1.
Journal of Rural Research
Volume 11, Issue 4
March 2021
Pages 728-745

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 12 March 2020
  • Revise Date: 25 August 2020
  • Accept Date: 12 September 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics