Identifying the Physical-Spatial Components of the Valuable Vernacular Villages Based on Tourism Development (Case Study: Foothill Villages in the West of Mazandaran Province)

Document Type : Research Project Article

Authors

1 Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of the Architecture and Urban Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran. Iran.

2 Associate professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran. Iran.

3 PhD Student, Department of Architecture, Faculty of the Architecture and Urban Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Villages with historical and vernacular textures in Mazandaran province can develop tourism in Iran. Thanks to the many attractions (natural and cultural-historical) and the development of the communication network, etc. (as a tourist destination), they are increasingly visited by city dwellers. They welcome a large number of tourists to the province annually. Tourism experience guarantees the possibility of returning tourists. However, the lack of clear and specific criteria for each rural area due to its specific physical-spatial texture sometimes makes developing long-term planning and implementation challenging. Thus, identifying physical-spatial factors and criteria in line with tourism development in vernacular villages is essential. Thus, this study was exploratory and descriptive regarding the data collection method. The study's statistical population included 250 experts who were selected and questioned using a random network. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and through exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. The research results have shown that 97.9 percent of tourism development changes by physical-spatial factors, including physical-environmental quality, spatial organization and permeability, decorative elements and architectural style, comfort and infrastructure facilities, climate adaptation, greenery and natural scenery, cultural and religious centers, comfort Physicality, identity and personality of the place have been explained. Physical-environmental quality, spatial organization, and permeability impact rural tourism development, with impact coefficients of 0.674 and 0.348, respectively.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Akbarian Rounizi, S. R., Rezvani, M. R. (2015). Sustainable development of tourism from concept to practice, Shiraz: Shiraz University Publications.
Almeida-García, F., Balbuena, A. R., Cortés Macías. V. (2015). Resident’s attitudes to-wards the impacts of tourism. Tourism Manag. Perspect., 13, 33-40
Almeida-García, F., Cortés-Macías, R., Parzych, K. (2021). Tourism impacts, tourism-phobia and gentrification in historic centers: the cases of málaga (Spain) and gdansk (Poland). Sus-tainability, 13.
Amber, G. R. (2018). Religious tourism a review of the literature. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 1(2), 150-167.
Arbabyan, Sh., Zamani, Z., Rahimi, M. (2014). The Effect of Tourism Industry on the Development of Entrepreneurship. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 3(10), 126-146.
Asheri, I. A., & Khodayari Khosro, Kh. (2017). Analysis and development of rural tourism development in the context of social and economic development. New Horizons in Science Research Conference Geography and Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran. Tehran, Iran.
Ayati, H., Khoda Karmi, F., Mollai, K., Afaghpur, A. (2015). Investigating the impact of urban physical factors on the development of religious tourism (case study; Shiraz city), Journal of Iranian Islamic City Studies, (23), 43-59.
Bluwstein, J. (2017). Creating ecotourism territories: Environmentalities in Tanzania’s community-based conservation. Geoforum, 83, 101-113. 
Bourghani Farahani, S., Farhangi, A., Mashhadi, S. (2013). An Analysis of Ef-fective Indicators Impacting Rural Tourism Industry Development (A Survey on Garmeh Village). Journal of Public Administration (JPA), 5(13), 41-64.
Briedenhann, J., & Eugenia, W. (2004). Tourism routes as a tool for the economic development of rural areas- vibrant hope or Dream.Tourism management, 25(1), 71-79. 
Chang Liao, L.-C. (2010). A Study of Tourist on Travel Images, Qualities, Perceived Value, and Revisiting Willingness in Lukang. Journal of Leisure and Recreation Industry Manage-ment, 3, 62-80.
Comerio, N., Strozzi, F. (2019).  Tourism and its economic impact: a literature review using bib-liometric tools. Tourism Econ., 25 (1), 109-131.
Daviran, E., Khodaei, D., Gholami, S. (2012). Measuring the components of visual comfort in an urban landscape (with an emphasis on Hosseinieh Azam neighborhood in Zanjan), Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, 1(3), 45-60.
Delavar, A. (2007). Research method in psychology and educational sciences. Tehran: Virayesh. 
Diaz-Parra, I., & Jover, J. (2020). Overtourism, place alienation and the right to the city: Insights from the historic centre of seville, Spain. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29 (2–3), 158–175.
Dwyer, L., Čorak, S., & Tomljenović, R. (2017). Introduction. In Evolution of Destination Planning and Strategy (pp. 1-14). Springer International Publishing.
Farajirad, A., Eftekharian, B. (2012). Investigating the role of architecture in the tourism industry, Tourism Space Quarterly, 1(3), 67-49.
Farshidfar, R., & Pourkhiz, I. (2014). Architecture of Tourism & its Effect on Attract Tourism in Iran, International Journal of Architecture & Urban Development, Vol 4, No 4, pp. 67-72.
Fletcher, R. (2019). Ecotourism after nature: Anthropocene tourism as a new capitalist “fix”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(4), 522–535.
Gharehbaglou, M., Nezhad Ebrahimi, A., Javidmehr, M. (2016). Environmental Response Crite-ria for Urban Landscape Design, journal of the urban development and organization haft shahr, 4 (55,56), 103-117.
Gholizadeh Firouzjaei, A. N., Ramzanzadeh Lesbooei, M., Esmaili, M. (2015). Ef-fective factors in the motivation of tourists in choosing a tourist destination with an em-phasis on the attractions of villages in desert and desert areas (case: Khor and Biabank ru-ral areas), Geography Quarterly, 13(46), 321-301.
Habibi, B., Ebrahimpoor, D. (2015). The relationship between social capital and religi-osity with a sense of connection to nature Islamic Azad university of Tabriz students. Journal of Sociological Studies, 8(26), 85-98.
Haji Nejad, A., Paydar, A., Bagheri, F., & Abdi, N. (2016). Projection of the Strategic planning of Iran rural tourism development. Quarterly Journal of the Macro and Strategic Policies, 2(8), 111-135.
HOE SL. (2008). Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modeling technique. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods, 3(1), 76-83.
Hoelter, DR. (1983). The analysis of covariance structures: Goodnessof-fit indices. Sociological Methods and Research, 11, 325-344.
Hosseini, S. M., Zeinali, B., Fatemi Nia, F. S. (2017). Climatology of Tabriz Tourism with emphasis on identification of air species and TCI index. Geographical Space, 17 (57), 71-86. (in Persian).
Kakavand, E., Barati, N., Bahram, A. (2013). Comparative Assessment of Mental Image of Citizens with Planners to Quality of the Urban Environment (Case study: Qazvin Distressed Area), Bagh-e-Nazar, 10(25), 101-112.
Kamvar Shalman, A., Hanachi, S. (2016). The Impacts of Visual Factors of Urban Spaces on Behavioral Patterns of the Citizens (Case Study: Shahrdari square, Rasht, Iran), Hoviat-shahr, 9(24), 65-78.
Kardavani, P., Mored Ghaffari, V. (2011). Tourism & Renovation Attitude in plan-ning of historical contents of cities Case Study: Isfahan City. Quarterly Geographical Journal of Territory, 8(2), 19-32.
Kashi, H., Bonyadi, N. (2013). Stating the Model of Identity of Place-Sense of Place and Surveying its Constituents* Case Study: Pedestrian Passage of Shahre Rey. Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urbanism, 18(3), 52-43.
Kastenholz, E., João Carneiro, M., PeixeiraMarques, C., & Correia Loureiro, S. M. (2018). The dimensions of rural tourism experience: Impacts on arousal, memory, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 35(2), 189–201.
Kline, RB. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rded.). New York: Guilford Press.
Kozhokulov, S., Chen, X., Yang, D., Issanova, G., Samarkhanov, K., & Aliyeva, S. (2019). As-sessment of Tourism Impact on the Socio- Economic Spheres of the Issyk-Kul Region (Kyrgyzstan), Journal of Sustainability. 17(11), 1-14.
Krettenauer, T., Wang, W., Jia, F., & Yao, Y. (2019). Connectedness with nature and the de-cline of pro-environmental behavior in adolescence: A comparison of Canada and China. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 101348.
Lee, W., & Jeong, C. (2018). Effects of pro-environmental destination image and leisure sports mania on motivation and pro-environmental behavior of visitors to Korea's national parks. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 10, 25-35.
Liu, Y., & Feng, C. (2019). What drives the fluctuations of “green” productivity in China’s agri-cultural sector? A weighted russell directional distance approach. Resources, Conserva-tion and Recycling, 147, 201–213.
Liu, X., & Li, J. (2018). Host Perceptions of Tourism Impact and Stage of Destination Development in a Developing Country. Sustainability, 10(7). 
Liu, J., Yang, L., Zhou, H., & Wang, S. (2020). Current Issues. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13683500.2020.1858037.
Ma, A. T., Chow, A. S., Cheung, L. T., & Liu, S. (2018). Selfdetermined travel motivation and environmentally responsible behaviour of Chinese visitors to national forest protected ar-eas in South China. Global ecology and conservation, 16, e00480.
Mackay, C. M. L., & Schmitt, M. T. (2019). Do people who feel connected to nature do more to protect it? A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 65.
Mahdavi, D. (2008). Rural tourism development solutions using the SWOT model; Lava-san Khokhk District, Master's Thesis, Supervisor: Abdolreza Ruknuddin Eftekhari, Teh-ran: Tarbiat Modares University.
Mahdinjad, J., Asadpour, F. (2020). Identification and evaluation of factors af-fecting the formation of the physical structure of villages around cities under the influ-ence of urban development. Urban and Rural Management, 58, 89-72.
Mahdinjad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020a). A Comparative Study of Wooden Decorations of the Architectural Styles of the Historical Houses in the Kop Village of Noor City with the Buildings of the Qajar and Safavid Period. Glory of Art (Jelve-y Honar), 11(4), 95-106.
Mahdinjad, J., Sharghi, A., & Asadpour, F. (2020b). Investigating the Indicators and Subjective Patterns of the Majority of Experts in People's Visual Perception of the Rural Environment Appearance. Journal of Rural Researc, 11(3), 422-439.
Mahdinejad, J., Saleh Sedghpour, B., Najari, R. (2019). Construction and Vali-dation and Standardization of the Questionnaire for Socialization in the traditional Iranian Bazaar with approaching to learn of traditional architecture. Technology of Education Journal (TEJ), 13(3), 536-549.
Mahdavi, M. (2012). An introduction to the rural geography of Iran: Understanding the geographical issues of villages. Tehran: Samt Publications.
Maldonado-Oré, E.M., Custodio, M. (2020). Visitor environmental impact on protected natural areas: an evaluation of the Huaytapallana regional conservation area in Peru.
Maleki, S., Saeedi, J. (2014). Evaluation of the role of tourist attractions in the devel-opment of Lordegan city using SWOT model. Geographical Quarterly of Tourism Space, 3(11), 129-145.
Mayer, M., Vogt, L. (2016). Economic effects of tourism and its influencing factors, Z. Tour-ismuswissenschaft, 8 (2) (2016), pp. 169-198.
Mikayilov, J.I., Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, J., Azizov, M. (2019). Re-evaluating the environ-mental impacts of tourism: does EKC exist?.Environ. Sci. Pollut, 26, 19389-19402.
Moon, K. S., Kim, M., Ko, Y. J., Connaughton, D. P., Lee, J. H. (2011). The influence of con-sumer’s event quality perception on destination image; Journal of Managing Service Qual-ity. 21(3), 287-303.
Nasiri, E., Eftekhari, E., Taravati, N. (2022). The Impact of Environmental Quali-ty on the Attraction of Tourism to the Purposes of Tourism in Small Cities "A Case Study of Chlor City. Journal of regional planning, 11(44), 327-340. 
Nunkoo, R., Gursoy, D. (2012). Residents support for tourism: an identity perspective Ann. Tourism Res., 39 (1) (2012), 243-268.
Nunkoo, R., Ramkissoon, H. (2008). "Small Island Urban Tourism: a Residents Perspective", Current Issues on Tourism, 37-60.
Pickering, S.D., Rossi, A., Hernando, A. B. (2018). Current knowledge and future research directions for the monitoring and management of visitors in recreational and protected ar-eas. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tourism, 21, 10-18.
Polo, A. I. (2010). La orientación al mercado en el sector del turismo rural: efectos en los re-sultados de la actividad empresarial y el valor percibido por el mercado. Ph. D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
Polo, A. I., Frías, D. M., Rodríguez, M. A., & Rey, J. M. (2016). Online marketing strategy and market segmentation in the Spanish accommodation sector. J. Travel Res. 55, 362–379. 
Poordehghan, H., Khastou, M. (2022). Analyzing the Relationship between the Permeability Quality and Behavioral Patterns in Commercial Spaces, Journal of Architectural Thought, 6(11), 177-192.
Qadiri Masoum, M., Matiei Langroudi, S. H., Mehrpouya, H. (2012). Ex-plaining the physical effects of tourism on rural areas (research case: Bironbashm village - Kalardasht sector), Tourism Planning and Development, Volume 2, Number 5, 33-49
Rahimi, H. (2017). The Role of Rural-Urban Relationships in Rural Tourism Develop-ment The case study: Golbahar District-Chenaran County, Tourism Management Studies, 12(38), 45-61.
Rahimi, D., Ranjbardastani, M. (2012). Evaluation and prioritization of ecotour-ism attractions (tourism target villages of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province). Urban and Regional Studies and Researches, 4(14), 131-150.
Rashidi Al Hashem, M. R., Baghi, A. (2019). The study of the role of Hosseiniyeh of Azam Zanjan in the development of religious tourism in Zanjan city, Islamic Revolu-tion Cultural Guard, 9(19), 27-64.
Rezvani, M., Faraji Sabokbar, H. A., Darban Astaneh, A., Karimi, S. H. (2017). Identification and Validation of Effective Indicators and Factors of Envi-ronmental Quality in Branding of Rural Tourism Destinations Using Thematic Analysis Method (Case: Ethno-cultural Region of Oramanat in Kurdistan and Kermanshah Prov-inces), Journal of Rural Research (JRUR), 8(2), 318-345.
Rezvani, M. (2003). Analysis of the process of creating and expanding second homes in rural areas. Geographical research, 35(45), 59-73.
Rezvani, M. R. (2008). Development of rural tourism (with a sustainable tourism approach), Tehran: University of Tehran.
Ridderstaat, J., Croes, R., Nijkamp, P. (2013).  Modelling tourism development and long- run economic growth in Aruba. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 145 (2013), pp. 1-22.
Roknaddin Eftekhari, A., Ghaderi, E. (2002). The Rule of Rural Tourism in Rural Development (Theoretical Analysis). Planning and preparation of space, 6(2), 23-41.
Rodrigues, A. I. (2016). Green destination image as a promotional tool for developing water-based destinations: Some insights. Paper presented at the 1st international forum on tour-ism and heritage, Porto.
Salehi, I. (2008). Environmental characteristics of my urban spaces. Publications of the Ur-ban Planning and Architecture Study and Research Center, Tehran. Iran. 
Scerri, M., Edwards, D., & Foley, C. (2016). The Value of architecture as an investment in eco-tourism, 26th Annual CAUTHE Conference, At Sydney.
Shih, W., Do., N.T.H. (2016). Impact of tourism on long-run economic growth of Vietnam. Mod. Econ., 7 (3), 371-376.
Shia, I., Alipour, S. (2010). Analysis of quality factors in the coastal tourism environment ac-cording to the criteria of sustainable tourism, a case study of Ramsar beaches; Arman-shahr, (5), 155-167.
Smith, S. (2015). A sense of place: place, culture and tourism, Tourism Recreation Research, 40:2, 220-233.
Sojasi Gheydari, H., Sadeghloo, T. (2016). Analyzing the Role of Environmental Quality in Tourist Attraction to Rural Touristic Destinations (Case Study: Touristic Rural of Small lavasan Rural District). Geographical Research, 31 (2), 32-49.
Soleimani, Z., Sahneh, B., Khajehshokouhi, A. (2020). Analysis of preserving traditional and valuable textures and its role in physical development of tourist attraction villages (Case study: villages of Gorgan), Journal of Geography and Human Relations, 3(2), 120-135.
Stylidis, D., Biran, A., Sit, J., & Szivas, E. (2014). Residents’ support for tourism development: The role of residents’ place image and perceived tourism impacts. Tourism Management, 45, 260–274. 
Taherinejad, F. (2021). Analysis and explanation of factors affecting the planning and policy of sustainable urban tourism; Case study: Koohdasht city ournal of Geography and Human Relations, 4(1), 292-279.
Taher Tolou Del, M. S., Sadooghi, Z., Kamali Tabrizi, S. (2022). Recogni-tion of defensive factors in the architectural heritage of Iran's organic ancient shelters. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 11(4), 709-730.
Truong, V.D., Hall, C.M., Garry, T. (2014). Tourism and poverty alleviation: perceptions and experiences of poor people in Sapa, Vietnam. J. Sustain. Tourism, 22 (7), 1071-1089.
UNWTO. (2021). Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals. Available online at eLibrary. 
Wang, S., & Chen, J. (2015). The influence of place identity on perceived tourism impacts. An-nals of Tourism Research, 52, 16–28.
Yang, R., & Chen, Y. (2018). Change in key research area and prospect of Chinese rural geog-raphy. Progress in Geography (in Chinese), 37(5), 601–616.
Ziaee, M., Mahdikhani, N. (2017). The relationship between the social physical personality of the city and the personality of the tourist with the choice of destination (a case study of Shiraz and Yazd), Physical Development Planning, 4(1), 54-39.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, H. L., Zhang, J., & Cheng, S. (2014). Predicting residents' pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites: The role of awareness of disaster's consequences, values, and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 131-146.
Journal of Rural Research
Volume 15, Issue 1
June 2024
Pages 6-31

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 July 2023
  • Revise Date: 16 September 2023
  • Accept Date: 07 December 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics