Identification and analysis of stakeholders in the biosecurity of aquaculture farms in Kermanshah province

Abstract
Governance of biosecurity in aquaculture depends on the identification and analysis of stakeholders' perspectives. The purpose of the current research was to identify and determine the position of all the stakeholders in the biosecurity of the aquaculture farms in Kermanshah province, which was done in a mixed method. Data were collected by purposeful sampling of aquaculture professionals. In the first step, after three Delphi steps and semi-structured interviews with 15 people, 29 biosecurity stakeholders were identified. By drawing the affecting-affected matrix and the power-benefit matrix the position of each stakeholder on the health measures of the farms was determined. Also, the role of stakeholders and their position in the biosecurity process was determined by using a researcher-made questionnaire. Based on the results, the main implementers of biosecurity are government institutions, which were in a higher position than other stakeholders in terms of scientific, social, political, and legal power, and gained more benefits from the implementation of biosecurity measures. Fish farmers should be the center of attention of other stakeholders to achieve biosecurity goals. A group of stakeholders, contrary to their valuable role in the sustainability of health measures, play a very small role, which has weakened biosecurity. The results of conventional content analysis led to the identification of 85 sentences in the form of 38 conceptual propositions. The categories presented in the analysis of power and benefit interviews can be used in order to build capacity and promote greater participation and interaction between stakeholders in the biosecurity strategy.

Introduction
The rapid development of aquaculture along with the increase in the global transportation of live aquatic animals, has caused the spread of more types of transmissible aquatic diseases. Ignoring health principles in aquaculture causes great damage to breeding and natural resources stock. The general principle in aquatic disease control is a combination of prevention and treatment. If a correct approach such as prevention-based biosecurity is adopted, all stakeholders will benefit from disease control and prevention in their epidemiological units. Biosecurity in aquaculture is a collective concept, a group effort, and a shared responsibility, which refers to the concept of applying appropriate measures to reduce the possibility of the spread of pathogens and reduce its adverse effects by all relevant stakeholders.

Methodology
The current research is in the category of mixed research in terms of paradigm and practical in terms of purpose. The research was carried out in three steps, in the order of identifying the key stakeholders of biosecurity in aquaculture, analyzing the role and importance of each stakeholder, drawing the affecting-affected matrix and power-benefit matrices, and finally analyzing the amount and type of power and benefit of biosecurity stakeholders. The three-step Delphi technique was the basis for identifying stakeholders. Also, the role of stakeholders and their position in the biosecurity process was determined by using a researcher-made questionnaire. Drawing the influence matrix and the power-benefit matrix of the stakeholders was done qualitatively and in participatory meetings. Data analysis of the type of power and interest of the stakeholders was obtained quantitatively with a questionnaire. Stakeholders were asked to assign a score from 1 = not at all to 5 = very much according to different stakeholders' power types and benefits. Finally, using a semi-structured interview with the representatives of 4 key stakeholders whose average powers and benefits of biosecurity measures were the highest the way they exercised their power was analyzed based on the type of their interests.

Results
29 stakeholders were identified in the biosecurity of aquaculture in Kermanshah province. The distribution of biosecurity stakeholders in the two important stages of design and planning of biosecurity measures is less and most of the distribution is in the stage of implementation and maintenance and continuation of measures. Wise and active stakeholder groups, who are mainly knowledge providers and implementers of biosecurity and are involved in all stages of the planning process, have the greatest impact and influence on biosecurity management, and key players with the highest level of power and interest are actively involved in all phases from the design phase to the maintenance of biosecurity measures. Fish farmers, the country's veterinary organization, Iran's fisheries organization, the engineering system and natural resources organization, and farm veterinarians benefit more from the benefits of biosecurity than other stakeholders, and they have the most power in biosecurity. The country's veterinary organization and Iran's fisheries organization are two government institutions coordinating the biosecurity process, decision-makers, and providers of biosecurity knowledge to fish farmers.

Discussion
Competent biosecurity governance requires identifying all stakeholder groups with different levels of power and benefit, understanding relationships, communication methods between them, and effective health knowledge exchange between stakeholders. Biosecurity of aquaculture includes issuing and implementing health guidelines, monitoring the implementation, training technical-sanitary knowledge, comprehensive cooperation and interaction of all stakeholders, interaction of all stakeholders with policy-making and decision-making institutions to transfer problems health and follow up and solving challenges, creating aquaculture organizations and empowering aquaculture farmers to empower them in farm management, production and supply of aquatic health products in domestic and foreign markets, export and import of healthy aquatic species free from all kinds of pollution.
Conclusion
All stakeholders with their different types of power should cooperate in a coherent organizational manner so that biosecurity remains stable at the national and local levels and all these stakeholders benefit from the benefits of farm health management. Since many of the propositions identified in the biosecurity of the aquaculture farms of Kermanshah province are common among the stakeholders achieving biosecurity goals is achieved with the participation of all of them. Also, the five powers of all the stakeholders (legal, economic, political, social, and scientific) have been precisely determined, which can be used to solve the challenges in the path of biosecurity sustainability and maintaining farm health management, and based on the type of challenges, the type of power Different stakeholders that have been introduced and identified benefited.