The empowerment level of urban and rural areas of Bampur county; A comparative study

1. Introduction
The issue of empowerment is an undeniable necessity for areas like Sistan and Baluchestan and especially underdeveloped areas of this province like Bampur with special emphasis on rural areas. The effects of empowerment for this county can be used to solve many problems. Empowerment reduces poverty, reduces the feeling of social deprivation, increases entrepreneurship, increases the feeling of social welfare, the feeling of social justice and economic development. The prerequisite for empowerment is knowing the level of empowerment of people in the existing conditions, which has not been studied in Bampur county so far. The main aim of the research is to know the empowerment of the residents of rural and urban areas in Bampur county and compare them with each other. In order to achieve this general aim, first, the empowerment of the residents of rural and urban areas are compared in three economic, psychological and social dimensions. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the views of "Alsop and Heinsohn" (structural opportunity), "Naila Kabeer" (power) and "Robert Chambers" (deprivation trap).
2. Methodology
The research method is survey and through questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also measured with Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.7 for all variables. The statistical population of the research is citizens aged 18 to 45 living in Bampur county. Based on Cochran's formula, a sample of 384 people was obtained from the statistical population of 60,557 people. Due to the possibility of the questionnaires not being returned and their being distorted, and also with the aim of more accurate comparison of urban and rural areas, about 25% was added to the sample size and the number of questionnaires was increased to 475 samples. The sampling method was cluster sampling, and the questionnaires were completed according to the method of distribution between the urban and rural communities.
3. Results
About 70% of the urban respondents and about 77% of the rural respondents, their economic empowerment is at a low or very low level. Most of the villagers have evaluated their level of social empowerment at an average level (42.2%) and the most of urban respondents have evaluated their social empowerment at a high level (about 49%). The level of psychological empowerment of more than 80% of the urban respondents is at a high and very high level, and it is around 63% for the villagers. In the urban society, the empowerment of the respondents tends to be higher, while in the rural society, the empowerment of the respondents is more concentrated in the middle level. The distribution of total empowerment is located between two dimensions of economic empowerment (at a low level) and psychological empowerment (at a high level). There is a significant difference between urban and rural society in terms of empowerment as well as total empowerment.

4. Discussion
The level of psychological empowerment of citizens is at a higher level compared to their economic and social empowerment. This can be caused by various factors, the most important of which should be the type of variable. Psychological empowerment is related to people's assessment of themselves in relation to their psychological capacities and is less influenced by economic and social structures. In urban areas, provision of life needs such as rice, meat and oil are faced with many problems, and this situation is far more inappropriate in rural areas. These factors, along with the weakness of educational and health infrastructures, have caused a negative impact on the economic and social empowerments of citizens. In rural areas, agriculture is not an economic source of income due to the lack of sufficient water. The main production of rural areas of Bampur county is wheat and dates. The lack of date processing at the county level has caused the income of the date product to go to broker more. Youth unemployment, addiction and delinquency are part of the consequences of the economic situation of Bampur county, which themselves lead to the deterioration of the economic situation. In fact, unemployment, addiction and other crimes are in a vicious circle with the economic situation of the region, which has made it difficult to get out of this situation.
5. Conclusion
The structure of opportunities in Bampur county is limited, especially in rural areas. In the psychological dimension, citizens can make decisions and choose to an acceptable extent, but the limited structure of opportunities limits their choice. The limitation of the opportunity structure does not only include formal laws such as bank laws, but also social norms and values (the informal aspect of the opportunity structure). For example, in relation to the opportunity structure, it should be mentioned the view of the villagers regarding the duties of girls and their view on girls' education. Despite the desire of girls to continue their education, the limited informal structures limit this possibility and limit their empowerments. Citizens are caught in the trap of deprivation, and it is difficult to escape from it. Guaranteed purchase of dates or the possibility of processing them at the county level to increase the added value of this product, the government's support for rural home businesses, the creation and strengthening of educational and health infrastructures in rural areas, facilitating the process of receiving loans and considering special quotas in the field of employment and education for the citizens of this county are among the solutions that came from the discussions of citizens and the research findings can be extracted.