واکاوی تغییرات کاربری اراضی در سکونتگاه‌های روستایی منطقه کلان‌شهری تهران مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شهریار

A B S T R A C T
One of the most active phenomena on earth is land use change. The following article tries to investigate and understand the change of land use in the rural settlements of Shahriar district during a period of 10 years (2011-2021) with the approach of pragmatism (a combination of objectivism and subjectivism) and field studies based on participatory methods and with an explanatory-exploratory approach and also to know the internal and external factors that are effective in creating such a change. In line with the intended goal, the processing of satellite images shows that residential constructions have increased significantly in this area. So that in 2011, residential lands occupied 9502.65 hectares (23%) of the total area of the County. In 2016 and 2021, respectively, 10358.14 hectares (26%) and 11093.90 hectares (27%) of land belong to residential use. So, it is clear that residential lands have experienced an upward trend during the studied period (2011-2021). The area of agricultural land has decreased from 5531.88 hectares (13%) in 2011 to 4347.91 hectares (10%) in 2016. Of course, this downward trend continues until the year 2021. In addition to all these, the use of other lands has decreased in the period of 2011-2021. The results of the field research showed that weak organizational interactions, spatial proximity to the metropolis, crisis in water resources management, the growth of land speculation and low productivity of the agricultural sector as internal factors and the development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system. Oil-based economy, development of industrial economy, metropolitan creep, demographic backwardness of Tehran metropolis and low institutional capacity as external factors are effective on land use change in the region. In this regard, suggestions have been made to prevent or slow down the current process
Extended Abstract
Introduction
ne of the most active phenomena on earth is land use change. The rural settlements of Shahryar County are not exempted from this rule and it is one of the manifestations that due to the proximity and physical-spatial dependence with the metropolis of Tehran, the significant increase in the share of the population of the rural areas of the city due to its immigrating properties, numerous industrial units and huge floods were built. Sazah has undergone many changes in land use, especially agricultural land. Based on the importance of this issue, the following article tries to investigate and understand the change of land use in rural settlements of Shahriar district during a period of 10 years (2011-2021) and also to know the internal and external factors affecting such a change. In line with the aforementioned goals, the current research tries to answer the following key questions:
1) During the last decade, what changes have been made in the land use of rural settlements in Shahryar district?
2) What are the most important internal and external factors affecting land use change in Shahryar County?
 
Methodology
In this study, a set of library and documentation methods and field studies based on collaborative methods have been used. The research methodology is of a mixed type in order to achieve the goals and answer its questions. Remote sensing techniques and satellite images using ENVI and Arc GIS software have been used to investigate land use change in the villages of the study area during a 10-year period (2011-2021). In line with the second question of the research, "Determining the internal and external factors affecting land use change in the villages of Shahryar" to collect data, semi-structured interview technique was used in the form of snowball sampling and the interview was conducted among experts.
 
Results and discussion
Quantitative section: According to the obtained results, residential lands have experienced an upward trend during the studied period (2011-2021). The trend of garden land use is increasing with an average rate of 14%, 16% and 17% in the years 2011, 2016 and 2021, respectively. The area of agricultural land has decreased from 13% in 2011 to 10% in 2016. Of course, this downward trend continues until the year 2021, so that in this period of time, agricultural land has reached 10%. In fact, agricultural use has decreased over a decade.
Qualitative section: A) Internal factors: weak organizational interactions, spatial proximity to the metropolis, crisis in water resources management, growth of land speculation, low productivity of the agricultural sector.

B) External factors: development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, oil-based economy, development of industrial economy, metropolitan creep, demographic backwardness of Tehran metropolis, low institutional capacity.

With an integrated look at the internal factors, we can see that there is a significant relationship between these factors. Among the weak factors of organizational interaction is a factor that by influencing other factors has provided a platform for land use change in the villages of Shahriar County. The discovery of the mechanism of the influence of factors on each other shows that among the external factors, low institutional capacity is the basis for the development of multi-center spatial management, power rent in the policy and planning system, the boom in the oil economy, the development of the industrial economy, and the unbridled influx of the population of Tehran metropolis. In the meantime, the desire to invest in the industrial sector and the development of the industrial economy has led to high immigration in the region.
 
Conclusion
In general, the results of land area changes in the studied area indicate the intensification of land use changes, including the expansion of man-made lands, the reduction and loss of barren and untouched lands (other uses). Institutions and organizations alone cannot slow down the process of land use changes, therefore, it is suggested that the government prevent the consequences of land use change by clarifying and involving local residents in the decision-making process. Also, the support of the government and banks to the farmers of the region can at least provide the basis for slowing down the process of excessive changes in land use.
 
Funding
The present article was carried out with the material and moral support of "Tehran City Planning and Studies Center" in the research format of the first author's student doctoral dissertation.
 
 
Authors’ Contribution
First author: preparation and preparation of samples, data collection, calculations, statistical analysis of data, analysis and interpretation of information and results, drafting of the article.
The second author will design the research, supervise the research, check and control the results, and correct, revise, and finalize the article.
Third author: participation in research design, research supervision, study and revision of the article.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.