واکاوی مؤلفه‌های غذایی اقلیم بد سازگار در شرایط تغییرات اقلیم: مطالعه‌ای مبتنی بر رویکرد مرور سیستماتیک

A B S T R A C T
Climate change, as one of the major challenges of this century, has had significant impacts on global food systems. This study, using a systematic review approach, examines the dietary components of climate maladaptation under climate change conditions. A review of previous research indicates the weakness of existing frameworks on the dietary components of climate maladaptation. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a framework for identifying the dietary components of climate maladaptation under climate change conditions and to provide an overall picture of how dietary maladaptation affects climate change. The present study is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and with a systematic review approach of the literature related to food security, climate change, and climate maladaptation between 2013 and 2023, using five keywords (Climate Change, Food Security, Food insecurity, Climate maladaptive and Water) and information was collected from three Persian databases (Magiran, Noormags, and SID) and four Latin databases (Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Pubmed). After screening and evaluation, a final analysis was conducted on 127 articles. By analyzing the articles in order to identify the components of Climate maladaptive food in the context of climate change, four components, including policies, economic factors, carbon footprint, and effective water footprint, were identified, which can affect Climate maladaptation and if policies are implemented correctly and strategies are applied according to the culture of each society. Ultimately, they can reduce damage, increase food security, reduce greenhouse gases, and adapt to climate change.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Household consumption exerts significant pressure on the environment, accounting for approximately 60% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 50–80% of total resource use. The production and consumption of animal products are associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions than others. For example, red meat consumption accounts for 47% and dairy for 14% of greenhouse gas emissions; another dimension is the water footprint in producing high-carbon food products, which contributes significantly to water scarcity and depletion. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential to ensure that future generations have access to food, requiring changes in consumer behavior reinforced by actions taken by governments, international cooperation, and industry. Healthy eating habits based on sustainable food systems can help reduce environmental impacts. Thus, given the lack of documented studies on food climate maladaptation, the first step should be to identify the components and, ultimately, what model can be used to achieve an adaptive climate in the context of climate change. Accordingly, in order to fill the gap of a comprehensive framework for formulating food maladaptation, citing experiences and studies conducted in various fields of climate change, food security, and climate maladaptation can help formulate an efficient model. Therefore, a systematic review, as a comprehensive approach, examined studies conducted in the fields of climate change, food security, and climate maladaptation, and a theoretical framework was developed based on the frequency of studies.
 
Methodology
The statistical population of this systematic study includes all research articles published in general in the field of climate change on food security and climate maladaptation, which have been evaluated from quantitative and qualitative studies. This article aims to answer the main question of this study, which is to analyze the food components of a climate that is maladaptive under climate change conditions. In the initial search, 932 study titles were identified based on keywords. Duplicate and common articles in the aforementioned databases were eliminated, and 548 studies entered the screening stage. The screening criteria at this stage were relevance to the study topic (title, abstract) and the elimination of unrelated articles, articles presented at conferences, and educational articles, ultimately leaving 127 studies. The results of the review of the considered articles will be presented below.
 
Results and discussion
The main adaptation strategy used by consumers involves changing consumer choices towards climate-friendly food behavior that can help combat climate change, such as reducing the consumption of high-carbon and high-water animal products such as red meat, which is responsible for 47% of greenhouse gas emissions and replacing it with plant-based products such as legumes, which have a low water and carbon footprint, which reduces and adapts to climate change. This is consistent with the results of (Paul et al., 2023; Al-Amin & Ahmed., 2016; Geber et al., 2023; Adesete et al., 2022).
In this regard, the results (Ali & Erenstein, 2017; Hilemelekot et al., 2021; Ayal et al., 2023; Bairagi et al., 2020; Ndiritu & Muricho, 2021; Amare & Simane, 2018; Day et al., 2023; Geber et al., 2023; Palanivel & Shah, 2021; Belay, 2023; Al Dirani et al., 2021; Kogo et al., 2021) show that young people with higher levels of education use coping strategies that are associated with education, extension services, access to credit, awareness, and training. People who adopt more coping strategies have higher levels of food security. On the other hand, achieving appropriate technology for food systems and adapting to them must be appropriate to the culture of each society, which is consistent with the results of (Ho et al., 2016; Asrari et al., 2022; Alvi et al., 2021). Considering the theoretical foundations and reviewing the results of domestic and foreign studies, most researchers have examined the impact of climate change on food security and, vice versa, the impact of consumers on climate change. Their results showed that policies and economic factors are two key components that could cause human societies to adapt to climate change because the availability of resources in the form of projects, programs, technologies, and practices are opportunities for policymakers, consultants, and villagers. New policy frameworks and work programs are needed to transition from unsustainable consumption patterns to a more resilient food system. To ensure stable and sustainable food security for communities. Also, carbon and water footprint components play a very important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Because both of these components are directly related to climate change. An increase in carbon footprint leads to global warming and excessive water consumption. Reducing these footprints through changing food patterns and eating habits is an important step towards reducing climate change.
 
Conclusion
The results showed that sustainable food behaviors compatible with climate change reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We can accept political, economic, and other factors as factors affecting food security when people have chosen an appropriate consumption pattern and diet. Suppose people cannot adapt their food patterns to climate change. In that case, we have not been able to transform the concept of dietary maladaptation into dietary adaptation to climate change. Therefore, we are looking for this missing link (dietary maladaptation), that is, consumer behavior, to show what place it has between climate change and food security. In this study, which was conducted as a systematic review, the results of the articles studied showed that most studies were conducted on the impact of climate change on food security and a small number on climate maladaptation. However, they did not address the issue of food maladaptation from the consumers' perspective. This research gap was not mentioned in previous studies, and as a missing link, it is necessary to address this issue in future research.
 
Funding
This article is derived from a PhD thesis in Agricultural Development under the financial support of the National Science Foundation of Iran (INSF) under project number “4032785”.
 
Authors’ Contribution
The authors had equal contributions in all stages and parts of the research (ideation, review of sources, analysis, preparation of the initial version of the article, editing the article).
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We hereby express our gratitude and appreciation for the financial support of the National Science Foundation of Iran.