ادراک اثرات بحران آب بر فقر روستایی (مطالعه موردی: روستای ماخونیک، استان خراسان جنوبی)

Introduction

In recent years, some areas of Iran have faced a serious water crisis, and the government, as a manager of water resources, has faced challenges. The water crisis also disrupts environmental, social, and economic functions, causes a gradual lack of food security and a decrease in people's satisfaction level; water restrictions and increased demand lead to water shortages and increased tension at regional and international levels, and within the country, between provinces for the system Water transfer creates conflicts. In the meantime, water restrictions are clearly evident in the villages of eastern Iran. Since the main tool of development in desert areas is water, South Khorasan province, as the second desert province and the easternmost province of Iran, has a special place in the production of horticultural and agricultural products of the country and has a high potential in the mining sector, to the title of the study area was selected. Among this province, Makhoonik village is one of the seven wonderful villages of the world in Sarbisheh city, which has been most damaged by the water crisis in the rural development sector, so the effects of the water crisis are clearly evident in the various dimensions of rural poverty. Therefore, this research aims to answer this basic question:

-What is the semantic understanding of the effects of the water crisis on rural poverty in Makhoonik? In other words, according to the native community and experts, what are the causal, contextual, and intervening categories and concepts that affect the effects of the water crisis in Makhoonik rural poverty?



Methodology

With the aim of using the qualitative paradigm, the present article studied the semantic understanding of the effects of the water crisis on the poverty of Makhoonik village (one of the seven wonderful villages in the world). In terms of developmental-applicative goal, paradigm in the qualitative research group, and method, it has benefited from the basic theory (contextual theory), which is based on the inductive approach. The statistical population included two categories of rural key informants (village residents and some experts and planners of rural development in Iran); 22 people were selected using the snowball method and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Structured and finally reaching theoretical saturation, the data was collected. To analyze the narratives, a three-stage open, central, and selective coding method was used, and then the basic theory was drawn based on the paradigmatic model of the semantic understanding of the effects of water in the poverty of Makhoonik village.



Results and discussion

The findings showed that in the rural poverty of the study area, the categories of traces of water crisis in the poverty of environmental foundations, poverty of rural culture, poverty of social relations, poverty of the economic system and rural productivity, institutional and management poverty, security poverty, respectively. Food, the poverty of the village communication system, and the trace of the water crisis in the poverty of the rural context have been necessary, and the most important category (the core category) was "the spatial system governing the region (the trace of the water crisis in the perspective of cultural and environmental poverty of the village)." The findings of the background study on the semantic understanding of the effects of the water crisis in rural poverty clearly show that the expansion of water shortage in a geographical context (village) is an important factor that can lead to material and social limitations; the limitation of awareness and the deviation of beliefs and traditions and finally the bad economic situation of people experiencing poverty. This process showed under what conditions/substrates, interactions/strategies the impact of the water crisis in rural poverty worked, and also the role of spatial elements of the water crisis in rural poverty was depicted from the point of view of experts and key informants of the research of that region. The consequences that the water crisis caused in these areas are numerous; they mainly included the following:

The traces of the water crisis in the poverty of environmental foundations, the traces of the water crisis in the poverty of rural culture, the traces of the water crisis in the poverty of social relations, traces of the water crisis in the poverty of the economic system and rural productivity, traces of the water crisis in institutional and managerial poverty, traces of the water crisis in the poverty of food security, traces of the water crisis in the poverty of the village communication system, traces of the water crisis in the poverty of the rural context.



Conclusion

In order to get out of the poverty trap created in Makhoonik village, it is suggested that the development programs presented to this village, along with a sense of respect for the people's culture, people's participation through education, and the creation of civil institutions consisting of villagers interested in technology and Today's innovations, be given attention and scientific action from the government and private sector.

- Proper access to infrastructural capital such as telecommunication antennas, the internet, and accommodation opportunities for tourists entering this village, in other words, the possibility of communication and interaction between the residents of this village with the world outside the village environment in it, is necessary for positive cultural changes.

- It is suggested that special attention be paid to the continuous presence of rural reformers from a non-touristic point of view. For this purpose and in the direction of implementing "practical rural development," it is suggested that the development and expansion of civil associations of the local community should be given special attention to slowly lead to the participation of the majority of the villagers through influence in the culture and brought about positive changes in the villagers in accordance with the current century.



Acknowledgments

This article is taken from the intra-university research project of Lorestan University with the title "Investigation of the effects of water crisis on rural poverty (case study: Makhoonik village, Sarbisheh, South Khorasan)".