مشارکتِ جامعهٔ محلی، گردشگریِ پایدار، توسعهٔ روستایی، شهمیرزاد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مدیریتِ گردشگری و مهمان‌نوازی، دانشکدهٔ گردشگری، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران

2 گروه مدیریتِ گردشگری و مهمان‌نوازی، دانشگاهِ مدیترانه‌ی شرقی، فاماگوستا، قبرسِ شمالی

چکیده

مشارکتِ جامعهٔ محلی به‌عنوانِ یکی از ارکانِ اساسیِ توسعهٔ گردشگریِ پایدار به‌طور گسترده‌ای موردِ تأکید قرار گرفته است؛ بااین‌حال، برنامه‌ریزیِ گردشگری در بسیاری از مقصدها، از دیرباز دانش، رضایت و دخالتِ جوامعِ میزبان را نادیده گرفته است. چنین رویکردهایِ بالابه‌پایینی اغلب به توزیعِ نابرابرِ منافع و ناپایداریِ بلندمدت می‌انجامند. در پاسخ به این چالش، رویکردِ «گردشگریِ اجتماع‌محور» (CBT) به‌عنوانِ راهبردیِ توسعهای مطرح شده است که بر مشارکتِ محلی در برنامه‌ریزی، مدیریت و تصمیم‌سازیِ گردشگری تأکید دارد و هم‌زمان، به حفاظت از محیط‌زیست و میراثِ فرهنگی نیز توجه می‌کند. این پژوهش به بررسیِ توسعهٔ گردشگری در شهرِ شهمیرزاد (ایران) پرداخته و ارزیابی می‌کند که شیوه‌هایِ کنونی تا چه اندازه با اصولِ گردشگریِ اجتماع‌محور همخوانی دارند. روشِ پژوهش، رویکردی آمیخته (کمّی-کیفی) است که داده‌هایِ پیمایشیِ کمّی از ساکنانِ محلی (۱۹۹=N) را با مصاحبه‌هایِ نیمه‌ساختاریافته با مسئولانِ عمومی و ذی‌نفعانِ محلی ترکیب کرده است. داده‌هایِ کمّی با استفاده از آمارِ توصیفی و تحلیلِ واریانسِ یک‌راهه (ANOVA) در نرم‌افزارِ SPSS تحلیل شدند و داده‌هایِ کیفی نیز از طریقِ تحلیلِ تماتیک (مضمونی) موردِ بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که شکافِ ساختاریِ چشم‌گیری بینِ ظرفیتِ جامعه و نقشِ واقعیِ آن در حکمرانیِ گردشگری وجود دارد. اگرچه ساکنان از برنامه‌ریزیِ مشارکتیِ گردشگری به‌شدت حمایت می‌کنند، توسعهٔ گردشگری در شهمیرزاد همچنان واکنشی (غیرفعال) و نهادینه‌نشده باقی مانده است. نتایجِ آماری نشان‌دهندهٔ اجماعِ گسترده‌ای میانِ ساکنان در موردِ ضرورتِ برنامه‌ریزیِ نظام‌مند و مشارکتِ بیشترِ جامعه است. این پژوهش نتیجه‌گیری می‌کند که تقویتِ حکمرانیِ مشارکتی، هماهنگیِ نهادی و برنامه‌ریزیِ پیش‌دستانه، برای پیشبردِ یک مدلِ پایدار از گردشگریِ اجتماع‌محور در شهمیرزاد، امری ضروری است.



This study examines tourism development in Shahmirzad, Iran, and evaluates the extent to which current practices align with CBT principles. A mixed‑methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative survey data from local residents (N = 199) with semi‑structured interviews conducted with public officials and local stakeholders. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one‑way ANOVA in SPSS, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis.

The findings reveal a structural gap between community capacity and its actual role in tourism governance. Although residents demonstrate strong support for participatory tourism planning, tourism development in Shahmirzad remains largely reactive and weakly institutionalized. Statistical results indicate broad consensus among residents regarding the need for structured planning and greater community involvement. The study concludes that strengthening participatory governance, institutional coordination, and proactive planning is essential for advancing a sustainable Community‑Based Tourism model in Shahmirzad.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Community –Based Tourism (CBT) Planning and Possibilities: The Case of Shahmirzad, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Esmaeil Khaksar Shahmirzadi 1
  • Habib Alipour 2
1 Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Faculty Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
2 Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus
چکیده [English]

A B S T R A C T
Community participation is widely recognized as a critical component of sustainable tourism development; however, tourism planning in many destinations has historically overlooked the knowledge, consent, and involvement of host communities. Such top down approaches often result in uneven distribution of benefits and limited long term sustainability. In response, Community Based Tourism (CBT) has emerged as a development strategy that emphasizes local participation in tourism planning, management, and decision making while integrating environmental conservation and cultural heritage preservation. This study examines tourism development in Shahmirzad, Iran, and evaluates the extent to which current practices align with CBT principles. A mixed methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative survey data from local residents (N = 199) with semi structured interviews conducted with public officials and local stakeholders. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one way ANOVA in SPSS, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis. The findings reveal a structural gap between community capacity and its actual role in tourism governance. Although residents demonstrate strong support for participatory tourism planning, tourism development in Shahmirzad remains largely reactive and weakly institutionalized. Statistical results indicate broad consensus among residents regarding the need for structured planning and greater community involvement. The study concludes that strengthening participatory governance, institutional coordination, and proactive planning is essential for advancing a sustainable Community Based Tourism model in Shahmirzad.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Erosive Governance
  • Community-Based Tourism (CBT)
  • Community Participation
  • Sustainable Tourism
  • Rural Development
  • Shahmirzad

مراجع

  1. Abreu, L. A. D., Walkowski, M. D. C., Perinotto, A. R. C., & Fonseca, J. F. D. (2024). Community-based tourism and best practices with the sustainable development goals. Administrative Sciences, 14(2), 36.
  2. Alipour, H., & Dizdarevic, L. (2007). A conceptual sustainability approach to tourism planning and development in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Taylor & Francis.
  3. Aref, F. (2010). Barriers to community capacity building for tourism development in communities in Shiraz, Iran. Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
  4. Beeton, S. (2006). Community development through tourism. Landlinks Press.
  5. Blackstock, K. (2005). A critical look at community-based tourism. Community Development Journal, 40(1), 39-49.
  6. Cordova-Buiza, F., Medina-Viruel, M. J., & Pérez-Gálvez, J. C. (2025). Community-based rural tourism: A mapping technique analysis study from 2005 to 2023. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1-14.
  7. De Kadt, E. (Ed.). (1979). Tourism: Passport to development? Perspectives on the social and cultural effects of tourism in developing countries. Oxford University Press.
  8. Dredge, D. (2003). Tourism, community well-being, and local government. Australian Regional Tourism Convention, 3-6 September 2003.
  9. Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2023). Community-based tourism and sustainable development: Critical perspectives and future directions. Sustainability, 15(4), 3258.
  10. Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. (2009). Community based tourism: A success? http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/press-harold-goodwin.pdf
  11. Hall, C. M. (2007). Pro-poor tourism: Who benefits? Channel View Publications.
  12. Jackson, L. A. (2025). Community-based tourism: A catalyst for achieving the United Nations sustainable development goals one and eight. Tourism and Hospitality, 6(1), 29.
  13. Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2023). The effects of community attachment and environmental attitudes on sustainable community-based tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 45, 101062.
  14. Murphy, P. E., & Murphy, A. E. (2004). Strategic management for tourism communities: Bridging the gap. Channel View Publications.
  15. Nematpour, M., Khodadadi, M., & Gholami, R. (2024). Sustainable tourism planning and community empowerment in rural destinations. Sustainability, 16(3), 1442.
  16. Onyx, J., & Bullen, P. (2000). Measuring social capital in five communities. Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 36, 23-42.
  17. Pearce, P. L., & Moscardo, G. (1999). Tourism community analysis: Asking the right questions. In D. G. Pearce & R. W. Butler (Eds.), Contemporary issues in tourism development (pp. 31-51). Routledge.
  18. Prasad, K. (2024). The role of local community in enhancing sustainable community-based tourism. Journal of Electrical Systems, 20(7s), 558-571.
  19. Priatmoko, S., Isnugroho, E., Bujidosó, Z., & David, L. D. (2025). Digging up rural community-based tourism (CBT) in developing country, Indonesia's framework finding. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 61(3), 1420-1429.
  20. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster.
  21. Rahmawati, R., Nugroho, I., & Hakim, L. (2024). Community-based tourism as a strategy for rural resilience and local economic development. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 55(1), 118-129.
  22. Sebel, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana. Tourism Management, 31(1), 136-146.
  23. Shahmirzadi, E. K. (2018). Development of rural tourism with a sustainable tourism approach: Case study of Shahmirzad City. International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and Development, 3(4), 1-8.
  24. Shone, M. C., & Memon, P. A. (2008). Tourism, public policy and regional development: A turn from neo-liberalism to the new regionalism. Local Economy, 23(4), 290-304.
  25. Sofield, T. (2003). Empowerment for sustainable tourism development. Pergamon, Elsevier Science.
  26. Tosun, C. (1998). Roots of unsustainable tourism development at the local level: The case of Urgup in Turkey. Tourism Management, 19(6), 595-610.
  27. Wijaya, S., King, B., Nguyen, T. H., & Morrison, A. M. (2023). Community-based tourism development and stakeholder collaboration in emerging destinations. Tourism Recreation Research, 48(5), 689-703.
پژوهش های روستائی
دوره 17، شماره 1
اردیبهشت 1405
صفحه 21-34

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 25 دی 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 06 اسفند 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 12 فروردین 1405

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار