نقش توسعه در تغییر مناسبات اجتماعی مطالعه موردی: روستاهای حاشیه سد کارون 3

A B S T R A C T
During the construction of the Karun-3 dam, all or most of the 70 villages along the dam were flooded, and their residents were forced to relocate. The destination of a large number of these immigrants was Izeh city and its surrounding villages. This research examined the changes made in the lives of the villagers on the edge of the Karun-3 Dam. The approach used in conducting qualitative research was phenomenology. The research sample of 35 people and the research data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and research themes were extracted using the thematic analysis method. The findings of the research showed that after the relocation of the villagers, all forms of previous economic, social, cultural, and political relations underwent fundamental changes. Forming relationships based on money, the new form of neighborhood, improving the living conditions of women and youth, changing the pattern of employment and the colorful presence of bureaucracy and power in life, and weakening the foundations of patriarchy were among the changes that occurred in the lives of these communities. Also, the findings showed that the weakness or lack of long-term institutional support led to spatial fragmentation, the deterioration of spiritual heritage, and the social marginalization of the residents of these villages.
 
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Karun-3 Dam is one of the dams whose operation was the beginning of extensive environmental and especially social changes that are objective and visible. The destruction of local settlements, roads, and fertile lands, the destruction of trees and plant species, the burial of cultural heritage, places of pilgrimage, rural cemeteries, etc., are some of the significant effects after the construction of this dam. However, the most important and mostly hidden part of the changes is related to the lives of more than 15,000 residents of the Karun River, who were either forced to migrate from their place of silence after the operation of the dam or were trapped in the siege of its huge lake. In this research, the life of a group of people who lived on the banks of the Karun River before the construction of the Karun-3 Dam was studied, and after the relocation, various aspects of their lives were changed.
 
Methodology
The research method was used to conduct the research. The semi-structured interview data collection tool was selected according to the research method. The thematic analysis method was chosen to analyze the data. A total of 35 people were selected for the interviews. With the number of interviews reaching 32, almost no new data was observed in the interviews. To be sure, the number of interviews continued to 35. Of these, 27 were men and 8 were women.
 
Results and discussion
This study showed that there have been changes in four areas: economic, social, cultural, and political. The lives of many people in the local community had a direct relationship with the land. Many of them could not easily be rehired. The use of the collective mode has been changed to personal and part-time. The changes in local communities are such that the content and function of the family are very different from the previous ones. Also, the informal support network was destroyed. Many people had to be covered by funding organizations. Women's capacity for employment was lost. Many common
 
natural resources have disappeared. In addition, the acquired knowledge and skills remain unused in people's lives. Much of the population was economically marginalized. It means that it was not possible to engage in economic activities. Also, patriarchy as a value system collapsed.
 
Conclusion
Our goal in this research was not to evaluate the social impact of the Karun-3 Dam project and its like. Also, we were not ready to sit on the moral or technical judgment of those development projects that make the lives of a group of people "upside down" like this. We only wanted to give a narrative of what happened to these people, and it seems that it does not attract much attention to anyone. We wanted to give a voice in a narrative form to the people whose voices do not find an echo in the din of ambitious projects. Generally, it is assumed that development projects, such as the Karun-3 dam, have such huge benefits that if 20 villages are buried under water and their residents wander around the surrounding cities, there should not be much concern. It is believed that these projects follow the rule of "the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people." We do not dispute these assumptions and ideas. However, the question remains, what should be done with these people? Do we even know what happened to them? At least, it can be suggested that before carrying out such projects, detailed knowledge of these communities should be obtained, and their fate should be considered after the implementation of these projects. Moreover, especially effective and efficient institutions to support these people, as in this research, they needed all kinds of economic, psychological, social, and other support and counseling.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Azad Aramaki and Hashemi designed the concepts and research design. Moradi collected the data. Azad Aramaki and Moradi analyzed and interpreted the data. Azad Aramaki wrote the article. Azad Aramaki and Moradi participated in the discussion and conclusions. Azad Aramaki and Hashemi provided administrative support.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper