ارزیابی توسعه پایدار گردشگری در مناطق روستایی حاشیه کلان‌شهر تهران (مورد مطالعه: روستای آهار)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد تمام، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

4 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا و برنام هریزی روستایی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

5 دانشیار، گروه مدیریت بحران، دانشکده مطالعات مدیریتی، دانشگاه یورک، تورنتو، کانادا.

چکیده

امروزه موضوع پایداری سرلوحه تمامی فعالیت‌ها و برنامه‌های توسعه ازجمله گردشگری روستایی است. ازاین‌رو اندیشمندان بارها بر ارزش‌ها و اهداف سه‌گانه توسعه پایدار تأکید کرده‌اند که دربرگیرنده ابعاد زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی و اجتماعی‌فرهنگی است. آنان به‌صراحت بیان داشته‌اند که دستیابی به توسعه پایدار بدون هم‌گرایی در ابعاد مذکور و تلفیق آن‌ها با یکدیگر، امری محال خواهد بود. بنابراین در این مقاله سعی شد از طریق مصاحبه با گروه‌هایی که نقش حیاتی در فرایند توسعه گردشگری روستای آهار دارند، ابعاد گردشگری پایدار و هم‌گرایی یا کارکردهای مشترک بین آن‌ها واکاوی شود. روش پژوهش حاضر کیفی و هدف آن کاربردی بود. اطلاعات این تحقیق از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته و عمیق از چهار گروه ذی‌نفع کلیدی گردشگری، یعنی مدیران محلی، گردشگران، مهاجران و ساکنان بومی به‌دست آمد که از طریق ماتریس قدرت‌علاقه انتخاب شده بودند. روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند این مطالعه از نوع گلوله‌برفی بود. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد گردشگری در روستای آهار در هر سه بُعد اقتصادی و اجتماعی‌فرهنگی و زیست‌محیطی پایداری لازم را نداشت؛ به‌طوری‌که ارتباط و تعادلی بین ابعاد سه‌گانه توسعه پایدار گردشگری در روستای بررسی‌شده یافت نشد. به‌نظر می‌رسد ناپایداری فعالیت‌های گردشگری در روستای مطالعه‌شده به این علل باشد: ضعف ساختاری، نبود درک صحیح ذی‌نفعان از توسعه پایدار، فقدان آموزش‌های لازم، موانع قانونی بسیار و برقرارنکردن تعادل بهینه بین منافع ذی‌نفعان.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Sustainable Rural Tourism in the Margins of Tehran Metropolis (From the Perspective of Ahar)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Reza Rezavani 1
  • Seyyd Ali Badri 2
  • Zabihullah Torabi 3
  • Ahmad Malekan 4
  • Ali Asgary 5
1 Full Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 PhD Candidate, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 PhD Candidate, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
5 Associate Professor, Department of Disaster, Emergency, and Business Continuity Management, School of Administrative Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada.
چکیده [English]

Due to the failure of development programs, it is necessary to revisit the concept of sustainability. Sustainability is the frontispiece of all development actions and programs, such as the rural tourism. Therefore, the main factor in the progression of the development goals is to attain a common view about the issues. This qualitative study attempts to survey the sustainable tourism dimensions in villages located in the margin regions of Iran's metropolises (Ahar) by using perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders. The required data was collected using interviews with key stakeholder tourism groups (local executives, tourists, immigrants, and residents). The results showed that tourism does not have proper sustainability in economic, socio-cultural, and environmental pillars. Generally, there is no interrelation and balance among the three pillars of sustainable tourism. It seems that the lack of sustainability of tourism activities in Ahar is mainly due to structural weakness, lack of understanding of stakeholders of sustainable development, lack of requirement training, legal barriers, and failure to establish an optimal balance between the stakeholders' benefits.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sustainable Development
  • Tourism
  • Rural Areas
  • Stakeholders analysis
  • Ahar
Abbas, M. Y., & Bajunid, A. F. (2015). Asia Pacific International Conference on Environment-behaviour Studies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 1-7.
Amir, A. F., Ghapar, A. A., Jamal, S. A., & Ahmad, K. N. (2015). Sustainable tourism development: a study on community resilience for rural tourism in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 116-22.
Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of tourism Research, 19(4), 665-90.
Aronsson, L. (1994). Sustainable tourism systems: the example of sustainable rural tourism in Sweden. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1-2), 77-92.
Assefa, G., & Frostell, B. (2007). Social sustainability and social acceptance in technology assessment: a case study of energy technologies. Technology in Society, 29(1), 63-78.
Azimi Amoli, J. (2011). [Analysis of good governance in the stability of the countryside: the study villages in Mazandaran (Persian)] (PhD thesis). Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University.
Bălan , M., & Burghelea, C. (2015). Rural Tourism and its Implication in the Development of the Fundata Village. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, 276-81.
Bayat, N., & Rezvani, M. (2013). [The analysis of role of rural tourism in macro program (with emphasis on the five-year national development plans) (Persian)]. Planning and Development of Tourism, 9, 11-30.
Bayat, N., Badri, S. A., Rezvani, M. R., & Sabokbar, H. F. (2014). [Meta-analysis on rural tourism studies in Iran: a Q-methodology research (Persian)]. Research and Rural Planning, 7, 85-99.
Bryson, J. M. (2003). What to do when stakeholders matter: a guide to stakeholder identification and analysis techniques. Public Management Review, 6(1), 21-53.
Butler, R. W. (1991). Tourism, environment, and sustainable development. Environmental Conservation, 18(3), 201-09.
Byrd Jr, E. T. (2003). An analysis of variables that influence stakeholder participation and support for sustainable tourism development in rural North Carolina (Doctoral dissertation). Carolina: North Carolina State University.
Byrd, E. T. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism Review, 62(2), 6-13.
Byrd, E. T., Bosley, H. E., & Dronberger, M. G. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina. Tourism Management, 30(5), 693-703.
Calado, L., Rodrigues, A., Silveira, P., & Dentinho, T. (2011). Rural tourism associated with agriculture as an economic alternative for the farmers. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 2(1), 160.
Chami, C. A. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A comparison between Tanzania and Kenya (Unpoblished PhD dissertation). University of Alberta.
Ekinci, M. B. (2014). The Cittaslow philosophy in the context of sustainable tourism development; the case of Turkey. Tourism Management, 41, 178-89.
Falak, S., Chiun, L. M., & Wee, A. Y. (2014). A repositioning strategy for rural tourism in Malaysia: community’s perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 412-15.
Fons, M. V., Fierro, J. A., & Patiño, M. G. (2011). Rural tourism: a sustainable alternative. Applied Energy, 88(2), 551-57.
Freeman, R. E. (1983). Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Advances in Strategic Management, 1(1), 31-60.
Freeman, R. E. (2004). The stakeholder approach revisited. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts-und Unternehmensethik, 5(3), 228-41.
Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, R. E., & Phillips, R. A. (2002). Stakeholder theory: A libertarian defense. Business Ethics Quarterly, 12(3), 331-49.
Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., & Wicks, A. C. (2007). Managing for stakeholders: survival, reputation, and success. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Friedman, A. L., & Miles, S. (2006). Stakeholders: theory and Practice: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fun, F. S., Chiun, L. M., Songan, P., & Nair, V. (2014). The impact of local communities’ involvement and relationship quality on sustainable rural tourism in rural area, Sarawak. The moderating impact of self-efficacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 60-65.
Ghaderi, E. (2003). [The role of rural tourism in sustainable rural development (Persian)] (Unpublished PhD thesis). Tarbiat Modarres University.
Ghaderi, Z., & Henderson, J. C. (2012). Sustainable rural tourism in Iran: a perspective from Hawraman village. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2, 47-54.
Ghasemi, M., & Hamzah, A. (2014). An investigation of the appropriateness of tourism development paradigms in rural areas from main tourism stakeholders’ point of view. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 15-24.
Gunn, C. A., & Var, T. (2002). Tourism planning: basics, concepts, cases. London: Psychology Press.
Hall, C. M., & Lew, A. A. (2009). Understanding and managing tourism impacts: an integrated approach. London: Routledge Press.
Hall, D., Roberts, L., & Mitchell, M. (2003). New directions in rural tourism. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate Publication.
Harrison, J. S., & Freeman, R. E. (1999). Stakeholders, social responsibility, and performance: empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 42(5), 479-85.
Hwang, J., & Lee, S. (2015). The effect of the rural tourism policy on non-farm income in South Korea. Tourism Management, 46, 501-13.
Iluiu-Varvara, D. A., Mârza, C. M., Sas-Boca, I. M., & Ceclan, V. A. (2015). The assessment and reduction of carbon oxides emissions at electric arc furnaces-essential factors for sustainable development. Procedia Technology, 19, 402-09.
Jaafar, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Lonik, K. A. T. (2015). Tourism growth and entrepreneurship: empirical analysis of development of rural highlands. Tourism Management Perspectives, 14, 17-24.
Jamal, T. B., & Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 186-204.
Khaje Shahkouhi, A. (2010). [The analysis of the exploitative familial farming systems and rural production coopratives in the city of AQ Qala (Persian)] (PhD Thesis). Tehran: Tehran University.
Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., & Zare, S. M. (2015). SOAR framework as a new model for the strategic planning of sustainable tourism. Tourism Planning & Development, 12(3), 321-32.
Kim, S., & Jamal, T. (2015). The co-evolution of rural tourism and sustainable rural development in Hongdong, Korea: complexity, conflict and local response. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(8-9), 1363-385.
Lafreniere, K. C., Deshpande, S., Bjornlund, H., & Hunter, M. G. (2013). Extending stakeholder theory to promote resource management initiatives to key stakeholders: a case study of water transfers in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Environmental Management, 129, 81-91.
Lane, B. (1994). Sustainable rural tourism strategies: a tool for development and conservation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2(1-2), 102-11.
Liu, A. (2006). Tourism in rural areas: Kedah, Malaysia. Tourism Management, 27(5), 878-89.
McCool, S. F. (1995). Linking tourism, the environment, and concepts of sustainability: setting the stage. In S. F. McCool & A. E. Watson (Eds.), Linking tourism, the environment, and concepts of sustainability (General Technical Report INT-GTR-323) (pp. 3-7). Ogden, U.T.: Intermountain Research Station.
McIntyre, G. (1993). Sustainable tourism development: guide for local planners. Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
Moshiri, S. R., Mahdavi, M., & Jalali Kalej-Sar, Z. (2012). [Quality evalaution of tourism rural at development: Case study of Ahar) (Persian)]. Territory, 8(4), 1-26.
Phillips, R., Freeman, R. E., & Wicks, A. C. (2003). What stakeholder theory is not. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(4), 479-502.
Rezvani, M., Akbarian, R. S., Rokn, A. E. A., & Badri, S. (2012). [Explanation on sustainability indicators for assessing the effects of tourism patterns in rural areas in around metropolises (case study: rural areas in the around of Tehran metropolis) (Persian)]. Human Geograohy Research, 81, 69-93.
Schilling, B. J., Sullivan, K. P., & Komar, S. J. (2012). Examining the economic benefits of agritourism: the case of New Jersey. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems and Community Development, 3(1), 199-214.
Schloegel, C. (2007). Sustainable Tourism: Sustaining Biodiversity? Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 25(3-4), 247-64.
Snieška, V., Barkauskienė, K., & Barkauskas, V. (2014). The impact of economic factors on the development of rural tourism: Lithuanian case. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 280-85.
Su, B. (2011). Rural tourism in China. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1438-441.
Van der Duim, V. (2005). Tourismscapes: an actor-network perspective on sustainable tourism development (PhD thesis). Wageningen, D.C.: Wageningen University.
Weaver, D. B. (2006). Sustainable tourism: theory and practice. London: Routledge Press.
Wicks, A. C., Gilbert Jr, D. R., & Freeman, R. E. (1994). A feminist reinterpretation of the stakeholder concept. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), 475-97.
Yagüe Perales, R. M. (2002). Rural tourism in Spain. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 1101-110.
Yuksel, F., Bramwell, B., & Yuksel, A. (1999). Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey. Tourism Management, 20(3), 351-60.
Ziaei, M., Amin Bidokhti, A. A., & Qorbani, F. (2015). [Assessment of the local community capacity for the sustainable development of tourism (Persian)]. Tourism Management Studies, 8(4), 59-88.